熵指数融入支持向量机的滑坡灾害易发性评价方法——以陕西省为例

滑坡灾害易发性评价可为滑坡灾害风险管理、国土空间规划及滑坡监测提供科学依据。针对现有滑坡灾害易发性评价模型无法消除易发性评价指标因子在量纲、性质等方面的差异,尚未考虑易发性评价指标因子与滑坡灾害相关性,以及精度较高的经典机器学习模型训练效率较低、参数选取困难等问题,引入熵指数(index of entropy,IOE)和粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法,提出IOE融入支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)的滑坡灾害易发性评价方法。首先,基于滑坡灾害易发性评价指标因子,利用IOE模型计算SVM的调节因子;然后,采用PSO算法迭代求解SVM最优解,根据SVM二分类得到的隶属度来区分滑坡灾害易发性;最后,以陕西省作为实验区,从滑坡灾害易发性分区图、分区统计及评价模型精度3个方面将所提方法与SVM方法进行了对比,实验结果表明所提方法的准确性、可靠性优于SVM方法。     

层次分析法的黄河上游滑坡易发性评价

针对黄河上游龙羊峡至积石峡段滑坡灾害分布易发性评价与区划成图问题,该文以ArcGIS为平台,联系评价区的实际特点,选取地貌类型、地层岩性、降雨、断层、坡度为评价因子,运用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价因子的权重,建立研究区滑坡易发性评价模型,结合GIS的空间分析功能实现研究区内滑坡灾害的易发性区划。结果表明,滑坡灾害主要集中在龙羊峡库区右岸和群科-尖扎盆地。区划结果与野外实际调查基本吻合,为今后GIS应用于地质灾害区划提供了思路,同时可为区内地质单位进行灾害监测提供基础数据和依据。     

基于GIS的滑坡地质灾害危险性评价方法的探讨

滑坡地质灾害的危险性评价对区域内地质灾害的防治规划有着重要意义,本文探讨了基于GIS的滑坡地质灾害危险性评价体系的构建,概述了滑坡危险性评价的主要流程以及步骤。根据影响区域滑坡灾害形成的各种因素,分析了滑坡地质灾害评价因子的选择方法。     

基于GIS的Logistic回归模型在区域滑坡敏感性评价中的应用

本文基于GIS技术和Logistic回归模型进行滑坡敏感性评价定量分析方法,并以江苏省连云港市郊区为研究区域,建立了地质、地形数据库等滑坡因子空间数据库和滑坡空间分布数据库,进行了滑坡影响因子敏感性分析。对连云港市郊区滑坡灾害在空间上的预测结果具有重要的现实意义,对推广应用、防灾减灾具有实际的指导意义。     

顾及样本优化选择的多核支持向量机滑坡灾害易发性分析评价

滑坡灾害易发性分析评价对地质灾害的防治与管理具有重要意义。针对滑坡灾害样本选择策略,单核支持向量机多特征映射不合理的问题,本文提出顾及样本优化选择的多核支持向量机(multiple kernel support vector machine,MKSVM)滑坡灾害易发性分析评价方法。为了保证样本平衡性并提高负样本的合理性,采用相对频率比(relative frequency,RF)综合评价各状态对于滑坡灾害易发性影响的重要程度,实现各评价因子状态的合理划分;利用确定性系数法(certainty factor,CF)计算各评价因子各状态分级影响滑坡灾害的敏感性,并在此基础上进行加权求和得到各栅格单元的滑坡灾害易发性指数,在滑坡灾害易发性指数极低和低易发区内随机选择与滑坡灾害点数目一致的非滑坡灾害点作为负样本数据。利用MKSVM对各特征空间最优核函数进行线性组合,解决了单一核函数映射不合理的问题,提高了模型的分类准确率和预测精度。以湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州为研究区,从滑坡灾害易发性分区图、分区统计及评价模型精度3个方面对CF样本策略的MKSVM模型、CF样本策略的单核SVM模型、随机样本策略的MKSVM模型、随机样本策略的单核SVM模型进行了对比分析。结果表明,4种模型的受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)下的面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.859、0.809、0.798、0.766,验证了CF样本策略的合理性、有效性及MKSVM模型的可靠性。     

基于GIS的Logistic回归模型在区域滑坡敏感性评价中的应用

本文基于GIS技术和Logistic回归模型进行滑坡敏感性评价定量分析方法,并以江苏省连云港市郊区为研究区域,建立了地质、地形数据库等滑坡因子空间数据库和滑坡空间分布数据库,并进行了滑坡影响因子敏感性分析。对连云港市郊区滑坡灾害在空间上的预测结果具有重要的现实意义,对推广应用、防灾减灾具有实际的指导意义。     

一种结合SMOTE和卷积神经网络的滑坡易发性评价方法

大规模的人类工程活动诱发和加剧了滑坡灾害的致灾情况,严重威胁工程安全和环境安全。滑坡易发性评价是滑坡监测预警的关键技术。针对传统滑坡监测手段数据源有限、缺乏挖掘滑坡灾害空间分布特征及其诱发因素的有效方法等问题,以位于三峡库区的中国重庆市万州区为研究区,基于地形、地质和遥感影像等多源数据,首先提取了22个滑坡易发性评价因子,并对这些因子进行多重共线性检验;然后采用合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority oversampling technique, SMOTE)解决滑坡和非滑坡样本比例不平衡问题,建立输入训练集;最后构建卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)模型,定量预测滑坡易发性,生成滑坡易发性分区图。采用受试者工作特征曲线分析评价结果,测试数据集模型精度达89.50%,说明该模型是一种高性能的滑坡易发性评价方法。     

基于地理空间分析和AHP的线路通道滑坡风险性评价

输电线路常需要跨越地质灾害易发区域,为了保证电力的正常、安全输送,对输电线路通道所经区域进行滑坡地质灾害的空间分布及潜在风险评价具有重要意义。本文结合GIS和AHP方法进行了某输电线通道滑坡灾害危险性评价,选取地形地貌、气候条件、水文条件、人为活动条件、植被条件、地质岩组条件等影响因子,建立评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定各因子权重,基于GIS地理空间分析评价了输电线路通道地质灾害危险性,划分了5类区域:极高危险区、高危险区、中危险区、低危险区、较低危险区。危险性评价结果可为输电线路电力设施通道滑坡灾害防治、安全设计和施工提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的修水县地质灾害危险性评估研究

滑坡灾害作为一种与人们生命紧密相连的常见自然灾害,对其进行危险性评价研究极为重要。以江西省九江市修水县作为研究区域,以修水县243个滑坡地质灾害点作为研究对象,根据对修水县滑坡灾害的发育特征和关联因素的分析,选取了九大评价因子,利用信息量模型和AHP对修水县进行滑坡地质灾害危险性分区。其按危险程度分为极低、低、中等、高和极高5个危险区,分别占总面积的4.25%、14.97%、32.14%、35.17%和13.58%。综合研究区滑坡概况对各危险区进行分析,为研究区的地质灾害预防提供建议。     

基于地理空间分析和AHP的线路通道滑坡风险性评价

输电线路常需要跨越地质灾害易发区域,为了保证电力的正常、安全输送,对输电线路通道所经区域进行滑坡地质灾害的空间分布及潜在风险评价具有重要意义。本文结合GIS和AHP方法进行了某输电线通道滑坡灾害危险性评价,选取地形地貌、气候条件、水文条件、人为活动条件、植被条件、地质岩组条件等影响因子,建立评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定各因子权重,基于GIS地理空间分析评价了输电线路通道地质灾害危险性,划分了5类区域:极高危险区、高危险区、中危险区、低危险区、较低危险区。危险性评价结果可为输电线路电力设施通道滑坡灾害防治、安全设计和施工提供科学依据。     

一种V/S和LSTM结合的滑坡变形分析方法

滑坡变形的产生是坡体自身地质条件和外部诱发条件共同作用的结果，滑坡变形定量预测是滑坡监测预警的关键。传统的基于滑坡累计位移-时间曲线分析滑坡变形的方法，忽略了滑坡变形演化的影响因素，难以对滑坡变形进行准确预测。三峡库区滑坡研究多集中在滑坡时空分布特征和滑坡整体稳定性分析方面，亟需开展单体滑坡综合变形分析。以三峡库区白水河滑坡为例，基于滑坡宏观变形和位移监测数据，利用重标方差（rescaled variance statistic，V/S）分析法对滑坡整体和局部变形趋势进行分析，进而构建考虑库水位波动和降雨滞后性影响因素的可有效利用长期依赖信息的长短记忆（long short-term memory，LSTM）神经网络模型，定量预测滑坡位移。研究结果表明，滑坡体属牵引式滑坡，北东部稳定性较差，西部和后缘相对稳定，预测值的均方根误差为8.95 mm，证明该模型是一种高性能的滑坡变形分析方法。     

基于神经网络和模糊评判的滑坡敏感性分析

滑坡的敏感性涉及到很多因素,如滑坡体的坡度、坡的朝向、坡度的类型、岩石特性、海拔高度、植被覆盖等特征。神经网络具有非线性映射能力,利用这些与滑坡发生紧密相关的因素作为网络的输入,构造一个具有反映滑坡敏感性的评价网络,输出端为敏感性分析的结果。本文针对某具体地区,提取相关因素,构造评价指标体系并量化,利用该地区样本集数据对滑坡敏感性评价神经网络进行训练,用训练后的网络对实例并结合模糊评判进行了相互验证,结果说明利用神经网络和模糊评判进行滑坡敏感性分析是可行的。     

粒子群优化BP神经网络的滑坡敏感性评价

滑坡敏感性评价是地质灾害预测预报的关键环节。针对BP神经网络易陷入局部最小值、收敛速度慢等问题,该文以三峡库区秭归县境内为研究区,采用粒子群优化(PSO)算法对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化,构建PSO-BP神经网络滑坡敏感性预测模型,实现研究区滑坡敏感性评价。采用受试者工作特征曲线分析模型预测精度,得到PSO-BP神经网络预测精度为0.931,预测结果与实际滑坡总体空间分布具有良好的一致性,且预测能力优于BP神经网络。实验结果表明,PSO-BP神经网络耦合模型在实现滑坡敏感性评价上具有理想的预测精度和良好的适用性。     

Application of frequency ratio,weights of evidence and evidential belief function models in landslide susceptibility mapping

The landslide hazard occurred in Taibai County has the characteristics of the typical landslides in mountain hinterland. The slopes mainly consist of residual sediments and locate along the highway. Most of them are in the less stable state and in high risk during rainfall in flood season especially. The main purpose of this paper is to produce landslide susceptibility maps for Taibai County (China). In the first stage, a landslide inventory map and the input layers of the landslide conditioning factors were prepared in the geographic information system supported by field investigations and remote sensing data. The landslides conditioning factors considered for the study area were slope angle, altitude, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to faults, distance to rivers, distance to roads, normalized difference vegetation index, lithological unit, rainfall and land use. Subsequently, the thematic data layers of conditioning factors were integrated by frequency ratio (FR), weights of evidence (WOE) and evidential belief function (EBF) models. As a result, landslide susceptibility maps were obtained. In order to compare the predictive ability of these three models, a validation procedure was conducted. The curves of cumulative area percentage of ordered index values vs. the cumulative percentage of landslide numbers were plotted and the values of area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The predictive ability was characterized by the AUC values and it indicates that all these models considered have relatively similar and high accuracies. The success rate of FR, WOE and EBF models was 0.9161, 0.9132 and 0.9129, while the prediction rate of the three models was 0.9061, 0.9052 and 0.9007, respectively. Considering the accuracy and simplicity comprehensively, the FR model is the optimum method. These landslide susceptibility maps can be used for preliminary land use planning and hazard mitigation purpose.     

GIS支持下滑坡灾害空间预测方法研究

滑坡预测在防灾减灾工作中具有重要意义,它包括空间、时间预测两个方面。基于统计模型进行区域评价与空间预测是滑坡灾害研究的重要方向,但是预测结果往往依赖样本数量和空间分布等。本文以马来西亚金马伦高原为研究区,选择高程、坡度、坡向、地表曲率、构造、土地覆盖、地貌类型、道路和排水系统作为评价因子,探讨运用地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)获取与管理滑坡灾害信息,以及热带雨林地区湿热环境下滑坡空间预测的方法。支持向量机(SVM)和逻辑(Logistic)回归模型分别应用于滑坡空间预测,结果显示平均预测精度分别为95.9%和86.2%,SVM法具有较高的描述精度,值得推荐;同时,基于SVM模型的滑坡空间预测受样本影响较小,预测结果相对比较稳定,这对于滑坡灾害区域评价与预测的快速实现具有实际意义。     

Approaches for delineating landslide hazard areas using different training sites in an advanced artificial neural network model

The current paper presents landslide hazard analysis around the Cameron area, Malaysia, using advanced artificial neural networks with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Landslide locations were determined in the study area by interpretation of aerial photographs and from field investigations. Topographical and geological data as well as satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. Ten factors were selected for landslide hazard including: 1) factors related to topography as slope, aspect, and curvature; 2) factors related to geology as lithology and distance from lineament; 3) factors related to drainage as distance from drainage; and 4) factors extracted from TM satellite images as land cover and the vegetation index value. An advanced artificial neural network model has been used to analyze these factors in order to establish the landslide hazard map. The back-propagation training method has been used for the selection of the five different random training sites in order to calculate the factor’s weight and then the landslide hazard indices were computed for each of the five hazard maps. Finally, the landslide hazard maps (five cases) were prepared using GIS tools. Results of the landslides hazard maps have been verified using landslide test locations that were not used during the training phase of the neural network. Our findings of verification results show an accuracy of 69%, 75%, 70%, 83% and 86% for training sites 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. GIS data was used to efficiently analyze the large volume of data, and the artificial neural network proved to be an effective tool for landslide hazard analysis. The verification results showed sufficient agreement between the presumptive hazard map and the existing data on landslide areas.     

Spatial model integration for shallow landslide susceptibility and its runout using a GIS-based approach in Yongin,Korea

Rainfall-triggered shallow landslide is very common in Korean mountains and the socioeconomic impact is much higher than in the past due to population pressure in hazardous zones. Present study is an attempt toward the development of a methodology for the integration of shallow landslide susceptibility zones and runout zones that could be reached by mobilized mass. Landslide occurrence areas in Yongin were determined based on the interpretation of aerial photographs and extensive field surveys. Nineteen landslide-related factors maps were collected and analysed in geographic information system environment. Among 109 identified landslides, about 85% randomly selected training landslide data from inventory map was used to generate an evidential belief function model and remaining 15% landslides were used to validate the shallow landslide susceptibility map. The resulting susceptibility map had a success rate of 89.2% and a predictive accuracy of 92.1%. A runout propagation from high susceptible area was obtained from the modified multiple-flow direction algorithm. A matrix was used to integrate the shallow landslide susceptibility classes and the runout probable zone. Thus, each pixel had a susceptibility class in relation to its failure probability and runout susceptibility class. The study of landslide potential and its propagation can be used to obtain a spatial prediction for landslides, which could contribute to landslide risk mitigation.     

Approaches for delineating landslide hazard areas using different training sites in an advanced artificial neural network model

The current paper presents landslide hazard analysis around the Cameron area, Malaysia, using advanced artificial neural networks with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Landslide locations were determined in the study area by interpretation of aerial photographs and from field investigations. Topographical and geological data as well as satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. Ten factors were selected for landslide hazard including: 1) factors related to topography as slope, aspect, and curvature; 2) factors related to geology as lithology and distance from lineament; 3) factors related to drainage as distance from drainage; and 4) factors extracted from TM satellite images as land cover and the vegetation index value. An advanced artificial neural network model has been used to analyze these factors in order to establish the landslide hazard map. The back-propagation training method has been used for the selection of the five different random training sites in order to calculate the factor’s weight and then the landslide hazard indices were computed for each of the five hazard maps. Finally, the landslide hazard maps (five cases) were prepared using GIS tools. Results of the landslides hazard maps have been verified using landslide test locations that were not used during the training phase of the neural network. Our findings of verification results show an accuracy of 69%, 75%, 70%, 83% and 86% for training sites 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. GIS data was used to efficiently analyze the large volume of data, and the artificial neural network proved to be an effective tool for landslide hazard analysis. The verification results showed sufficient agreement between the presumptive hazard map and the existing data on landslide areas.     

利用ArcGIS Engine开发滑坡危险性评价系统

地质灾害信息,尤其是滑坡灾害的多源性、模糊性、非确定性和随机性,使得信息处理和空间综合分析十分复杂。利用ArcG IS Engine的二次开发接口,结合地质灾害专业数学模型,包括模糊综合评判、多元回归分析、神经网络、信息量法4种模型,使用栅格图层叠加方法,得出滑坡危险性评价图。克服了传统危险性评价成果缺乏直观性和可操作性,导致成果可靠程度的降低。本文主要尝试利用4种模型进行滑坡危险性区域评价,以秭归县某区域为原型,得到评价结果包括低、较低、较高、高4种。因此,建立地质灾害危险性评价的G IS系统是十分必要的。     

非等间隔灰色模型在滑坡监测中的应用

针对多数滑坡监测得到的数据是非等间隔的情况,运用新方法推导出MUGM(1,m)模型。首先用间隙变换后的时间间隔代替原始时间间隔,然后构造新的时间序列,最后根据微分方程推导出预测公式;并以某滑坡体为实例进行建模分析,通过与传统时间加权的方法对比,验证了新方法的预测精度要优于传统方法。