机载Lidar点云快速生成DEM关键技术研究

机载Lidar点云数据能快速获取DEM数据,并真实反映三维地面信息,其关键技术是地面点云的分类提取。本文主要介绍Lidar点云数据的地面点分类和地形特征线绘制等关键技术。     

基于LiDAR数据的城市道路提取与重建

本文借助于GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析功能,以Lidar点云数据为数据源,对交通信息系统基础空间数据进行快速采集和更新。文章并且在前人工作的基础上,提出了一种新的基于四维Hough变换的Lidar数据的提取和分类方法,对提取的道路信息进行重构。实践证明,此方法较之传统Lidar数据分类和提取方法,能够有效地解决其计算量过大、噪声过于敏感、道路边缘方向不平行等问题,实现道路的自动提取。     

机载激光雷达测高试验及精度评价

基于Lidar系统所获取的点云数据,通过过滤将区域内的地形特征信息与地物信息相分离,获得高精度的DSM及DEM,并利用外业GPS实测数据对过滤后的试验区Lidar地形数据精度进行评价,为激光雷达技术应用于较大规模的测绘生产提供参考。     

基于水平截面法的树木点云精细分割研究

本文提出了水平截面法精细分割树木点云的方法。首先根据点云数据在XOY平面内建立二维格网,求取每个格网内点云数据高度的均值,根据格网内点云数据的高度阈值滤除地面点云和低矮地物点云数据;其次对滤除地面和低矮地物的点云运用八邻域算法提取树木点云,运用水平截面法对树木分层处理,求取每一层树木点云的轮廓线;再次将轮廓线连成多边形,求取多边形的最小外接圆的圆心,运用最小二乘直线拟合算法对各层圆心进行直线拟合,根据拟合直线与地面的交点,可以求取树木的精确位置;最后根据距离最近的原理,对树木进行了精细分割。实验表明:本文研究的方法可以较好的实现树木点云的提取,避免了传统方法设置参数过多的弊端。     

基于层次分析和神经网络的机载LiDAR点云分类

在机载LiDAR点云数据处理中,由于机载雷达点云数据的离散性、不确定性等原因,导致点云分类上很难得到准确的结果。针对机载LiDAR点云数据分类问题,提出了基于层次分析和神经网络的机载LiDAR点云分类方法。根据机载LiDAR点云的数据特征以及不同地物的属性,采用层次分析法赋予每个点云一个二进制信号,然后采用后向传播神经网络(BP-ANN)对机载LiDAR点云数据分类。实验表明:这种方法能够从机载LiDAR独立数据源中分类出房屋、高大的树、低矮的树、道路等地物点云。     

低矮植被的无人机激光雷达测高精度分析

针对无人机激光雷达估测低矮植被高度的精度大小,本文以3m以下低矮树木为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法得到不同航高、不同扫描角情况下激光脚点坐标和点云估测单一树木高度的最大测量误差值;对比实测树高,分析了激光点云估测树高的精度。结果表明,在航高为30m、扫描范围为(-50°,5°)的情况下,无人机激光雷达获取的激光脚点坐标误差和由激光点云估测低矮树高(3m以下)的误差均可以达到cm级;激光点云估测单一树木高度与实测高度的决定系数为0.977,均方根差为5cm,标准均方根差为4%。因此,应用无人机激光雷达数据可以快速、精确获取低矮植被高度信息,进而为反演植被生物量和植被长势信息监测提供重要依据。     

激光雷达点云与摄影测量点云——检测防洪工程的点云技术

机载Lidar和摄影测量可以通过捕获点云对人造复杂结构进行3D建模。虽然两种方法都能获取到点云数据,但由于采集数据的方式有多方面的不同,导致两种点云具有不同的特征。在本文中,作者就对防洪工程的检测实验,评估了在无人机载条件下激光雷达和摄影测量采集的两种点云数据。     

无人机Lidar技术在复杂艰险山区高精度制图中的应用

为解决复杂艰险山区高精度制图难题,本文提出了利用无人机Lidar技术获取高精度、高密度点云数据,针对不同地形特点,利用点云回波强度进行聚类,通过聚类结果选取滤波方法,提高分类及滤波精度;同时对密林等无法获取地面点云的特殊区域进行监督分类获取植被高度,结合穿透区的点云进行内插拟合,构建出更符合实际现状的地形数据。试验表明利用本文方法能够明显提高制图精度,满足艰险山区高精度制图要求。     

机载Lidar数据快速滤波方法

机载Lidar是可以快速获取数字表面模型(Digital Terrain Model,DTM)的一种遥感技术。它能够快速获取大范围地面精确的三维坐标,得到高密度的点云。为了从点云数据中提取地形信息,必须对地面点和非地面点进行分类,称之为滤波。现有算法不适合用于处理大规模数据。本文提出一种快速滤波方法,实验结果表明该方法能够快速准确地提取地形点。与现有的滤波方法相比较,其最大的特点是将二维滤波问题简化为一维滤波,滤波速度快。     

基于Otsu方法点云粗分类的渐进三角网滤波算法研究

针对传统渐进三角网滤波方法需要针对不同的地形条件频繁调整滤波参数,并且对低矮地物滤波效果较差等问题,结合图像分割中的Otsu方法,提出一种基于Otsu方法点云粗分类的渐进三角网滤波算法。在对原始点云数据粗分类的基础上,以点云类别属性引导滤波过程。实验结果表明,方法简单可行,可以有效地控制低矮点被误分类成地面点的可能性,提高滤波处理结果的准确性。     

GF-2支持下的干旱区稀疏植被区植被覆盖度估算

现有像元二分模型MODIS植被覆盖度模型因其形式简单、适用性较强的特点被广泛应用于区域植被覆盖度（FVC）的估算。然而，研究表明在沙漠和低植被覆盖的西部干旱区，从250 m的影像上很难精准地获取NDVI_veg（全植被覆盖植被指数）和NDVI_soil（全裸土区植被指数）参数。利用常用的直方图累计法获取模型所需参数NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil，估算结果存在普遍高估现象。为此，本文首先引入同期获取的GF-2号卫星数据，从GF-2号影像上提取植被覆盖像元；然后，利用Pixel Aggregate方法重采样至250 m分辨率，获取250 m空间分辨率下纯植被和纯裸土像元；最后，将纯植被和纯裸土像元各自空间位置相对应的MODIS NDVI数据最大值作为模型所需NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil参数，实现研究区内植被覆盖度的估算。试验通过与线性回归法、多项式回归法和直方图累计像元二分模型法估算结果进行精度对比，结果表明：利用GF-2影像辅助的像元二分模型，精准地获取了低植被覆盖区NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil模型参数，提高了干旱区植被覆盖度的估算精度，并有效地抑制了受稀疏植被影响NDVI在干旱区普遍偏高问题导致的FVC高估的现象。     

南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析

南水北调中线工程是我国大规模跨流域调水工程的一部分,开展该区域植被覆盖度变化的研究与分析,对于保护该区域的生态环境及水质具有重要意义。该文以2000年和2009年两期遥感图像为本底数据,利用基于NDVI的像元二分模型对南水北调中线水源区的植被覆盖度进行了估算,并分析了该区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000年该水源区植被覆盖度的平均值为67.5%,2009年的平均值达到72%,植被覆盖度总体呈增长趋势;植被覆盖度增幅的空间特征表现为水源区中部地区高,东西部地区相对较低;在不同植被类型中,落叶针叶林的覆盖度平均值增幅最大,草地覆盖度增幅最小;位于水源区的大多数县(市)的植被覆盖度在近十年来都有不同程度的增加,其中柞水县的植被覆盖度平均值增长幅度最大,这与国家实施退耕还林、封山育林、基本农田建设等政策有关。     

Species’ habitat use inferred from environmental variables at multiple scales: How much we gain from high-resolution vegetation data?

Spatial resolution of environmental data may influence the results of habitat selection models. As high-resolution data are usually expensive, an assessment of their contribution to the reliability of habitat models is of interest for both researchers and managers. We evaluated how vegetation cover datasets of different spatial resolutions influence the inferences and predictive power of multi-scale habitat selection models for the endangered brown bear populations in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain). We quantified the relative performance of three types of datasets: (i) coarse resolution data from Corine Land Cover (minimum mapping unit of 25 ha), (ii) medium resolution data from the Forest Map of Spain (minimum mapping unit of 2.25 ha and information on forest canopy cover and tree species present in each polygon), and (iii) high-resolution Lidar data (about 0.5 points/m²) providing a much finer information on forest canopy cover and height. Despite all the models performed well (AUC > 0.80), the predictive ability of multi-scale models significantly increased with spatial resolution, particularly when other predictors of habitat suitability (e.g. human pressure) were not used to indirectly filter out areas with a more degraded vegetation cover. The addition of fine grain information on forest structure (LiDAR) led to a better understanding of landscape use and a more accurate spatial representation of habitat suitability, even for a species with large spatial requirements as the brown bear, which will result in the development of more effective measures to assist endangered species conservation.     

Comparison of ETM+ and MODIS Data for Tropical Forest Degradation Monitoring in the Peninsular Malaysia

This study was undertaken the use of course and moderate spatial resolution remote sensing data to assess the forest degradation in the Peninsular Malaysia. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery was used as coarse spatial resolution data, while Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper⁺ (ETM⁺) imagery was used as moderate spatial resolution to compare the accuracy. Geometric and radiometric correction and re-sampling were performed in pre-processing to enhance the analysis and results. Canopy fractional cover was used as an approach to assess the forest degradation in this study. Then, an optimum vegetation index was selected to apply on canopy fractional cover to enhance the detection of forest canopy damage. At the same time, accuracy assessment for the approach was referred to the location of Neobalanocarpus Heimii and correlate with global evapotranspiration rate. The forest degradation analysis was also applied and compared for all of the states in the Peninsular Malaysia. In conclusion, Landsat ETM⁺ imagery obtained higher accuracy compare to MODIS using canopy fractional cover approach for forest degradation assessment, and can be more broadly applicable to use for forest degradation investigation.     

Study of fractional vegetation cover using high spectral resolution data

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of vegetation cover on soil spectra and relationship of spectral indices with vegetation cover. Multi-date spectral measurements were carried out on twelve wheat fields. Five sets of measurements were taken during the growth period of wheat crop. Field reflectance data were collected in the range 350 to 1800 nm using ASD spectroradiometer. Analysis of data was done to select narrow spectral bands for estimation of ground cover. The ratio of reflectance from vegetation covered soil and reflectance from bare soil indicated that spectral reflectance at 670 and 710 nm are the most sensitive bands. Two bands in visible (670 and 560 nm), three bands in near infrared (710, 870 and 1100 nm) and three bands in middle infrared (1480, 1700 and 1800 nm) were found highly correlated with fractional cover. Vegetation indices developed using narrow band spectral data have been found to be better than those developed using broad- band data for estimation of ground cover.     

Estimating fractional land cover in semi-arid central Kalahari: the impact of mapping method (spectral unmixing vs. object-based image analysis) and vegetation morphology

Focusing on the central Kalahari, this study utilized fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (f_PV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (f_NPV) and bare soil (f_BS), derived in situ and estimated from GeoEye-1 imagery using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) and object-based image analysis (OBIA) to determine superior method for fractional cover estimation and the impact of vegetation morphology on the estimation accuracy. MESMA mapped fractional cover by testing endmember models of varying complexity. Based on OBIA, image was segmented at five segmentation scales followed by classification. MESMA provided more accurate fractional cover estimates than OBIA. The increasing segmentation scale in OBIA resulted in a consistent increase in error. Different vegetation morphology types showed varied responses to the changing segmentation scale, reflecting their unique ecology and physiognomy. While areas under woody cover produced lower error even at coarse segmentation scales, those with herbaceous cover provided low error only at the fine segmentation scale.     

MAPS OF COMBUSTIBLE FOREST MATERIALS

An article devoted to applied forest-fire mapping outlines principles for the compilation of maps depicting “raw materials” for such fires. Various types and densities of vegetation cover are classified in terms of combustibility, i.e., according to the intensity of burning expected once they are fully exposed to flames. These maps are used in conjunction with weather data and forecasts to predict and combat the spread of fire across an area. Particular attention is devoted to identification and mapping of “basic conductors” of combustion–layers of forest litter and mossypeaty vegetation along which a forest fire normally spreads. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 138-144.     

Forest Cover Mapping in North-Central Mexico: A Comparison of Digital Image Processing Methods

Vegetation type is an environmental attribute that varies across the landscape and over time. Its continuous assessment is important for monitoring land use changes and forest degradation. There are advanced methods that can estimate the fractional cover of vegetation types within each pixel. This paper compares some methods for subpixel mapping of forest cover in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived spectral data (MCD43A4). Three methods were tested: (1) Bayesian posterior probability, (2) the Fuzzy k nearest neighbor (FkNN), and (3) linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA). While the Bayesian approach gave the poorest correlations, FkNN (r = 0.78) and LSMA (r = 0.81) estimations were successfully validated with information obtained from a Landsat image. This paper represents an interesting attempt to compare rarely reported FkNN with traditional approaches such as LSMA and the Bayesian one.     

WorldView-2影像林地信息提取的研究与实现

林地信息的获取具有重要意义,可广泛应用于城市规划编制、林地资源分析、水土流失治理等领域。本文基于WorldView-2影像,在研究分割与对象特征的基础上,采用面向对象方法,实现了林地信息提取,其用户精度达到94%,制图精度达到97.2%。然后,将像元二分模型应用于林地类对象,计算其植被覆盖度。试验表明,面向对象方法能高效、准确、经济地提取林地信息;基于林地类对象计算的植被覆盖度能较好地表征植被覆盖情况。     

Underlying topography extraction over forest areas from multi-baseline PolInSAR data

In this paper, the digital elevation model (DEM) for a forest area is extracted from multi-baseline (MB) polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PolInSAR) data. On the basis of the random-volume-over-ground (RVoG) model, the weighted complex least-squares adjustment (WCLSA) method is proposed for the ground phase estimation, so that the MB PolInSAR observations can be constrained by a generalized observation function and the observation contribution to the solution can be adjusted by a weighting strategy. A baseline length weighting strategy is then adopted to syncretize the DEMs estimated with the ground phases. The results of the simulated experiment undertaken in this study demonstrate that the WCLSA method is sensitive to the number of redundant observations and can adjust the contributions of the different observations. We also applied the WCLSA method to E-SAR L- and P-band MB PolInSAR data from the Krycklan River catchment in Northern Sweden. The results show that the two extracted DEMs are in close agreement with the Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) DEM, with root-mean-square errors of 3.54 and 3.16 m. The DEM vertical error is correlated with the terrain slope and ground-cover condition, but not with the forest height.