线性混合模型的光谱解混算法综述

混合像元的存在不仅影响了基于高光谱图像的地物识别和分类精度,而且已经成为遥感科学向定量化发展的主要障碍。目前的混合像元分解算法大多采用线性混合模型,其关键步骤为端元提取。文中从线性混合模型的定义出发,总结了近年来提出的端元提取算法,并重点对SMACC、VCA、SGA等算法进行了深入的分析,最后总结了混合像元分解的发展趋势。     

高光谱端元自动提取的迭代分解方法

混合像元线性分解技术是进行高光谱影像处理的常用方法,应用这种方法的一个主要问题是难以有效、自动地确定影像的端元光谱。利用非监督的方法快速自动提取高光谱遥感图像的端元光谱是解决这个问题的主要技术手段。根据迭代误差分析思路,通过对线性混合像元模型分解的误差传播分析后,得到了端元选择的约束条件。结合端元存在的空间信息,自动提取出端元光谱并进行了混合像元分解。利用不同地区、不同传感器的高光谱数据实例测试了该文的方法,分析和讨论了选择迭代初始值与参数阈值的敏感性问题。研究结果表明此方法可以自动提取端元光谱,并且精度较高。     

一种端元变化的神经网络混合像元分解方法

遥感图像中普遍存在着混合像元,对混合像元进行分解是遥感图像处理中的难点,在端元（Endm ember）个数不变的情况下,往往得到的分解结果精度不高。本文基于fuzzy ARTMAP神经网络,提出一种基于端元变化的神经网络混合像元分解模型。首先利用混合像元与纯净端元之间的光谱相似性,判断出混合像元包含的端元个数及类别,然后结合fuzzy ARTMAP神经网络进行分解。实验结果表明：本文提出的方法比传统的线性混合模型及fuzzy ARTMAP神经网络模型的精度要高,而且更加符合实际情况。     

混合像元线性分解的精度估算

遥感图像中普遍存在着混合像元,对混合像元进行分解是遥感图像处理中的难点。混合像元线性分解技术是进行高光谱影像处理的常用方法。本文针对混合像元线性分解的基本原理与算法作了简要分析,并通过实验的方法估算了混合像元线性分解模型的精度。     

高光谱遥感图像的端元递进提取算法

针对高光谱遥感图像中可能并不存在图像端元这一问题,试探的提出一种基于线性混合模型下对初步提取的最近似于端元的像元进行再分析的端元提取算法,即高光谱遥感图像的端元递进提取算法.首先针对3个端元线性混合的图像进行提取,在图像中找到最大近似于端元的像元,利用凸面单形体的几何性质,找出初步提取像元附近位于图像端元构成的凸面单形体边界上的像元,通过计算图像端元在边界像元中的含量,应用线性反解提取出图像端元.模拟图像中的初步结果表明在不存在图像端元的图像中,该算法可以有效的提取3个端元,应用于实际Hyperion图像取得了较好的实验效果.     

基于神经网络的高光谱混合像元分解方法研究

当前遥感图像分类通常假设每一个像元都是由一类地物组成,对混合像元重视不够。但事实上许多像元都是混合像元,光谱是几种地物的混合光谱。高光谱遥感是当前遥感技术发展的前沿技术,特别在混合像元分解方面体现出明显的优越性。分别采用线性混合模型、BP神经网络等进行混合像元分解的试验,结果表明BP神经网络模型能够取得较好的效果。     

高光谱与多角度数据联合进行混合像元分解研究

混合像元问题是定量遥感的主要障碍之一。将混合像元问题归结为类内与类间像元混合两类，并对类内混合像元分解问题加以研究。混合像元分解的关键在于确定组分光谱，确定组分光谱的方法很多，但大多数方法基于以下假定，即从图像本身可以找到纯组分光谱，然而这一假定对于类内混合像元分解问题来说很难成立。提出采用高光谱与多角度相结合的方法，利用几何光学模型和线性光谱混合模型进行类内混合像元分解。即首先利用多角度数据反演几何光学交互遮蔽(GOMS)模型获得组分光谱，再对高光谱数据进行组分光谱分解。由于该方法直接从混合光谱产生的机理出发，因而更容易获得真正的亚像元信息。为减小反演误差，反演过程中采用改进的多阶段的反演策略，并充分利用多角度图像本身提供的先验信息。用BORE—AS试验获取的高光谱与多角度数据所作的研究表明，该方法可以获得比较理想的分解结果。     

基于混合像元分解的天山典型地区冰雪变化监测

针对中低分辨率遥感图像中存在大量混合像元,而传统的图像分类方法存在只能将某个像元归到某一类中,不能正确反映混合像元实际情况的问题.以新疆天山典型冰川覆盖区为例,根据TM/ETM+遥感图像的光谱特征,结合天山地区地表覆盖特点,在线性混合像元分解方法基础上,设计一种符合冰川地区特点的“冰雪-植被-裸露山体-阴影”端元组分模型.通过选择合适的端元并将其反射率值代入改进后的且满足约束条件的线性混合像元分解模型,得到各端元组分丰度图,进而精确提取出冰雪信息并计算其面积.1989年TM和2000年ETM+遥感图像冰雪信息提取结果表明,运用线性混合像元分解模型能很好地监测实验区的冰雪覆盖变化情况.     

一种基于DELSMA模型的城市不透水面提取方法

针对线性光谱混合分解(LSMA)模型在端元个数不变的情况下易造成不透水面被高估或低估的问题,该文提出了基于影像分层的变端元线性光谱混合分解(DELSMA)模型。以城市不透水面为研究目标,采用Landsat 8陆地成像仪(OLI)影像为实验数据,对比分析DELSMA模型和LSMA模型提取的不透水面精度。与LSMA模型分解结果进行对比,DELSMA模型相关系数从0.898 2提高到0.947 3,拟合优度从0.804 7提高到0.896 3,均方根误差从0.089 5减少到0.079 1,从精度验证结果可以看出,基于影像分层的DELSMA模型对混合像元的分解效果优于LSMA模型。实验结果表明:影像分层降低了场景复杂度,有效减少了同物异谱和异物同谱的干扰;采用变端元进行混合像元分解,有效减少了计算量和地物类内差异对分解精度的影响,一定程度上提高了不透水面的提取精度。     

基于线性混合模型的端元提取方法综述

混合像元是遥感领域研究的热点,而基于线性混合模型的光谱解混合技术正在越来越广泛地应用在光谱数据分析和遥感地物量化中,这项技术的关键就在于确定端元光谱。本文归纳了目前几种比较成熟的端元提取算法,分析了它们的主要思想和存在的优缺点,最后介绍了端元提取技术的应用及其发展趋势。     

光谱解混下耕地土壤铬含量GMDH模型反演

针对遥感影像反射率与重金属元素间的光谱响应弱,土壤重金属经典反演模型精度较低等问题,本文以Sentinel-2号遥感影像为数据源,利用像元二分模型进行影像光谱解混,筛选出相关性较高的特征光谱作为光谱参量,构建基于像元线性解混和不同光谱变换下土壤反射率与重金属Cr含量的PLS模型和GMDH模型。研究结果表明,解混后的光谱与重金属Cr含量间的显著相关波段数增多,相关性增强。基于解混后的土壤光谱与重金属Cr含量构建的GMDH模型,其模型稳定性较好,预测能力更强,精度更好。该方法拓展了传统的利用遥感影像进行反演的思路,可为大范围监测土壤重金属的污染状况提供有益参考。     

基于独立分量分析的遥感影像非监督分类方法

利用独立分量分析的方法，从图像信号分离的角度出发，将每个波段像元的光谱特征看成是由相互独立的不同地物类型光谱信号混合而成。通过ETM^-遥感影像数据的分类试验，验证了该方法应用于多光谱遥感影像非监督分类的有效性。     

Hyperspectral Satellite Data in Mapping Salt-Affected Soils Using Linear Spectral Unmixing Analysis

Development of salt-affected soils in the irrigated lands of arid and semi-arid region is major cause of land degradation. Hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing data (EO-1) was used in the present study for characterization and mapping of salt-affected soils in a part of irrigation command area of Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. Linear spectral mixture analysis approach was used to map various categories of salt affected soils represented by spectral endmembers of slightly, moderately and highly salt-affected soils. These endmembers were related to surface expression of various categories of salt-affected soils in the area. The endmembers were selected by performing minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation and pixel purity index (PPI) on Hyperion (EO-1) data with reference to high resolution LISS IV data and field data. The results showed that various severity classes of salt-affected soils could be reliably mapped using linear spectral unmixing analysis. A low RMSE value (0.0193) over the image was obtained that revealed a good fit of the model in identification and classification of endmembers of various severities of salt affected soils. The overall classification accuracies for slight, moderate and highly salt-affected soils were estimated of 78.57, 79.81 and 84.43% respectively.     

基于高光谱遥感数据提取森林结构参数的研究

以位于三峡库区的龙门河森林自然保护区为研究区,综合利用线性光谱混合模型和几何光学模型,基于高光谱遥感数据提取森林结构参数是本文研究的重点。在研究区地面调查数据的基础上,通过高光谱数据和混合光谱分解法,获得反演几何光学模型所需的四分量参数,根据背景光照分量与森林植被冠层各参数间的关系,反演得到森林冠层郁闭度及平均冠幅的定量分布图,并利用37个野外实测样本进行结果验证。     

Evaluation of diverse classification approaches for land use/cover mapping in a Mediterranean region utilizing Hyperion data

Information on Earth's land surface cover is commonly obtained through digital image analysis of data acquired from remote sensing sensors. In this study, we evaluated the use of diverse classification techniques in discriminating land use/cover types in a typical Mediterranean setting using Hyperion imagery. For this purpose, the spectral angle mapper (SAM), the object-based and the non-linear spectral unmixing based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) techniques were applied. A further objective had been to investigate the effect of two approaches for training sites selection in the SAM classification, namely of the pixel purity index (PPI) and of the direct selection of training points from the Hyperion imagery assisted by a QuickBird imagery and field-based training sites. Object-based classification outperformed the other techniques with an overall accuracy of 83%. Sub-pixel classification based on the ANN showed an overall accuracy of 52%, very close to that of SAM (48%). SAM applied using the training sites selected directly from the Hyperion imagery supported by the QuickBird image and the field visits returned an increase accuracy by 16%. Yet, all techniques appeared to suffer from the relatively low spatial resolution of the Hyperion imagery, which affected the spectral separation among the land use/cover classes.     

Stratified spectral mixture analysis of medium resolution imagery for impervious surface mapping

Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is widely employed in impervious surface estimation, especially for estimating impervious surface abundance in medium spatial resolution images. However, it suffers from a difficulty in endmember selection due to within-class spectral variability and the variation in the number and the type of endmember classes contained from pixel to pixel, which may lead to over or under estimation of impervious surface. Stratification is considered as a promising process to address the problem. This paper presents a stratified spectral mixture analysis in spectral domain (Sp_SSMA) for impervious surface mapping. It categorizes the entire data into three groups based on the Combinational Build-up Index (CBI), the intensity component in the color space and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. A suitable endmember model is developed for each group to accommodate the spectral variation from group to group. The unmixing into the associated subset (or full set) of endmembers in each group can make the unmixing adaptive to the types of endmember classes that each pixel actually contains. Results indicate that the Sp_SSMA method achieves a better performance than full-set-endmember SMA and prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis (PKSMA) in terms of R, RMSE and SE.     

Spectral unmixing based spatiotemporal downscaling fusion approach

Time-series remote sensing data are important in monitoring land surface dynamics. Due to technical limitations, satellite sensors have a trade-off between temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions when acquiring remote sensing images. In order to obtain remote sensing images with high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency, spatiotemporal fusion methods have been developed. In this paper, we propose a Linear Spectral Unmixing-based Spatiotemporal Data Fusion Model (LSUSDFM) for spatial and temporal data fusion. In this model, the endmember abundance of the low-resolution image pixel is calculated based on that of the high-resolution image by the spectral mixture analysis. The endmember spectrum signals of low-resolution images are then calculated continuously within an optimized moving window. Subsequently, the fused image is reconstructed according to the endmember spectrum and its corresponding abundance map. A simulated dataset and real satellite images are used to test the fusion model, and the fusion results are compared with a current spectral unmixing based downscaling fusion model (SUDFM). Our experimental work shows that, compared to the SUDFM, the proposed LSUSDFM can achieve better quality and accuracy of fused images, especially in effectively eliminating the “plaque” phenomenon in the results by the SUDFM. The LSUSDFM has great potential in generating images with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency, as well as increasing the number of spectral bands of the high spatial resolution data.     

A Multispectral Remote Sensing Data Spectral Unmixing Algorithm Based on Variational Bayesian ICA

Mixed pixel is a key issue in medium to coarse resolution remote sensing image, and it seriously restricts the remote sensing classification. This paper presents an Independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm based on the variational Bayesian (VB) methods, named VBICA, for spectral unmixing in multispectral remote sensing image. The model assumes that the mixed pixels to be separated are given as linear mixtures. The matrixes of linear mixtures are assumed to be unknown. In the Bayesian framework, the endmember and abundance have finally been achieved with Bayesian inference and approximate variational algorithm. The proposed method is evaluated and tested on a numerical simulative image from the noise resistance, area size, pixel purity, estimated number of endmembers and real multispectral remote sensing image of 100?×?100 pixels. Experimental results on simulated image demonstrated that compared to the Fast ICA algorithm, the proposed algorithm can give more accurate results, and the validity of the proposed algorithm is verified by the real multispectral remote sensing image of the similarity on spectral curves, average similarity and ground objects distribution maps.