GRACE时变重力场滤波方法

针对GRACE时变重力场模型高阶项误差较大导致的"南-北"条带噪声,该文利用模拟的GRACE数据分析了去相关滤波、Gaussian滤波、组合滤波和平滑先验信息滤波方法对噪声的滤除效果和对真实信号的衰减程度。实验表明:4种滤波算法均能有效降低条带噪声,但单独使用去相关滤波时效果较差,需与其他算法结合使用;Guass滤波和组合滤波在减小噪声条带的同时,也在一定程度上牺牲了空间分辨率;平滑先验信息滤波在移除噪声、保留有效信号方面比其他3种算法有较为明显的优势。     

各向异性组合滤波法反演陆地水储量变化

地球时变重力场模型反演陆地水储量变化已为全球气候变化研究作出巨大贡献,考虑到时变重力场模型球谐系数中存在相关性,其高阶次项具有较大的误差,需采用最优的滤波方法进行空间平滑。本文提出一种新的各向异性组合滤波方法,其基本思想是将改进的高斯滤波法与均方根(root mean square,RMS)滤波法组合,即对球谐系数的低阶次采用改进的高斯滤波法,而高阶次采用RMS滤波法。首先分析了最新的GRACE RL05系列时变重力场模型系数误差特性,基于全球水储量变化反演结果,分析比较了高斯滤波、改进的高斯滤波、RMS滤波和DDK滤波与本文提出的组合滤波法的有效性及精度,并利用模型结果进行了验证,计算结果表明,组合滤波法的中误差最小。研究结果表明,本文提出的组合法相比于先前的滤波方法,可有效地过滤高阶次的噪声,消除南北条带误差,同时减少信号泄漏,提高信噪比,保留更多有效的地球物理信号,进而提高反演精度。     

GRACE时变重力场的滤波理论及质量变化分析

正由于GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)时变重力场模型直接解算质量变化时存在较大的误差,需要对其进行相应的滤波处理,提高质量变化的反演精度。本文总结了GRACE监测全球与区域质量变化的研究进展,分析了最新时变重力场模型的精度及其滤波方法;提出了基于重力位系数协方差阵的时变重力场滤波方法;分析了南极冰盖的质量变化、亚马孙流域陆地水质量和海平面变化。本文的研究成果及创新点主要包括以下几个方面:     

GRACE时变重力场滤波方法研究

用3种不同的滤波方法获得了2007年相对于2005年的卫星重力变化图像,并与同期地面重力测量的结果进行比较,对比分析GRACE月重力场滤波方法的优缺点。结果表明,去相关平滑滤波算法优于高斯滤波和直接截断法,且去相关平滑滤波DDK5处理得到的卫星重力动态变化图像与地面观测结果符合最好,表明GRACE卫星时变重力场可以用来分析大区域重力动态变化。     

GRACE时变重力场滤波方法研究北大核心CSCD

用3种不同的滤波方法获得了2007年相对于2005年的卫星重力变化图像,并与同期地面重力测量的结果进行比较,对比分析GRACE月重力场滤波方法的优缺点。结果表明,去相关平滑滤波算法优于高斯滤波和直接截断法,且去相关平滑滤波DDK5处理得到的卫星重力动态变化图像与地面观测结果符合最好,表明GRACE卫星时变重力场可以用来分析大区域重力动态变化。     

利用GRACE RL05模型监测长江流域水储量变化

本文基于GRACE最新重力场模型RL05序列研究了高斯滤波、Wiener滤波、各向异性滤波三种方法在长江流域水储量变化监测中的适用性,计算了应用三种方法得到的水储量变化速率。通过与长江流域水文模型的比较,高斯滤波平滑半径为430km时所得的结果与Wiener滤波基本一致,但各向异性滤波反演的结果与水文模型更为接近,并且优于前面两种方法。研究结果表明GRACE RL05时变重力场球谐系数误差存在各向异性的分布特征,因此各向异性滤波更适用于GRACE区域水储量变化的研究。     

GRACE时变重力数据的后处理方法研究进展

重力场是反映地球介质密度变化和在各种环境(固体地球潮汐、内部热流、固体和液体之间质量的交换、表面负荷和地震构造运动等)下动力学特征的最基本和最直接的物理量。GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星作为探测全球重力场的工具已经为科研工作者提供了超过10a的全球时变重力场数据。由于GRACE数据存在固有误差,GRACE数据产品需要进行后处理对局部重力场进行研究。回顾整理了GRACE数据后处理中的处理方法,包括高斯滤波法及非各向同性滤波法,位系数去相关法,主成分分析法,小波分解法,Slepian方法,以及顾及先验信息的改进算法等,并对GRACE后处理算法的后续改进和发展进行了展望。     

GRACE时变重力位系数扇形滤波算法分析

卫星重力探测技术为监测全球陆地水储量变化提供了新的技术手段。采用Level-2 Release-05版本GRACE时变重力场模型数据计算了2010年全球陆地水储量的月变化;着重研究了扇形滤波对反演结果的影响;并结合GLDAS水文模型数据对反演结果进行了验证分析。实验结果表明:GRACE反演结果 GLDAS水文模型结果在时空分布上符合较好;扇形滤波能够削弱GRACE时变重力场模型的高阶项误差影响,有效去除反演结果中的条带状噪声。     

GRACE时变重力场各向异性高斯组合滤波方法

受测量误差等因素影响，直接使用GRACE时变重力场模型的地表质量变化反演结果呈现严重条带噪声，必须采用滤波消除。本文对不同滤波方法进行了试验分析，以信噪比最大为准则，确定了不同滤波方法的最优滤波参数，并在此基础上提出了一种各向异性组合滤波方法。该方法根据时变重力场模型球谐系数误差特性，结合各向异性高斯滤波和均方根滤波特点，对精度较高的低次项系数采用较大权重以保留更多有效信号，而对精度较差的高次项系数采用较小权重以压制噪声。不同于传统的两步法组合滤波，该方法仅需进行一步滤波处理。试验结果表明，本文提出的各向异性组合滤波方法计算步骤简单，能够有效消除条带噪声；与单一滤波和传统两步法组合滤波方法相比，提高了反演结果信噪比，保留了更多真实信号。     

利用GRACE资料构造大尺度时变重力场统一模型

基于2003~2012年的GRACE卫星重力资料,采用最小二乘拟合的方法,构建了时变重力场统一模型IGG-TVG2013。该模型以球谐系数的形式表达,在考虑趋势项和周期项等经验参数的基础上,还考虑了加速度项和潮汐模型误差、大地震等因素的影响。将IGG-TVG2013模型与GRACE资料进行了比较分析,在全球92%以上的区域二者符合精度优于±1ugal;利用该模型外推预测了2013年1~6月的重力场变化,结果与GRACE实测数据符合较好。这表明IGG-TVG2013模型不但能较好地描述重力场的连续时空变化,而且具有一定的短期预测能力。     

On the postprocessing removal of correlated errors in GRACE temporal gravity field solutions

We revisit the empirical moving window filtering method of Swenson and Wahr (Geophys Res Lett 33:L08402, 2006) and its variants, Chambers (Geophys Res Lett 33:L17603, 2006) and Chen et al. (Geophys Res Lett 34: L13302, 2007), for reducing the correlated errors in the Stokes coefficients (SCs) of the spherical harmonic expansion of the GRACE determined monthly geopotential solutions. Based on a comparison of the three published approaches mentioned, we propose a refined approach for choosing parameters of the decorrelation filter. Our approach is based on the error pattern of the SCs in the monthly GRACE geopotential solutions. We keep a portion of the lower degree-order SCs with the smallest errors unchanged, and high-pass filter the rest using a moving window technique, with window width decreasing as the error of the SCs increases. Both the unchanged portion of SCs and the window width conform with the error pattern, and are adjustable with a parameter. Compared to the three published approaches mentioned, our unchanged portion of SCs and window width depend on both degree and order in a more complex way. We have used the trend of mass change to test various parameters toward a preferred choice for a global compromise between the removal of the correlated errors and the minimization of signal distortion.     

“陆态网”GPS与GRACE的中国大陆地表垂直形变对比分析

基于中国大陆构造环境监测网络的连续GPS观测数据,比较分析了中国大陆234个GPS台站和GRACE得到的地表垂直形变。GPS和GRACE垂直形变具有较好的一致性,反映了地表质量变化是引起GPS垂直形变非线性变化的重要因素之一,但二者也存在着一定的差异。为定量分析GPS和GRACE垂直形变的差异,探讨了热膨胀效应对GPS垂直位移的影响及区域地壳结构对GRACE估算地表垂直负荷形变的影响。结果表明,中国大陆50%以上的GPS台站热膨胀垂直形变周年振幅不小于1 mm;对GPS进行热膨胀效应改正后,中国大陆GPS与GRACE垂直形变具有更好的一致性;GPS与GRACE垂直形变周年振幅比值由1.07±0.06变为1.01±0.05;热膨胀效应可以解释6.2%的GPS与GRACE垂直形变的差异,热膨胀效应改正可使GPS和GRACE垂直形变的一致性相对增加11.2%。是否顾及区域地壳结构引起的GRACE估算中国大陆垂直负荷形变的相对差异为2.5%。     

Simulation study of a follow-on gravity mission to GRACE

The gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) has been providing monthly estimates of the Earth’s time-variable gravity field since its launch in March 2002. The GRACE gravity estimates are used to study temporal mass variations on global and regional scales, which are largely caused by a redistribution of water mass in the Earth system. The accuracy of the GRACE gravity fields are primarily limited by the satellite-to-satellite range-rate measurement noise, accelerometer errors, attitude errors, orbit errors, and temporal aliasing caused by un-modeled high-frequency variations in the gravity signal. Recent work by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, CO has resulted in the successful development of an interferometric laser ranging system to specifically address the limitations of the K-band microwave ranging system that provides the satellite-to-satellite measurements for the GRACE mission. Full numerical simulations are performed for several possible configurations of a GRACE Follow-On (GFO) mission to determine if a future satellite gravity recovery mission equipped with a laser ranging system will provide better estimates of time-variable gravity, thus benefiting many areas of Earth systems research. The laser ranging system improves the range-rate measurement precision to ~0.6 nm/s as compared to ~0.2 μm/s for the GRACE K-band microwave ranging instrument. Four different mission scenarios are simulated to investigate the effect of the better instrument at two different altitudes. The first pair of simulated missions is flown at GRACE altitude (~480 km) assuming on-board accelerometers with the same noise characteristics as those currently used for GRACE. The second pair of missions is flown at an altitude of ~250 km which requires a drag-free system to prevent satellite re-entry. In addition to allowing a lower satellite altitude, the drag-free system also reduces the errors associated with the accelerometer. All simulated mission scenarios assume a two satellite co-orbiting pair similar to GRACE in a near-polar, near-circular orbit. A method for local time variable gravity recovery through mass concentration blocks (mascons) is used to form simulated gravity estimates for Greenland and the Amazon region for three GFO configurations and GRACE. Simulation results show that the increased precision of the laser does not improve gravity estimation when flown with on-board accelerometers at the same altitude and spacecraft separation as GRACE, even when time-varying background models are not included. This study also shows that only modest improvement is realized for the best-case scenario (laser, low-altitude, drag-free) as compared to GRACE due to temporal aliasing errors. These errors are caused by high-frequency variations in the hydrology signal and imperfections in the atmospheric, oceanographic, and tidal models which are used to remove unwanted signal. This work concludes that applying the updated technologies alone will not immediately advance the accuracy of the gravity estimates. If the scientific objectives of a GFO mission require more accurate gravity estimates, then future work should focus on improvements in the geophysical models, and ways in which the mission design or data processing could reduce the effects of temporal aliasing.     

利用高分辨率水文模型提高GRACE卫星的空间分辨率

为克服GRACE卫星数据空间分辨率粗糙的局限性,本文以高空间分辨率的PCR-GLOBWB数据为基础,构建了加权、乘权及误差分配降尺度方法,将GRACE卫星在河北省的水储量变化数据的空间分辨率由0.50°提高至0.05°。结果表明:加权降尺度方法不仅保留了GRACE数据的原始空间分布特征,还刻画了局部细节特征;误差分配降尺度方法结果较为理想,但在格网交界处的信号存在跳跃现象;乘权降尺度方法表现最差,与GRACE存在明显差异。经实测数据验证可知,加权降尺度方法与实测值拟合程度最好,相关系数最高可达0.81。本文为获取河北省高空间分辨率地下水储量数据提供了有效保障。     

Accuracy assessment of the monthly GRACE geoids based upon a simulation

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of geophysical background model errors that affects temporal gravity solutions provided by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE). Initial performance estimates by Dickey et al. (1997) suggested a formal geoid RMS error better than 0.1 mm up to spherical harmonic degree 5. Now that the GRACE gravity models and data are available, it is evident that these original expectations were too optimistic. Our hypothesis is that this is partially explained by errors in geophysical background models that need to be applied in the GRACE data reduction, and that this effect was not considered by Dickey et al. (1997). We discuss the results of a closed-loop simulation, where satellite trajectory prediction software is used for the generation of GRACE range-rate data and GRACE orbit solutions with the help of the Global Positioning System (GPS). During the recovery step in our closed-loop simulation, we show that simulated nuisance signals (based on tide and air pressure model differences) map to a 0.7 mm geoid effect for periods longer than 3 months and to less than 0.4 mm for periods shorter than 3 months. The long-period geoid hydrology signal is at a level of 4.5 mm, while the short-period hydrology is at 0.25 mm. The long-period ocean bottom pressure (OBP) signal maps at 0.8 mm and for short periods it is 0.4 mm. We conclude that short-period effects are difficult to observe by GRACE and that long-period effects, like hydrology, are easier to recover than OBP variations.     

GRACE重力卫星在陆地水储量变化监测中的应用

介绍了GRACE重力卫星,并对GRACE重力卫星数据在陆地水储量变化中的应用现状进行分析,总结了GRACE重力卫星数据在陆地水储量变化检测中的数据获取、计算方法和精度分析,以及Grace数据在不同区域尺度陆地水储量变化估算中的应用情况,最后,指出GRACE在水储量应用中的不足和未来的研究方向。     

Combination of temporal gravity variations resulting from superconducting gravimeter (SG) recordings, GRACE satellite observations and global hydrology models

Gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE)-derived temporal gravity variations can be resolved within the μgal (10^?8 m/s ²) range, if we restrict the spatial resolution to a half-wavelength of about 1,500 km and the temporal resolution to 1 month. For independent validations, a comparison with ground gravity measurements is of fundamental interest. For this purpose, data from selected superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations forming the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) network are used. For comparison, GRACE and SG data sets are reduced for the same known gravity effects due to Earth and ocean tides, pole tide and atmosphere. In contrast to GRACE, the SG also measures gravity changes due to load-induced height variations, whereas the satellite-derived models do not contain this effect. For a solid spherical harmonic decomposition of the gravity field, this load effect can be modelled using degree-dependent load Love numbers, and this effect is added to the satellite-derived models. After reduction of the known gravity effects from both data sets, the remaining part can mainly be assumed to represent mass changes in terrestrial water storage. Therefore, gravity variations derived from global hydrological models are applied to verify the SG and GRACE results. Conversely, the hydrology models can be checked by gravity variations determined from GRACE and SG observations. Such a comparison shows quite a good agreement between gravity variation derived from SG, GRACE and hydrology models, which lie within their estimated error limits for most of the studied SG locations. It is shown that the SG gravity variations (point measurements) are representative for a large area within the accuracy, if local gravity effects are removed. The individual discrepancies between SG, GRACE and hydrology models may give hints for further investigations of each data series.     

Decorrelated GRACE time-variable gravity solutions by GFZ,and their validation using a hydrological model

We have analyzed recent gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) RL04 monthly gravity solutions, using a new decorrelating post-processing approach. We find very good agreement with mass anomalies derived from a global hydrological model. The post-processed GRACE solutions exhibit only little amplitude damping and an almost negligible phase shift and period distortion for relevant hydrological basins. Furthermore, these post-processed GRACE solutions have been inspected in terms of data fit with respect to the original inter-satellite ranging and to SLR and GPS observations. This kind of comparison is new. We find variations of the data fit due to solution post-processing only within very narrow limits. This confirms our suspicion that GRACE data do not firmly ‘pinpoint’ the standard unconstrained solutions. Regarding the original Kusche (J Geod 81:733–749, 2007) decorrelation and smoothing method, a simplified (order-convolution) approach has been developed. This simplified approach allows to realize a higher resolution—as necessary, e.g., for generating computed GRACE observations—and needs far less coefficients to be stored.     

GRACE时变重力数据后处理方法评价

针对GRACE Level2卫星时变重力数据后处理方法如何评价的问题,该文以中国数字地震观测网络获得的青藏高原地区地面重力变化图像为参考,基于平均结构相似性等图像相似度指标,研究了与该区域地面重力观测同期、不同后处理方法得到的GRACE卫星重力变化图像的可靠性。结果显示,GRACE卫星重力和地面重力观测结果具有一定的可比性,滑动窗口去相关滤波和高斯400 km滤波的组合方法可以获得最优的处理效果。本文的方法和结论对GRACE及GRACE Follow-On卫星重力数据应用中后处理方法和参数的选取有一定的借鉴意义。     

重力卫星星载GPS简化动力学精密定轨

利用GRACE和SWARM重力卫星星载GPS观测数据,基于简化动力学方法进行精密定轨,通过相位观测值残差分析、重叠轨道对比和科学轨道对比进行轨道精度检核。GRACE和SWARM卫星相位观测值残差RMS值稳定在6 mm左右,重叠轨道对比差值RMS在径向、切向和法向均优于1.24 cm;通过与GFZ和ESA提供的GRACE卫星与SWARM卫星精密轨道对比,GRACE卫星简化动力学轨道在R,T,N方向的轨道精度分别达到1.3 cm、2.1 cm和1.3 cm;SWARM卫星简化动力学轨道在径向、切向和法向的轨道精度分别达到0.8 cm、1.3 cm和1.6 cm。实验表明,基于简化动力学方法,GRACE和SWARM卫星定轨精度均到达厘米级。