多波束换能器吃水误差在分层计算的影响分析

针对传统多波束测深系统中对于换能器吃水改正中,存在误差影响下的声速剖面运用不当,并且未考虑声速分层影响,使得最终水深计算精度不高的问题。该文提出对多波束换能器吃水误差在水深分层计算中的影响进行探究,利用声速分层的计算方式结合吃水误差建立水深计算模型,设定不同吃水改正误差,得到观测偏差与吃水误差间的关系曲线并进行分析。实验表明:实际观测与理论观测深度的差值,受吃水误差的影响,增大速率随着吃水误差的增加会越来越快。     

利用卡尔曼滤波改正多波束数据声速整体误差

针对传统多波束测深系统从误差源进行平差的后处理方式受声速误差等因素影响较大的应用局限,提出了以相邻条带中央波束构建的每ping海底地形趋势线作为先验信息,利用卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter, KF)对声速整体误差影响下的测深数据系统性误差进行改正的方法。首先,提取测深数据准确性相对较高的相邻条带的中央波束数据,对多波束每ping测深点所在的区域海底地形构建大致走向的趋势线;其次,利用检测线中央波束与主测线交叉重叠部分的数据,得到观测值的偏差和所构建海底地形趋势线的偏差;最后,结合得到的偏差,以构建的趋势线作为先验信息对测深数据利用卡尔曼滤波进行改正,并对改正后的数据进行精度分析与评估。实验表明,对于声速整体误差引起的海底地形畸变,利用卡尔曼滤波能够对边缘波束的系统性误差进行有效的改正。     

表层声速对多波束系统测量的影响

根据多波束系统通过声线跟踪反演波束测点的空间位置。在声线弯曲改正中换能器表层声速对波束指向角、波束脚印在船体坐标系下的平面位置和水深、测量覆盖宽度等都有着直接的影响,尤其是对边缘波束的测量精度影响特别大。在从理论上分析表层声速对多波束系统测量影响的基础上,利用实际测量的数据论述表层声速对多波束系统的重要性,以及在实际测量中应实时采集表层声速的必要性。     

多层常梯度声速剖面的测深误差改正方法

声速剖面(SVP)是多波束测深重要参数。为提高观测数据质量,在复杂水域地带往往通过声速剖面加密观测法或数据内插法,但始终会产生不同程度的折射误差。本文通过分析声速对测深系统的影响和构建常梯度等效声速模型进行了推导,提出了常梯度声速剖面改正模型,较好地解决了声速代替误差或声速剖面不准确带来的影响。试验结果表明,该模型后处理解析的地形边缘数据具有更好的一致性,定量成果优于传统声速剖面改正算法。     

基于波束角与姿态耦合效应的河道水深测量改正方法

在河道水深测量作业中,测船姿态的变化将引起水深测量的测深误差和回波水深点的位置误差,在水深变化较大的复杂水域,这种误差将较大地影响测量精度。为提高使用河道水深测量的精度与可靠性,需在采用合适的模型进行测深改正和回波水深点的位置改正。考虑到河道水域水下水深变化的特点和水深测线布置的特性,提出了"相对纵摇"和"相对横摇"的概念,采用简单的计算模型即可以有效地减弱波束角效应与测船姿态耦合效应在河道陡坡水域测量中的影响。实例表明,基于波束角和姿态耦合效应计算出的测量成果比不考虑姿态和波束角改正或仅考虑姿态改正情况下,陡坡位置的综合精度分别提高了30%和20%左右。     

miniSVP声速剖面仪在测深声速改正中的应用

以珠江流域水道数据为基础,采用英国Valeport公司生产的miniSVP声速剖面仪直接测量水体的剖面声速,并计算了声速误差对水深测量精度的影响。结果表明,声速误差带来的深度改正是影响测深精度的一项重要因素。     

多波束测深系统水下地形测量声速改正研究

多波束测深系统在进行水下地形测量过程中误差源来自多个方面,其中声速是影响数据精度的主要因素之一。声波在水中传播速度受到温度、电解质、压力以及水文条件等因素的影响,传播速度和方向发生着梯度变化。如果不对声速加以改正会产生深度和水平误差,使水下地形失真。因此,精确测定水下声速剖面,并对测量数据加入声速改正,有利于提高测量数据精度,保证水下地形真实有效。本文以辽宁省大中型水下地形测量项目为例,基于IMAGENEX DT101多波束测深系统,对声速在水下传播规律进行了系统研究,提出了建立动态声速改正格网方案,并利用AML Minos. X SVP水下声速剖面仪精确测定了水下剖面声速,在HYPACK MAXHysweep测深数据处理软件中加入声速改正值对数据进行声速改正,提高了水下地形测量精度。     

水下地形测量误差分析及对策

水下地形测量的精度主要来自平面精度和水深测量精度,本文分析回声测深仪测深误差来源主要为声速改正、时间测定、波束角影响引起的水深测量误差,深度基准面确定、潮位站水尺零点的测定、潮位观测、潮位改正引起的水面高程传递误差及测量船身摇摆引起的测深误差;差分GPS平面定位、系统延时、船体摇摆引起的定位误差,并提出克服对策。     

水下地形测量误差分析及对策

水下地形测量的精度主要来自平面精度和水深测量精度，本文分析回声测深仪测深误差来源主要为声速改正、时间测定、波束角影响引起的水深测量误差，深度基准面确定、潮位站水尺零点的测定、潮位观测、潮位改正引起的水面高程传递误差及测量船身摇摆引起的测深误差；差分GPS平面定位、系统延时、船体摇摆引起的定位误差，并提出克服对策。     

一种多波束声速剖面反演与海底地形校正技术

为了解决在多波束测深中声速剖面代表性误差会造成平坦海底地形凹凸变形的问题，提出了一种基于海底观测值的声速剖面反演与海底地形改正技术。该技术利用波束入射角以及单程回波时间信息，建立波束位移与误差声剖的函数关系，采用间接平差与LM（Levenberg-Marquardt）法反演得到与实际声速剖面相近的改正声速剖面，从而达到校正海底畸变地形的目的。海上实验数据验证表明:与含有误差的海上声剖值相比，反演改正后的声剖值更接近海上实际声剖值；水深改正的相对标准差降低50%以上，有效地削弱了畸变海底地形的影响。     

Pre-processing considerations of IRS-P6 LISS-4 imagery

Wide image swath with a high geometric resolution is required for photogrammetric applications. Both demands can be satisfied using staggered line arrays. Different bands of IRS-P6 LISS-4 sensor use staggered arrays for imaging. This paper describes a method for computing the offset for geometric alignment of odd and even lines of the staggered array of IRS-P6 LISS-4 imagery. The odd and even pixel rows are separated by 35 μm (equal to 5 pixels) in the focal plane in the along-track direction. Slightly different viewing angles of both lines of a staggered array can result in a variable sampling pattern on the ground because of the attitude fluctuations, satellite movement, terrain topography, PSM steering and small variations in the angular placement of the CCD lines (from the pre-launch values) in the focal plane. Non-accounting of this variable sampling value during the video data alignment will introduce deterioration of image quality and geometric discontinuity of features. The stagger parameters can be computed by the reconstruction of the viewing geometry with a calibrated camera geometry model and a public domain DEM. The impact of the line separation in the focal plane during imaging for different viewing configurations and terrain heights are studied and reported in this paper. Computed values from the model are in good agreement with what is observed in the raw image for different view angles. The results verify the model and are representative of the stability of the platform.     

Obtaining High Fidelity Triangular Regular Network from Only DEM Points

Abstract

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When the source data for the digital elevation model (DEM) are not known and any additional information or features such as skeleton lines of terrain is not available, a triangular regular network (TRN) is constructed with simple subdivision using one or two diagonals uniformly. Such a model gives inaccurate directions for interpolation because of the inaccurate diagonals used in triangulation and thereby, results in inaccurate contours representing artificial terrain features. In this study, a new method is developed based on slope information computed at DEM points determining accurate diagonals in the subdivision process, which is beneficial not only through the skeleton lines of a terrain but also all over the DEM. Consequently, it is shown that the proposed method is able to build a high fidelity TRN from a DEM without any additional information or features.     

合成孔径雷达图像辐值校正和几何校正的探讨

数字镶嵌是一种常用的数字图像处理技术。然而,用常规的数字镶嵌技术(利用地面控制点) 镶嵌合成孔径雷达图像并不理想。因为侧视雷达图像的畸变(几何和辐值)都与射束方向距离有 关。当相邻航带图像拼接时,图像色调和几何位置偏差较大。本文解决了侧视雷达图像数字镶嵌 中的问题；详述了雷达图像辐值校正和几何校正方法的数学理论；实例证明了校正方法是有效的。 通过对侧视雷达图像进行合适的辐值校正和几何校正后,就能获得色调均匀、位置准确的镶嵌图像。     

Total zero Doppler Steering-a new method for minimizing the Doppler centroid

This letter presents a new method, called total Zero Doppler steering, to perform yaw and pitch steering for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. The new method reduces the Doppler centroid to theoretically 0 Hz, independent of the range position of interest. Residual errors are only due to pointing inaccuracy or due to approximations in the implementation of the total zero Doppler steering law. This letter compares the new method with currently applied methods. The attitude angles and the residual Doppler centroid frequencies are calculated and depicted exemplarily for the parameters of TerraSAR-X, for which the new method will be implemented and used. The new method provides a number of advantages. The low residual Doppler centroid and the reduced variation of the Doppler centroid over range allow a more accurate Doppler centroid estimation. Due to the low residual Doppler centroid, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing can be alleviated, since the range cell migration is reduced and the Doppler frequencies are low. This facilitates the use of very efficient processing algorithms, which are based on approximations whose quality is better for low Doppler frequencies. The new method will furthermore optimize the overlap of the azimuth spectra of SAR image pairs for cross-track interferometry. Low Doppler centroids will also reduce the impact of coregistration errors on the interferometric phase. Furthermore, scalloping corrections in the ScanSAR processing are alleviated due to the low variation of the Doppler centroid over range.     

基于SPRT检验的并行递推次优Sage滤波器

提出了一种新的并行递推次优Sage滤波算法，在新方法中，设计了一种附加伴随滤波器的并行滤波结构，消除了结果常值偏差，并引入SPRT检验方法，通过检验模型的噪声统计是否发生了扰动，达到对噪声统计调整进行控制的目的，使得滤波器可以有效跟踪时变噪声，并减少了计算量。     

A comparison between above-water surface and subsurface spectral reflectances collected over inland waters

The objective of the research was to undertake a quantitative comparison of spectral-reflectance measurements made slightly above the surface of water bodies with the measurements made slightly below the surface. The study is focused on three rivers; two in Georgia, USA and one in Japan. As expected, the differences in reflectance are not constant and vary with the wavelength. The contribution of surface-reflection effects to the surface reflectance measured slightly above the water is both pronounced and highly variable, but although they do alter the magnitude of the upwelling signal, they do not change the general shape of the spectral profiles. The correction of surface-reflection effects by assuming a proportionality factor (ρ) is not considered to be efficient for inland fresh water bodies. For in situ spectroscopy, the recommended approach is to measure upwelling radiance slightly below the water's surface as a means of minimizing extraneous noise. Researchers should be aware of the potential for diminishing the validity of findings because of measurement errors.     

遗传算法及其在GOMS模型反演中的应用效果分析

几何光学交互遮蔽模型（GOMS）是一种重要的遥感前向模型,它较好解释了“热点”现象,具有较强的前向模拟能力。但由于其固有的非线性性,给反演带来困难。本文尝试采用近年来兴起的并行随机全局寻优算法－遗传算法对GOMS进行反演,并针对传统遗传算法的不足进行了改进。在使用相同先验知识的条件下,将该算法与目前最有效的约束非线性最优化确定性搜索算法－逐步二次规划法对GOMS模型的反演效果进行了比较,结果表明,逐步二次规划法搜索效率较高,但结果受初值的影响很大,初值选择不当,易收敛于局部最优解,而遗传算法具有全局最优的收敛效果,但局部搜索效率较差。在某些对精度要求不高,而对搜索效率要求较高的场合,可以采用遗传算法与确定性搜索算法相结合的混合遗传算法,以提高算法的搜索效率,获得较为满意的效果。     

GPS/INS组合系统中姿态参数估计准确性检验方法探讨

从滤波的关键矩阵——增益阵入手进行分析,发现机动条件下经典组合模型受状态预报模型不准的影响,姿态参数滤波估值及其更新方差阵偏离准确值,指出常用的姿态参数精度衡量指标不合理。提出了利用组合系统输出的载体系中某些方向速度为0的条件对姿态参数估值的准确性进行检验的思想。新的检验方法不需要增加任何额外设备,经济、方便、简单。     

综合数据处理方法在评定测距仪实际观测精度中的应用

测距仪检定时乘常数是用频率测量方法取得,加常数及测距标准差是用短基线测定,由于仪器检测例的条件与工程现场条件不一致,检测的标称精度不能真实反映实际观测精度,以标称精度定权处理观测数据,影响测量成果的质量;指出综合运用测量平差与回归分析,可对工程中使用的测距仪实际观测精度进行有效评估为仪器性能判别及测量数据处理准确定权提...     

Suppression of multipath and jamming signals by digital beamforming for GPS/Galileo applications

Digital beamforming (DBF) has been studied to obtain automatic beam steering towards desired signals and simultaneous elimination of multipath and jamming signals at GNSS receivers, which is made possible by spatial and temporal digital signal processing. In this paper, the limitations of conventional multipath and jamming suppression techniques, which have been proven and widely used in GPS, are investigated. Different DBF algorithms suitable for GNSS applications are investigated theoretically. New ideas for future development of DBF are presented. The implementation of digital beamforming in FPGA/DSP for practical application environments is also discussed. Electronic Publication