河道演变的遥感分析研究——以北江下游为例

以近30 a来共7个时相的MSS、TM遥感影像和相关地区的1︰5万地形图作为数据源，在建立遥感识别标志和影像特征的基础上 ，对北江下游河岸变迁、洲滩和河道演变进行了分析研究。结果表明，在1975~2002年间，北江下游河道具有明显演变过程，岸、滩 冲淤变化明显，部分地区发生淤积。在获取河道横向演变特性的基础上，对比该时段内北江下游河道纵向演变情况得出： 河道的纵 向变形影响横向变形，总体变化两者成反比关系，河势向着稳定的趋势发展。     

三维激光扫描技术在河道测量中的应用

传统的河道测量工作量大、效率低、采样密度有限,其数据获取方式和数据处理模式已经不能满足河道信息化的需要。三维激光扫描技术为空间三维信息的获取提供了全新的技术手段。本文以焦作市新河为试验区,采用Riegl VZ-1000三维激光扫描仪获取枯水期河道数据,首先对获取的河道激光点云数据进行预处理,包括数据拼接、坐标转换、点云数据滤波分类处理等,采用反距离加权插值(IDW)算法生成DEM和基于DEM自动获取断面的方法,实现了河道断面的提取,并对断面数据进行了精度分析,建立了基于三维激光扫描技术的河道水上地形信息提取技术流程。     

GIS支持的长江安徽段干流河道演变的遥感分析

长江是我国的黄金水道,对长江安徽段河道演变的研究将有助于岸线资源的开发利用、河势变化分析及河道整治。本文运用RS与GIS方法对四期遥感TM影像图,采用目视解译和微机图像处理相结合的方法,分析研究了1980年以来长江干流安徽段河道的时空变化特征和规律。研究表明1980年以来长江干流安徽全河段总体河势保持相对稳定,未发生长河段的主流线大幅度摆动现象,但局部河段的河势仍不断调整,有的河段河势变化还相当剧烈。1980～2000年长江河道多处表现为泥沙的淤积作用,在分汊型河道边缘滩州和江心洲淤长作用明显,2000～2008年河道表现出明显的冲刷状态,主要原因在于上游来沙量的减少和下游的岸滩防护工作有效开展。2000～2008年,河流上段内滩洲冲刷速率大于下段。     

ADCP与GPS在内河流态测量中的应用问题及对策

ADCP全称为声学多普勒剖面流速仪(AcousticDopplerCurrentProfiler),是一种根据声学多普勒频移效应用矢量合成方法测量水流速度剖面的仪器,ADCP可测出水流流速矢量的东向、北向和垂向分量,为工程项目的河道数学模型和物理模型提供原始三维流态数据,为河势分析、河道冲淤计算、河道演变分析提供资料,由于天然河道水流特性及ADCP测流原理导致在测量中仍存在一些问题,如底沙运动、流速脉动、外界磁场影响等,因此探索ADCP与GPS的应用问题及对策来完成内河河道流态测量具有十分重要的意义。     

点云数据在兰州地铁中的应用

针对提取隧道点云中轴线3种不同算法,选择更加适合海量点云中轴线提取的算法。首先对隧道点云进行坐标转换,按里程对隧道点云进行连续正交断面的提取,将得到的断面通过椭圆模型进行粗差剔除;其次采用RGB颜色变化值表示断面的收敛扩张情况,通过柱状图、折线图表示断面形变特征;最后对隧道曲线段点云数据进行中轴线的提取,并进行平曲线要素的自动提取,为隧道平曲线主点位置识别、平曲线要素提取提供一种新途径。     

塔里木河干流裁弯工程原型河道观测结果分析

通过对塔河裁弯工程段河道原型段多次观测结果的分析与对比,从测量角度上探讨河道、河势变化规律,并对原型河道观测方案提出建议,为在塔河流域进行类似工作积累了经验。     

断面成果数据输出软件的开发及实现

断面测量的成果一般采用CASS软件绘制成图,但无法输出不同格式的数据文件。以武夷新区崇阳溪保护性开发河道断面测量数据成果为例,对断面数据进行分析,进行技术方法研究,在AutoCAD平台上综合运用Visual LISP和Visual BASIC进行软件开发,编程解决断面成果不同数据格式的输出问题。软件简单实用,并具有批处理功能,具有较好的推广使用价值。     

多期水深测量数据的冲淤分析定量计算

由于受水流等因素影响,水下地形常发生冲淤剧烈变化,对江海沿岸水工设施的安全运营和航道的畅通产生举足轻重的影响,因此研究水下地形的变化幅度和变化规律尤为重要。传统的地形变化分析借助人工切断面进行计算,工作繁杂量大、精度难以得到保证,一般也只限于局部区域的分析,研究大范围冲淤变化难度较大。文章首先重点分析和解决如何利用计算机对多期水深测量的大量离散点采用科学的方法进行定量计算,并以此为理论依据编制了相关的程序,满足了水下地形分析中诸如两期冲淤等值分析,冲淤土方计算等实际生产需要,得到了生产实践的验证。     

基于高精度实景三维模型的公路纵横断面生成方法

道路纵横断面测量是道路测量工作的重要内容,道路纵横断面测量数据是道路勘测设计的必要基础数据,是计算道路填挖方工程量的依据。利用无人机低空摄影测量技术,构建道路高精度实景三维模型,在此基础上进行道路中线提取和横断面提取。根据纵断面和横断面上的坡度变化情况提取坡度变换点,实现公路纵横断面的自动生成,通过数据格式转换,将纵横断面数据导入公路设计软件,进行道路平、纵、横设计。实验证明,该方法在我国西部山区的道路勘测中具有明显的技术优势,极大减少了野外工作量,降低了野外测量成本,提高工作效率,缩短勘测设计周期,同时能提高困难测区纵横断面测量的精度。     

断面测量数据处理系统的设计与开发

通过VB编程语言,采用AutoCAD二次开发技术、Office二次开发技术,结合多年河道勘测经验,编写出一套功能伞面、简单易用的河道断面测量数据处理系统.该系统在多次大型测量任务的断面数据处理中发挥了很好的作用,在提高测绘产品质量的同时,缩短了内业整理处理周期.     

基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模与可视化研究

三维地质模型能够完整准确地表达复杂地质现象的边界条件及地质体内含的各种地质构造,直观地再现地质单元的空间展布及其相互关系,最大限度地提高地质分析的直观性和准确性,因此三维地质建模已引起地质、采矿、岩土工程等诸多领域的日益重视。笔者在综合考察多种建模方法的基础上,结合工程实践,提出了一种实用的工程地质三维建模实施方法。该方法以钻孔资料和地质剖面数据为三维地质建模的源数据,允许用户手工修正模型剖面地层分界线,从而实现对建模过程的干预和控制,克服了单纯依靠钻孔数据建模结果不精确且难以修正的问题。最后,通过一个研究实例展示了该方法的实际建模效果。     

The National Geospatial Program

Fragmentary river segments have to be reconnected before addressing various routing and tracking problems. Elevation determines drainage directions, so the partial heights available through LiDAR may provide useful hints on how the segments should be joined. However, it is not trivial how this information can be applied. This paper bridges this gap by proposing the induced structure approach, which first approximates a terrain compatible with those observations, and then derives a river network from that induced terrain. Since the network is derived from an induced terrain that honors the partial observations, we expect that the derived river network will enforce most restrictions imposed by the partial observations. This paper also provides specifics on the implementation. In the first step regarding terrain reconstruction, we find that the optimal scheme depends on the height sample distribution. If the samples are sparsely yet evenly distributed, natural neighbor interpolation with stream burning (NN-SB) is the most cost-effective. If the samples are offered only at the given river locations, the hydrology-aware version of Over determined Palladian Partial Differential Equation (HA-ODETLAP) should be used instead. In the second step concerning river derivation, we find it necessary to favor those given river locations. Otherwise they will be missed out. We set their respective initial water amounts to the critical accumulation level to ensure a river flows across them. In the subsequent branch thinning process, those locations are protected from being trimmed. We foresee applications of our solution framework in a few 2D and 3D network tracing problems with similar observation distribution, like dendrite network reconstruction.     

SILTING AND ISLAND GROWTH IN THE ZAMBEZI NEAR LIVINGSTONE

Abstract

The Northern Rhodesia Survey Department recently carried out a series of measurements of certain cross-sections of the Zambezi in the vicinity of Livingstone. The stretch of river over which the above were made is that known as the Regatta Course and extends between the top of Loando or Long Island downstream to the mouth of the Maramba River. This stretch is about three and a half miles southwest of Livingstone and two to four miles upstream from the Victoria Falls.     

Watershed prioritisation for soil conservation — a GIS approach

In order to check the premature siltation of the reservoirs, the Government of India has launched the schemes of soil conservation and integrated watershed management in the catchments of River Valley Projects (RVPs) and Flood Prone Rivers. However, due to lack of sufficient funds and manpower for surveys and soil and water conservation programmes, a priority approach for treatment of the watersheds was developed and followed for implementation of soil conservation and watershed management schemes in India.

This paper deals with the prioritisation of watersheds using GIS approach in a part of Musi river catchment in RR district of Andhra Pradesh. The GIS software package, ARC/INFO version 5.0, was used to digitize, edit, display, analyse and plot the maps. It was concluded that by the creation of computerised data base for the maps, the composite map generation and calculation of area statistics are performed much faster and more accurately compared to the conventional method.     

Combination of multi-mission altimetry data along the Mekong River with spatio-temporal kriging

River water-level time series at fixed geographical locations, so-called virtual stations, have been computed from single altimeter crossings for many years. Their temporal resolution is limited by the repeat cycle of the individual altimetry missions. The combination of all altimetry measurements along a river enables computing a water-level time series with improved temporal and spatial resolutions. This study uses the geostatistical method of spatio-temporal ordinary kriging to link multi-mission altimetry data along the Mekong River. The required covariance models reflecting the water flow are estimated based on empirical covariance values between altimetry observations at various locations. In this study, two covariance models are developed and tested in the case of the Mekong River: a stationary and a non-stationary covariance model. The proposed approach predicts water-level time series at different locations along the Mekong River with a temporal resolution of 5 days. Validation is performed against in situ data from four gauging stations, yielding RMS differences between 0.82 and 1.29 m and squared correlation coefficients between 0.89 and 0.94. Both models produce comparable results when used for combining data from Envisat, Jason-1, and SARAL for the time period between 2002 and 2015. The quality of the predicted time series turns out to be robust against a possibly decreasing availability of altimetry mission data. This demonstrates that our method is able to close the data gap between the end of the Envisat and the launch of the SARAL mission with interpolated time series.     

不同DEM数据源的艾比湖流域仿真水系对比

针对干旱半干旱地区内陆河流域在仿真水系模拟方面研究较少和数据适用性的问题,该文提出利用SRTM3-DEM和ASTER-GDEM两种数据源对艾比湖流域进行仿真水系模拟和精度对比的研究。采用ArcGIS Hydrology模型分别对两种DEM进行水系模拟,通过多次设置参数和阈值,实现了不同水平分辨率和不同阈值河网水系的对比分析;然后利用Google Map河流数据和实测水系数据进行精度验证,同时采用"套河差"算法研究水系的差异。结果表明:SRTM3-DEM模拟的河网水系与实际水系更接近,吻合精度较高;DEM的坡度和水平分辨率对模拟水系的影响不大,但DEM的垂直精度对模拟水系的吻合精度起控制作用。本研究为艾比湖流域在水文方面的研究提供了一定的参照和依据。     

Methodology and software solutions for multicriteria evaluation of floodplain retention suitability

Extreme flood events often have adverse effects for people living near or within areas at risk. Reactivating morphological river floodplains for flood retention measures can substantially reduce flood wave peaks and the negative flooding consequences. This article accordingly focuses on a methodology for identifying suitable locations for such measures by spatial multicriteria evaluation (MCE). Compromise programming (CP) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are core methodological components. Furthermore, this methodology is based on impact analysis and draws on expert knowledge. This article also deals with software tools that support the operationalization of methodological components. Data harmonization algorithms are implemented as geoprocessing tools. Both CP and AHP are designed as software providing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). While an extension integrates CP into a geoinformation system, AHP is realized as a web application enabling participation of expert practitioners. The methodological components are operationalized through an example on the floodplains of the German river Elbe.     

Simulated estimation of hydrological loads from GRACE

Four different basin functions are developed to estimate water storage variations within individual river basins from time variations in the Stokes coefficients now available from the GRACE mission. The four basin functions are evaluated using simulated data. Basin functions differ in how they minimize effects of three major error sources: measurement error; leakage of signal from one region to another; and errors in the atmospheric pressure field removed during GRACE data processing. Three of the basin functions are constant in time, while the fourth changes monthly using information about the signal (hydrologic and oceanic load variations). To test basin functions performance, Stokes coefficient variations from land and ocean models are synthesized, and error levels 50 and 100 times greater than pre-launch GRACE error estimate are used to corrupt them. Errors at 50 times pre-launch estimates approximately simulate current GRACE data. GRACE recovery of water storage variations is attempted for five different river basins (Amazon, Mississippi, Lena, Huang He and Oranje), representing a variety of sizes, locations, and signal variance. In the large basins (Amazon, Mississippi and Lena), water storage variations are recovered successfully at both error levels. As the error level increases from 50 to 100 times, basin functions change their shape, yielding less atmospheric pressure error and more leakage error. Amplitude spectra of measurement and atmospheric pressure errors have different shapes, but the best results are obtained when both are used in basin function design. When high-quality information about the signal is available, for example from climate and ocean models, changing the basin function each month can reduce leakage error and improve estimates of time variable water storage within basins.     

隧道三维点云孔洞修复方法

针对隧道三维激光扫描点云中的孔洞,设计一种基于断面轮廓的孔洞修复方法。隧道具有深长性与截面恒定性两大特征,文中基于这两大特征,利用间邻稳定轮廓拟合完整隧道修复孔洞。该方法能够对三维激光扫描点云进行圆柱投影,利用Delaunay三角构网,提出基于隧道表面三角网的孔洞识别方法,最后根据相邻隧道轮廓相似的特点,利用相邻的轮廓对孔洞进行修复。该方法能很好的修复孔洞并保留隧道结构细节,并以真实的隧道扫描数据验证算法的有效性和可靠性。     

河网汇水区域的层次化剖分与地图综合

对于具有网络状结构的河系数据的综合化简,判断河流分支在河网中的重要性需要考虑三个层次的结构信息:全局范围内的空间分布模式;局域环境下的分布密度;单条河流的几何特征。为提取这些结构化信息,本文基于网络分析运用Delaunay三角网模型建立了各级河流分支汇水区域的层次化剖分模型,其基本思想是将汇水区域划定当作“空间竞争”问题来求解,运用类似于Voronoi图的空间等剖分几何构造表达“袭水”过程,在各支流子系统内部及其环境之间通过Delaunay三角网骨架线确定汇水区域的分水岭。基于该层次剖分模型可计算河流分布密度、相邻河流间距、汇水范围及层次关系,进而推算出河系网中每一条河流的重要性系数,实现不同尺度下河流的综合选取。