3D building model-assisted snapshot positioning algorithm

GPS Solutions - A method for constructively using non-line-of-sight GNSS signals from a snapshot of signal samples for positioning of users in urban areas is presented here. Using a 3D building...     

Accuracy of iPhone Locations: A Comparison of Assisted GPS,WiFi and Cellular Positioning

The 3G iPhone was the first consumer device to provide a seamless integration of three positioning technologies: Assisted GPS (A‐GPS), WiFi positioning and cellular network positioning. This study presents an evaluation of the accuracy of locations obtained using these three positioning modes on the 3G iPhone. A‐GPS locations were validated using surveyed benchmarks and compared to a traditional low‐cost GPS receiver running simultaneously. WiFi and cellular positions for indoor locations were validated using high resolution orthophotography. Results indicate that A‐GPS locations obtained using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate than those from regular autonomous GPS units (average median error of 8 m for ten 20‐minute field tests) but appear sufficient for most Location Based Services (LBS). WiFi locations using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate (median error of 74 m for 58 observations) and fail to meet the published accuracy specifications. Positional errors in WiFi also reveal erratic spatial patterns resulting from the design of the calibration effort underlying the WiFi positioning system. Cellular positioning using the 3G iPhone is the least accurate positioning method (median error of 600 m for 64 observations), consistent with previous studies. Pros and cons of the three positioning technologies are presented in terms of coverage, accuracy and reliability, followed by a discussion of the implications for LBS using the 3G iPhone and similar mobile devices.     

Accuracy of iPhone Locations: A Comparison of Assisted GPS, WiFi and Cellular Positioning

The 3G iPhone was the first consumer device to provide a seamless integration of three positioning technologies: Assisted GPS (A-GPS), WiFi positioning and cellular network positioning. This study presents an evaluation of the accuracy of locations obtained using these three positioning modes on the 3G iPhone. A-GPS locations were validated using surveyed benchmarks and compared to a traditional low-cost GPS receiver running simultaneously. WiFi and cellular positions for indoor locations were validated using high resolution orthophotography. Results indicate that A-GPS locations obtained using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate than those from regular autonomous GPS units (average median error of 8 m for ten 20-minute field tests) but appear sufficient for most Location Based Services (LBS). WiFi locations using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate (median error of 74 m for 58 observations) and fail to meet the published accuracy specifications. Positional errors in WiFi also reveal erratic spatial patterns resulting from the design of the calibration effort underlying the WiFi positioning system. Cellular positioning using the 3G iPhone is the least accurate positioning method (median error of 600 m for 64 observations), consistent with previous studies. Pros and cons of the three positioning technologies are presented in terms of coverage, accuracy and reliability, followed by a discussion of the implications for LBS using the 3G iPhone and similar mobile devices.     

适用于机载三维遥感的动态GPS定位技术及其数据处理

机载三维遥感采用动态ＧＰＳ定位技术提供遥感器的空中精确位置,能快速高效获得遥感地学编码图像和ＤＥＭ,雇地中国自行研制、具有独创性的机载三维遥感影像制图系统中的动态ＧＰＳ定位技术特点和要求进行了分析。论述了应用三维遥感的ＧＳＰ定位数据处理和算流程。法     

北斗与GPS组合伪距单点定位精度分析

主要介绍了北斗与G PS组合单点定位时的原理和模型,根据自编程序,利用同济大学TJA站的数据进行计算及分析比较GPS伪距、北斗伪距、北斗/GPS组合伪距单点定位的精度。结果表明：北斗伪距单点定位的精度平面方向上达到3m以内,高程方向优于8 m ,满足普通导航定位的需求。北斗/G PS组合伪距单点定位精度明显优于单系统。在单系统观测条件差时,组合系统可以减少对单一系统的依赖性,而且还可以增强卫星定位的稳定性和可靠性。     

Efficient interpolations to GPS orbits for precise wide area applications

For precise real time or near real time differential GPS positioning in a wide or global area, precise GPS orbits or, alternatively, precise orbital corrections with respect to a reference orbit, such as GPS broadcast ephemerides, must be used. This work tests orbit interpolation methods, in order to represent the GPS orbits and orbital corrections accurately and efficiently for these and other GPS applications. For precise GPS orbits given in the SP3 format at the 15 min interval, numerical tests were conducted using Lagrange and Chebyshev as well as trigonometric polynomial functions. The results have demonstrated that the 19- or 20-term trigonometric function is apparently the most efficient interpolator for a 12 h GPS orbital arc, achieving 1 cm level 3D interpolation accuracy that can meet the requirements of most precise applications. The test results also demonstrated that the 9-term trigonometric function always yields optimal interpolation for a 2 h GPS orbit arc, in terms of interpolation errors, compared to the results when using a different number of terms for the same function or one of the other tested polynomial functions. This is evident from the minimal performance degradation when using the 9-term trigonometric function to interpolate near or at the end of a data interval. By limiting interpolation to the center 15 min to 1.5 h of a 2 h orbit arc, thereby eliminating the need to interpolate near the ends of that interval, users can opt for more terms (11 and 13) or different interpolators to further improve interpolation accuracy. When interpolating the orbital corrections with respect to the GPS broadcast ephemeris, all the tested interpolation functions of 3- to 9-term yield the same suitably accurate results. Therefore, a 3- to 5-term trigonometric function is arguably sufficiently accurate and more efficient for GPS orbital correction messaging in wide area and real time positioning.     

亚太地区BDS-3/GNSS组合系统单频单点定位性能分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)向全球提供定位、导航和授时(PNT)服务后的定位性能评估问题,基于MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment) WHU2站7天实测数据,从可视卫星数、几何精度衰减因子(GDOP)、定位精度、定位成功率和伪距残差方面分析了BDS-3及BDS/GNSS组合伪距单点定位(SPP)性能. 结果表明:在亚太地区,BDS-3具有比美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的Galileo更优的SPP性能,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为1.19 m、2.34 m、2.38 m,三维精度比北斗二号卫星导航系统(BDS-2)、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo 的SPP精度分别提升了54.8%、27.2%、86.4%和1.2%. 此外,BDS/GPS/Galileo组合能获得最优的SPP精度,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为0.96 m、1.66 m、1.77 m,相较于BDS-2/BDS-3 SPP分别提升了18.6%、19.4%和17.3%.      

GPS车载导航系统中的航位推算技术

在车载导航系统中，相对准确地定位是实现导航的基础和前提。DR系统可以有效补充GPS的不足，是最为常用的定位系统之一。讨论了如何合理地选取DR的传感器件，并在此基础上，研究传感器件的噪声特性和组合导航的原理和方式，为自主车载导航系统的设计提供指导。     

Impact of GPS satellite and pseudolite geometry on structural deformation monitoring: analytical and empirical studies

Global positioning systems (GPS) have in recent years been increasingly used to monitor the deformations of large structures, particularly the deflections of long suspension bridges. When appropriately employed, and with the presence of a strong satellite geometry, GPS can supply timely and accurate structural deformation information. However, the three-dimensional (3-D) positioning accuracies in a local coordinate system are uneven. For instance, the vertical component of 3-D coordinates is less accurate than the horizontal component. In addition, GPS satellite availability tends to be a function of the latitude of the observation site and its surrounding obstructions. As a consequence, the accuracy of the north–south component is typically worse than that of the east–west component in mid-latitude areas (>45), and in some of the worst situations the horizontal positioning accuracy could even degrade to the same level as that of the vertical component. With such measurements it might not be possible to correctly interpret the real structural deformations. Furthermore, an insufficient number of satellites, caused by signal obstruction, could make it impossible to use GPS alone for kinematic positioning, even when integrated with other sensors such as triaxial accelerometers. With the aim of improving 3-D positioning accuracies for the monitoring of structural deflections, especially in vertical and northern directions, the optimal location selection of an array of ground-based pseudolites to augment GPS satellite geometry using an analytical simulation technique proposed by the authors is considered. Achievable 3-D positioning accuracies are estimated by simulating a real bridge deformation scenario using augmented transmitter geometry and compared with actual positioning accuracies calculated from the measurements gathered from a bridge trial. The results show that with an augmented satellite geometry and multipath mitigation it is possible to achieve uniform 3-D positioning accuracies of a few millimetres.     

顾及波浪影响和深度约束的水下控制网点绝对坐标的精确确定

为解决传统海底控制网点绝对坐标确定费时费力、垂直解精度不高的问题,提出一种顾及波浪影响和深度约束的水下控制网点绝对坐标精确确定方法。首先,开展了波浪影响研究,提出水下控制网点间高差确定方法以及利用该高差和GNSS垂直解的网点绝对高程确定方法。在此基础上,提出附加深度约束的圆走航单点绝对三维基准传递法、深度约束的二维自由网平差法及联合点间高精度深度差的组合约束平差法和三维联合约束平差法。最后对提出的方法进行验证。该方法可提高作业效率,将传统方法高程确定精度提高了1个量级。     

Centimeter-Level Positioning of a U. S. Coast Guard Buoy Tender

With the availability of high-accuracy, differential global positioning system (GPS) results in real-time, there is a new opportunity to use GPS to accurately measure a marine vessel's dynamic draft (settlement and squat) and 3D attitude (roll, pitch, and heading). The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and the Coast Survey (CS), offices of the National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), propose to transfer this technology to the shipping industry. The overall goal of this project is to provide the position of a vessel's keel in real time to within 10 cm (about 4 inches) relative to the bottom of the shipping channel. In support of this phase of the project, there were three meetings hosted by the Port of Oakland, California and NOS to discuss the real-time positioning of vessels project. On December 3 and 4, 1996, CS, NGS, Trimble Navigation Ltd., and the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) performed GPS tests on a USCG buoy-tender ship. GPS data were used to compute the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. During the test, five receivers continually collected data; one receiver was located at a base station on the USCG pier on Yerba Buena Island, and four were on the ship: two on the stern and two on the bow. CS installed a TSS-335B vertical reference unit (to measure heave, pitch, and roll) in the engine room of the ship. NOS processed the GPS data and computed the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude. The results indicate that the linear equivalent to the vessel's dynamic draft and 3D attitude were accurate to the 10-cm level using GPS. It was also demonstrated how a ship can be used to measure local water-level changes and actual water-level values everywhere it travels. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Absolute Positioning with Single-Frequency GPS Receivers

The use of precise post-processed satellite orbits and satellite clock corrections in absolute positioning, using one GPS receiver only, has proven to be an accurate alternative to the more commonly used differential techniques for many applications in georeferencing. The absolute approach is capable of centimeter accuracy when using state-of-the-art, dual-frequency GPS receivers. When using observations from single-frequency receivers, however, the accuracy, especially in height, decreases. The obvious reason for this degradation in accuracy is the effect of unmodeled ionospheric delay. This paper discusses the availability of some empirical ionospheric models that are publicly available and quantifies their usefulness for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers. The Global Ionospheric Model supplied by International GPS Service (IGS) is the most accurate one and is recommended for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers. Using high-quality single-frequency observations, a horizontal epoch-to-epoch accuracy of better than 1 m and a vertical accuracy of approximately 1 m is demonstrated. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

GPS在高精度基准线精密测量中的应用

针对高精度火箭橇实验滑轨基准线基准点间距短、密度大、测量精度要求高的特点,分析了GPS短基线定位误差的影响,对高精度基准线GPS网的测量精度、坐标基准、网形、观测及数据处理方法进行了设计,并对测量成果进行了精度分析。结果表明,GPS相对定位技术是高精度基准线精密测量的一种有效方法。     

AUSPOS在线定位系统研究分析

基于网络的在线GPS定位服务系统提高了测量精度和作业效率,极大地方便了用户.AUSPOS是澳大利亚有关专业部门开发的在线定位服务系统,具备处理静态双频接收机RINEX格式的GPS数据的能力.试算表明:AUSPOS使用2h的数据便能获得cm级的定位精度(3D),8h就可以获得水平方向优于1cm和垂直方向优于2cm的定位精度.利用24h的观测数据可以获得mm级的内符合精度和1cm左右的外符合精度.AUSPOS这类高性能在线定位服务系统在GPS基准站建设、GPS高程测量和GPS控制网解算等领域有着很大的实际应用价值.     

An Alternative Orbit Integration Algorithm for GPS-Based Precise LEO Autonomous Navigation

Single-epoch point positioning with the global positioning system (GPS) is as accurate in low orbit as it is on the ground: typically a three-dimensional rms accuracy of 20 to 30 m as the selective availability turns to zero. This is achieved at any observation epoch without orbit dynamic information. With sophisticated models and filtering techniques onboard the spacecraft, the orbit accuracy of a Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) can be improved to a few meters using the civilian broadcast GPS signals. To achieve this accuracy autonomously in real time, an efficient onboard computing processor is required to carry out the sophisticated orbit integration and filtering process. In this paper, a new orbit integrator is presented that computes the nominal orbit states (the position and velocity) and the state transition equations with numerical methods of integral equation, instead of differential equation usually used for orbit computation. The algorithm is simple, and can be easily embedded in an onboard processor. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method of the integral equation provides precise orbit predictions over several orbits. The sequential filter based on the above integrator allows the use of simple orbit state equations to efficiently correct dynamical model errors with precise GPS measurements or improve the orbits using GPS navigaion solutions from the 3D rms accuracy of 26 m to 3.7 m within a few hours of tracking. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

GPS／IPS组合定位系统中的周跳检测

全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）和惯性导航系统（ＩＮＳ）是目前世界上最先进的导航系统。将先进的导航技术应用于精密定位，是近２０年来大地测量发展的一个重要特点。本文概述了ＧＰＳ和ＩＰＳ（惯性定位系统）各自的优缺点；指出了研究ＧＰＳ／ＩＰＳ组合定位系统的必要性。提出了利用短时期ＩＰＳ的结果来发现和修复ＧＰＳ周跳的“比对法”。     

基于网络GPS-RTK技术的地籍测量研究

地籍测量工作是地籍管理和地籍信息系统建设的基础,在地籍测量土地状况利用调查中,查清各类土地的分布和利用状况需要有一个准确的定位。随着GPS测量技术的飞速发展和不断成熟,网络GPS-RTK技术以其高精度和高自动化优势在地籍测量中的作用越来越重要。在手机网络流行的今天,网络GPS的应用也越来越便利。本文结合河南理工大学新校区地籍测量工作,首先介绍网络RTK组成及定位原理,分析了网络RTK测图的关键技术,重点说明了网络GPS-RTK的数据采集作业方法以及数据处理和在地籍测量中的使用步骤,得出了网络GPS是一个快速和准确的测量方法,具有较强的实用性,可以满足地籍测量的需要。     

一种基于GPS、倾斜仪及测距仪的融合打桩新模型

沿海大桥的打桩项目中，常用的打桩模型为双GPS配合两个倾斜仪或测距仪进行定位，一旦其中某设备出现故障，将无法继续施工。本文提出了一种新的打桩模型，将3个GPS接收机、2个倾斜仪及2个测距仪组成融合打桩新模型，当某设备出现故障时，它会智能地判断问题并选择其余最合适的设备继续进行定位，大幅提高了工作效率。     

全球导航卫星系统的新进展

本文综合介绍了于 2 0 0 4年 9月 2 1日至 2 4日在美国加州举行的“全球导航卫星系统” 2 0 0 4年年会(GNSS2 0 0 4 )会议的主要议题 ,并对其中我们可能关切的方面进行了重点介绍。①美国的GPS连续运行站网(CORS)。CORS由美国大地测量局 (NGS)主持运行。用户可以通过NGS网络 ,获得用户的GPS待定点相邻的CORS站 (三个以上 )的GPS相应载波相位和码距 ,以支持用户的GPS准实时或后处理定位。NGS也可以为用户通过网络提供GPS定位计算服务 ,这一服务可以在用户提供待定点的观测资料后的几个小时内完成 ,称为NGS的在线GPS定位服务。CORS目前在美国已有 5 0 0余个站。②GPS系统的进展。GPSⅡR型卫星从体形和功能方面都比较优秀 ,使GPS卫星在轨的位置误差显著降低 ,测距精度提高近一倍 ,目前GPSⅡR型卫星截止至 2 0 0 4年 1月 1日时有 9颗在轨。③利用L1 ,L2频道的GPS空基增强系统 (WAAS)。在美国大部分地区WAAS系统的水平精度可达 1～ 2m ,垂直精度可达 2～ 3m。④GPS信号的重构。美国已发展了一种高度逼真的和适应各种情况的虚拟GPS信号系统 ,这种虚拟发射装置可以是陆基的 ,空基的 ,或者星基的。GPS接收机可以利用这一虚拟的GPS信号进行精密定位。⑤Galileo卫星导航系统运行的准备工作。欧洲空间局已经重新和?     

风云三号D卫星GPS信号功率调整及干扰分析

全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星的IIR和IIF卫星能够在各个信号分量之间重新分配其发送信号的功率,一个或多个GPS信号可以在指定区域根据需要进行功率调整或者关闭。分析GPS信号的变化特征对于地面和空间应用有重要的意义。风云三号D(FengYun-3D,FY-3D)卫星是中国极轨气象卫星之一,利用FY-3D卫星实际测量数据可以帮助GPS用户全面了解GPS功率调整的特点。首先,利用FY-3D运行轨道全球覆盖的特点分析GPS信号的强度,特别是GPS信号功率调整时间段信号变化的特点;然后,使用在轨数据研究了全球范围L波段信号干扰的特征,得到了干扰对全球导航卫星系统掩星探测仪掩星天线的自动增益控制和基底噪声的影响。结果表明：从2020-02-14开始的GPS功率调整以[35°N,37°E]和[35°N,69°E]为中心,覆盖半径约为7 500 km,在该区域内GPS P(Y)码功率增加约10 dB;GPS L1和L2频段在中东地区持续受干扰的影响,该区域的基底噪声比其他区域增加约3～10倍;干扰区域中心点和GPS功率调整区域中心点大致在同一位置。G...