基于TM时相特征的耕地信息提取

针对处于农作物生长期的耕地易与林地混淆、处于收获期的耕地易与裸地混淆的问题,提出了基于时序特征值进行耕地信息提取的思路。针对不同农作物生长期难以确定的问题,提出了时相耕地指数(Time Phase Cropland Index,TPCI)以提取耕地区域,提出了时相水田指数(Time Phase Paddy Index,TPPI)以区分水田、旱地区域。实验结果表明,该方法降低了水田、旱地的提取难度,且耕地、水田和旱地的提取精度均达到85%以上。     

城市景观格局及其时空变化研究

基于Erdas Imaging9.0、Arc GIS9.3以及Fragstats 3.3软件平台,对吉林市1991年、2006年TM遥感影像进行土地利用变化分析,研究斑块尺度以及景观类型尺度上的景观特征指数,从而揭示景观格局特征变化和时空演变规律。结果表明,2006年吉林市景观整体较1991年具有较低的破碎度、多样性和聚集度,建筑用地、水域、水田面积增加,旱地、林地面积减少,其中旱地和村庄2类景观变化比例最大。     

三峡库区土地利用格局变化的分形结构研究——以开县为例

运用分形理论建立了研究区土地利用/覆被镶嵌体的分形结构模型,对各种景观的分维值进行了计算,讨论了各种景观形态的复杂性和稳定性及三峡工程实施十年间其稳定性和复杂性的动态变化。结果表明:分维值是研究区域土地利用/覆被镶嵌体景观格局的一种综合性定量指标,通过对土地利用景观类型的分维值进行分析,可以获取其形态的复杂性、稳定性信息。1992年和2002年两个时期研究区土地利用景观类型斑块形态复杂性和稳定性由大到小的顺序均依次为:未利用地、草地、建设用地、灌木林、森林、水田、旱地。十年间研究区旱地、建设用地和未利用地斑块形态变得愈加不规则,草地、灌木林、森林和水田的斑块形状变得愈加规则;十年间研究区旱地、建设用地和未利用地的形态稳定性变弱,草地、森林、灌木林和水田的形态稳定性增强。     

基于3S技术的隆昌县土地利用/覆被动态监测

利用2000年和2010年遥感影像,分析了四川省隆昌县10 a间土地利用/覆被变化情况,并进行驱动力分析。研究表明,2000~2010年,耕地(包括水田和旱地)、水域、未利用地面积减少,林地、城镇、交通用地面积增加。分析表明,隆昌县土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力主要有人口因素、社会经济因素、城市化因素、政策导向,各因素间相互影响和制约。     

国土资源部关于补足耕地数量与提升耕地量相结合落实占补平衡的指导意见

各省、自治区、直辖市国土资源主管部门,新疆生产建设兵团国土资源局,各派驻地方的国家土地督察局: 为深入贯彻党中央、国务院关于坚持最严格耕地保护制度的一系列决策部署,落实好今年中央《关于落实发展新理念加快农业现代化实现全面小康目标的若干意见》(中发[2016]1号)“落实和完善耕地占补平衡制度,坚决防止占多补少、占优补劣、占水田补旱地”规定要求,规范开展提升现有耕地质量、将旱地改造为水田(简称“提质改造”),以补充耕地和提质改造耕地相结合方式(简称“补改结合”)落实占补平衡工作,提出以下指导意见:     

典型小流域土地利用景观生态评价方法及其应用研究--以浙江仙居县永安溪为例

通过对浙江省东部仙居县永安溪流域选取位于上、中、下游地段的3个乡镇，分别进行景观生态评价研究，主要是对各类斑块的面积、分维数、伸长指数、最小距离指数等计算，发现从上游到下游的土地利用方式发生了较大变化，如耕地所占比例有所增加，而乔木林地所占比例则相应降低。此外，人工干扰形成的耕地、居民点的平均斑块面积从上游到下游逐渐增加，表明居民的聚居程度逐渐增强。土地垦殖和耕作水平也发生了变化。在3个乡镇中，人工景观如耕地、园地、居民点的最小距离指数均小于人工干扰较少的景观(乔木林地、未利用地等)。在3个乡镇中分别选取居民点面积最大的3个斑块，并以这3个斑块为中心，分别建立了距离为1000m和2000m的缓冲区(缓冲区A和B)，均发现在中游地段的破碎度最大，下游次之，上游最小。除缓冲区A外，在缓冲区B和乡镇范围内，随着人为干扰的增强，多样性指数增大，优势度降低。     

渤海海岸带地区土地利用时空演变及景观格局响应

综合利用RS、GIS和景观生态学方法,以渤海海岸带地区1995、2000、2005和2008年土地利用分布图为基础, 分析了渤海海岸带地区近13年间的土地利用时空演变及其景观响应,得到以下结论：（1）渤海海岸带地区土地利用 年动态变化率在2000年—2005年间最大,为0.40%;2005年—2008年段次之;1995年—2000年间最小;（2）下辽河平 原、海河平原以及黄河三角洲地区为土地利用动态发生的主要区域;（3）监测期内,城乡、工矿、居民用地的面积扩 展明显,且主要来源于其周边的优质耕地,但在耕地流向城乡、工矿、居民用地的同时,有较大面积的林地和草地转 向耕地,因此监测期内耕地的总面积变化不大,海域向陆地土地利用类型的转化（即填海造陆）是该区域一种特殊的 土地利用动态类型,并随着时间推移速度越来越快;（4）整个区域在监测期内表现出多种土地利用类型（未利用地、 水域等）的小型斑块被整合,而优势土地利用类型（主要是耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地）的大型斑块则积极向外扩 展的发展态势,整个景观表现出多样性和均匀度减小而优势度增加的趋势。     

基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究

运用GIS技术和景观生态学理论方法,以安徽省淮南市潘集区市级投资重点土地整理项目为例,选取3类景观指标,对项目区内土地整理前后的土地利用现状和景观格局变化情况进行研究。结果表明： 景观类型中水田斑块占绝对优势,斑块分维数、形状指数呈下降趋势,表明斑块形状趋于规则和简单; 斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块面积增加,最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低; 平均分维数和平均形状指数增大,表明景观形状较整理前变得规则,但总体形态变得复杂; 多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,表明在增加了景观分布均匀程度的同时降低了景观的多样性,景观类型有所减少。     

基于GlobeLand 30的水田提取方法研究

Globe Land 30是全球首套30 m分辨率地表覆盖数据产品,分为10种类型,包括耕地、森林、草地、灌木地等,分类精度经过多方验证达83.51%,Kappa系数0.78,耕地的分类精度达83.06%。由于Globe Land 30耕地图层没有更加详细的耕地亚类信息,限制了其广泛应用。本文试图基于Globe Land 30耕地数据探索一种快速提取水田信息的方法,进而为获取全球范围的水田分布信息提供技术支持。该方法基于TM影像的归一化植被指数NDVI、地表水分指数LSWI、近红外波段的反射率ρnir和短波红外波段的反射率ρwir,通过Google Earth选取的水田样本,统计水田的光谱特征和空间特征,建立水田提取的知识规则,然后结合多尺度的分割对象图斑自动化识别水田信息。文中选取了江苏省高邮市实验区进行水田提取试验,结果表明:采用该方法分类精度比基于像素的决策树方法提升大约6%,并能有效地消除椒盐误差,图斑完整性较好。     

江苏沿海地区耕地分布格局及其变化特征

利用1990年、2000年和2010年的遥感解译土地利用数据提取耕地数据,运用耕地集中度指数、核密度计算等方法分析江苏沿海地区耕地资源空间分布格局及其变化特征.结果表明:①1990-2010年,江苏沿海地区耕地面积所占比重较高,但呈逐年降低趋势,耕地数量逐年减少.耕地类型以平原水田、平原旱地两类为主,呈整体交错分布、部分集聚的分布格局;②从耕地分布状况来看,呈中部、南部高,北部略低的分布特征,耕地分布较集中,且在时间序列上有进一步加强的趋势,耕地区域变化差异性不明显;③从耕地核密度分布状况来看,密度高值区呈现扩散趋势,密度低值区呈集聚趋势,且在进一步增强.耕地整体呈中西部、西南部耕地分布稀疏,中东部、北部分布密集的空间分布特征.     

矿区土地复垦规划决策支持系统开发

基于ArcGIS Engine9．2,将GIS技术、组件式开发技术和土地复垦规划专业知识相结合,实现了土地复垦规划的数据管理、空间分析、专业模型以及分析结果的可视化表达。建立矿区土地复垦决策支持系统,有助于提高规划的效率和科学性,对促进土地复垦的发展具有重要意义。     

Simulating the effects of land use changes on soil erosion using RUSLE model

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of land use change on soil loss. Soil loss was quantified using the revised universal soil loss equation model in Darabkola catchment. Land use maps of 1992, 1998 and 2012 were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper data. The mean annual soil loss was therefore determined for these years. The results showed open-canopy forest area decreased by 36% between 1992 and 1998. Likewise, the decreasing trend of forest lands which are near to residential areas has continued from 1795 ha in 1998 to 1765 ha in 2012. Also the results indicate that the maximum annual soil loss ranged from 5.06, 6.19 and 15.23 ton h^?1 y^?1 in 1992, 1998 and 2012, respectively. Also, by assuming that all watershed conditions and land uses be constant in the future, then the area of close- and open-canopy forest and dry agricultural lands will be 23.23, 2.88 and 29.89 ha in 2040, respectively.     

Spatial Simulation and Fuzzy Threshold Analyses for Allocating Restoration Areas

This paper presents a methodology for the evaluation of land condition and for the allocation of areas requiring restoration. It is based on spatial simulation analysis and fuzzy logic. The method is demonstrated in a restoration allocation problem within a military training area in Texas. Fuzzy logic is integrated with spatial analysis through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to make land condition assessment geographically specific. Two sources of uncertainty in Land Condition Analysis are considered in this paper. First is the uncertainty due to incomplete information on land condition. Second is the uncertainty emanating from identifying the condition of a particular parcel of land. The first is addressed by using sequential Gaussian simulation, a geostatistical tool. Erosion status is selected as the land condition factor, and uncertainty associated with it is considered in this study. Land allocation is based on fuzzy logic to reflect the continuous transition between different land conditions and the minimization of loss that is expected to occur in the case of misallocation. Various forms of loss functions are used for allocating areas in need of restoration. An important result of the study is a map showing the areas allocated for restoration. The proposed method is compared to two alternative methods with varying degrees of determinism and uncertainty. The incorporation of uncertainty led to better allocation strategies and results that are more realistic.     

Multi-source Classification Using Artificial Neural Network in a Rugged Terrain

Abstract

This study advocates the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies to establish urban evolution maps and assess the impact of urbanization on agricultural areas over the last three decades. The target area is the city of Béni‐Mellal, located in central Morocco. The methodology adopted makes use of panchromatic SPOT images to survey the urban areas during the 1980s and 1990s. Available topographic maps provided the information for the 1970s. Maps and statistics of land use and urban growth for Béni Mellal were established after manually classifying images on a per-polygon basis and digitizing topographic maps using GIS capabilities. The results show an increase in dense urban area by 980.7 ha from the 1970s to the 1990s. This increase occurred at the expense of forests (24.7 ha), plantations (752.3 ha), rangeland (113.4 ha), non‐irrigated land (69.7 ha), and irrigated land (20.6 ha). During this period, scattered urban areas, predominantly suburbs, increased by 755.9 ha to the detriment of forests (14.9 ha), plantations (109.8 ha), rangeland (138.9 ha), non‐irrigated land(400.5 ha), and irrigated land (91.9 ha). These cartographic and statistic results are efficient decision‐making tools for protecting agricultural land and planning urban and suburban areas.     

煤矿关闭前后土地利用RS与GIS动态监测

采用遥感和GIS技术来监测矿区土地利用动态情况,对于矿区土地资源合理利用、科学管理和综合治理具有重要的意义。本文从数据的获取、遥感影像处理、年度变化信息提取、土地利用转移矩阵的建立等过程来分析土地利用RS与GIS动态监测过程。研究结果表明煤矿关闭前土地利用类型之间相互转换明显,呈现出建设用地和水域面积增加的趋势;关闭后水域面积趋于稳定,而农用地增加,土地利用集约化水平得到提高。总体来说矿区土地利用粗放,没有一个合理的土地利用结构方向,缺乏一个土地利用总体规划,但通过长期复垦整治,在一定程度上缓解了当地人地矛盾。     

基于RS和GIS的吉林地区土地利用变化研究

土地利用变化研究有助于区域可持续发展和生态平衡的维持。基于RS和GIS软件平台,对吉林地区近10年来的土地利用类型进行解译,计算10年内土地利用的动态度和转移矩阵,分析不同土地利用类型的变化、转移及空间分布规律。结果表明:居民地和旱田面积呈增加趋势,水体和林地面积趋于稳定,水田面积大幅度减少;居民地增加最显著的位置集中在吉林市及其周围地区,而旱田和林地变化主要集中在离居民地较近的山坡处。     

高潜水位矿区采煤沉陷地DEM的无人机构建方法

针对高潜水位矿区采煤沉陷地植被密度大、无人机摄影测量难以获取地面点云的问题,从采煤沉陷地地形特征出发,提出了一种基于断面式点云滤波和DEM模型修正的采煤沉陷地DEM构建方法,经分析,精度可达到1：500比例尺地形图要求,可以为采煤沉陷地损毁评价和土地复垦工作开展提供重要依据。     

Cartographic Aspects of Land Cover Change Detection (Over- and Underestimation in the I&CORINE Land Cover 2000 Project)

Abstract

This paper presents the results of analysis of the data obtained by the method of computer-aided visual interpretation of satellite images used for identification of changes in land cover within the framework of the Image and CORINE Land Cover 2000 (I&CLC2000) Project (jointly managed by the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy). These data are also relevant in cartography. Land cover changes identified by the method mentioned may contain mistakes caused by over- or underestimation. The paper describes these mistakes. Overestimation (technical change) of the extent of land cover change is caused by adding the residual polygons (smaller than 25 ha) to neighbouring polygons. Underestimation is caused by the fact that discernible changes concerning areas larger than 5 ha which showed up in objects with areas smaller than 25 ha were not identified and, consequently, not included in either CLC90 or CLC2000 data layers; e.g. Dutch CLC_change database users' accuracy indicates an overestimation of 8.8% whereas the comparison of net change indicates a small, insignificant underestimation. In spite of the problems referred to, caused by overestimation or underestimation, the datasets on land cover changes in Europe for the 1990s and the year 2000 (± one year) can also be used for the compilation of land cover change maps at the regional, national and European levels.     

基于ArcGIS空间建模的矿区土地复垦费用计算

土地复垦总投资与复垦工程量联系紧密,土地复垦工程量计算准确与否直接影响了复垦总投资。本文以计算山西省平定县某煤矿损毁土地复垦费用为例,利用ArcGIS平台建立空间模型,编写VBA代码,可迅速准确地计算出矿区损毁土地的复垦工程量、复垦费用。实现了快速统计权属单位、图斑编号对应的损毁地块的复垦工程量、复垦费用,并可通过GIS软件查询。实例表明计算相同地类的复垦工程量、复垦费用时,依损毁地类为单位建立的计算模型可以被多次、重复利用,能够有效避免使用Excel表格计算时出现的人为误差、工作效率低等问题。     

Reclamation areas and their development studied by vegetation indices

Abstract

Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining. Many of them have been already closed. Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development. It is possible to divide used reclamations into the forest, hydrologic, agricultural and other ones – roads, etc. Their age varies from 45 years to as yet unfinished. Reclaimed areas are documented in reclamation projects. Information about age and land use determined groups of these areas to be evaluated by vegetation indices. 100 areas with forest type were evaluated. Eight vegetation indices (NDVI, DVI, RVI, PVI, SAVI, MSAVI, TSAVI and EVI) were calculated and their average value in each area in 1988, 1992 and 1998 Thematic Mapper data were compared. Changes over years showed close relation to precipitations of previous periods. This relation was confirmed by evaluation of forest areas situated near reclamation areas. Positive/negative changes of vegetation indices were different for different groups and different vegetation indices. An overview of results of vegetation indices is presented for individual areas whose land use comprised at least partly forest stand. Results in a 4-year period (1988–1992) were in many areas by many indices negative, changes in 10 years were in most areas by most vegetation indices positive. Changes, minimum values and maximum values in groups were compared. Evaluation of vegetation indices brought again various results. One vegetation index is not sufficient to prove improvement/deterioration of vegetation changes. Precipitation state before measurement should be controlled. Temporary shortage of precipitation can cause vegetation cover deterioration, which is also only temporary. The best development derived from vegetation indices evaluation was found at forest reclamation with mixed tree stand that was 10–20 years old. The method was derived as a tool for post-finishing control of vegetation development of reclamations performed in several year periods.