克里金时空自回归模型在变形建模中的应用

针对时空自回归模型的空间权阵大多采用邻接性和反距离加权法导致模型预测精度较低的问题,该文提出了一种基于克里金法空间加权的时空自回归模型,通过普通克里金插值法原理来定义空间权阵,并利用五强溪大坝5年的观测数据分别对传统空间加权和克里金法空间加权进行建模对比。结果显示,克里金法加权比传统加权的变形预测精度提高44%左右,说明克里金时空自回归更适合建立大坝时空变形模型。该方法描述了实际空间的变异情况,提高了变形建模的预测精度,可用于大坝及其他变形体的变形建模。     

克里金时空自回归模型在变形建模中的应用

针对时空自回归模型的空间权阵大多采用邻接性和反距离加权法导致模型预测精度较低的问题,该文提出了一种基于克里金法空间加权的时空自回归模型,通过普通克里金插值法原理来定义空间权阵,并利用五强溪大坝5年的观测数据分别对传统空间加权和克里金法空间加权进行建模对比。结果显示,克里金法加权比传统加权的变形预测精度提高44%左右,说明克里金时空自回归更适合建立大坝时空变形模型。本文方法更加科学地描述了实际空间的变异情况,提高了变形建模的预测精度,可用于大坝及其他变形体的变形建模。     

一种基于主成分分析的协同克里金插值方法

针对协同克里金插值方法在插值时,辅助变量较多造成计算复杂度增加,而辅助变量较少引起插值精度降低这一问题,提出了一种基于主成分分析的协同克里金插值方法（PCA-CoKriging）。该方法首先使用主成分分析对插值相关变量进行将维,得到较少几个综合指标,然后里利用这几个综合指标作为辅助变量进行协同克里金插值。为验证该方法的有效性和数据分布对该方法的影响,本文选取了2016年北京市范围内4个季节中PM_2.5浓度满足正态分布效果不同的4组数据,分别使用PCA-CoKriging和普通克里金插值方法、常规协同克里金插值方法,进行了插值试验。结果表明,本文方法与普通克里金插值方法、常规协同克里金插值法在4组试验中的平均绝对误差分别为4.91、6.04、5.61,平均均方根误差分别为6.65、8.76、7.57。综合比较,本文方法比常规协同克里金插值的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别提升了10.73%、12.56%,比普通克里金插值法的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别提升了18.71%、24.09%。     

基于遥感影像的鄱阳湖地形提取方法

采用遥感影像进行湖底地形反演具有操作简单、处理周期短的优势。本文提出了一种基于克里金法的湖底地形反演方法,以鄱阳湖为研究对象,通过分析周边8个水位站的空间位置与水位间的相关性,获取湖区边界水位变化趋势,利用克里金法反演湖区边界点的水位,将边界点的水位作为高程点进行湖底地形反演,并用实测湖底地形数据验证反演方法的可靠性。研究结果表明,通过克里金插值法反演得到的湖底地形,交叉验证的误差标准平均值在0.2 m以内;地形反演平均绝对误差在1 m以内,说明该方法可用于湖底地形反演且反演精度较高。     

基于数据同化算法融合多源数据估算雪深

在积雪深度研究中,地面资料插值产生的平滑效应以及遥感空间分辨率不足的问题,在很大程度上影响着积雪深度的估计精度。本文采用中高分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer,MODIS)和微波扫描辐射计(advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS,AMSR-E)融合后的无云积雪面积产品构建虚拟站点,弥补了气象站点少且不均匀的不足,修正雪深克里金插值产生的平滑效应。同时,提出了基于数据同化算法融合以地面观测资料为基础的克里金空间插值雪深、MODIS积雪面积产品和AMSRE微波反演雪深产品的雪深估计方法。以新疆北疆地区为研究区域进行了算法应用及验证,并选取不同海拔的站点观测资料对融合结果进行验证分析,通过均方根、偏差和相关性系数指标检证了该方法能够有效地提高雪深估计精度。     

平原地区内插DEM精度的量化分析

针对平原地区的平坦地形,采用克里金法、反距离权重法、样条函数法、ANUDEM法4种常用的插值方法生成不同空间分辨率的DEM。建立精度评价的数值指标,并结合目视判别,评价了不同插值方法在不同空间分辨率下生成DEM的数值精度和视觉特征;采用随机采样的方法对数据抽稀,用不同密度的高程数据再次插值,分析了4种插值结果的精度,并对每种插值方法建立回归分析模型,得到了高程点密度和插值精度间的定量关系。     

克里金插值在冲击矿压空间预警中的应用

为了探索在冲击矿压空间预警过程中,使用不同的插值方法对预警云图精度的影响,从而找出精度高的插值方法予以应用。该文分别使用了基于地统计分析的克里金插值、确定性插值方法中的反距离权重插值和径向基函数插值,对古城煤矿的冲击矿压空间预警云图进行预测并交叉验证,并以均方根误差作为衡量标准。结果表明:从冲击矿压空间预警云图效果来看,基于地统计分析的克里金插值与另外两种插值方法生成的空间预警云图相比,内容表达更丰富、区域特征体现更确切;从预测值与测量值的回归图像来看,克里金插值的回归直线同标准线基本重合,优于另外两种插值方法;从均方根误差的折线图可以看出,使用克里金插值生成的空间预警云图的精度比反距离权重插值法和径向基函数插值法分别提高18%、25%左右。     

离散点云构建数字高程模型的插值方法研究

针对消除DEM构建中插值方法选择的随意性问题,该文基于机载LiDAR离散点云数据,以广东省典型城区与山区为实验对象,利用克里金、反距离权重、径向基函数和自然邻域4种插值方法,对插值参数进行优选后构建DEM,使用交叉验证、相关性分析、像元统计量和三维可视化等方法进行精度分析与比较。结果表明:在城区反距离权重插值,不但可以对空值区域进行适当填充和平滑,而且对高程最大、最小值的预测精度也很高;不同插值方法在构建山区DEM时精度相差不大,插值精度可以达到厘米级,其中普通克里金插值效果最佳。对于城区与山区点云数据反距离权重插值法生成的DEM均能很好地反映地表自然形态,为今后LiDAR点云数据构建DEM选择最佳的插值算法以及插值参数提供参考。     

基于ArcGIS的降水量空间插值方法研究

目前对降水量空间插值方法的研究很多,针对反距离权重插值、样条函数插值、普通克里金插值在降水量空间插值中的缺陷,提出引入月平均总云量影响因子的协同克里金插值方法。并以内蒙古降水量数据为例进行实验,实验结果表明,引入月平均总云量影响因子的协同克里金插值在精度和拟合度方面得到改善。     

基于ArcGIS的克里金插值方法及其应用

介绍地统计学的概念和克里金插值的原理及步骤,从地统计学的角度出发,借助ArcGIS软件的GA功能,针对试验区域高程点数据进行试验分析,介绍GA模块中克里金插值法的应用,给出克里金插值方法的精度分析及应用优势。     

基于MODIS数据的雪面温度遥感反演(英文)

On the basis of simplification of the Planck function in a low temperature range, this paper revises the practical split-window algorithm and presents a method for retrieving snow surface temperature （Ts） based on MODIS data in the middle-latitude region. The application of this method in Qinghai Lake region reveals that it is feasible for the retrieval of Ts. Results of correlation analysis indicate that there was strong negative relationship between Ts and altitude. By analyzing three typical areas in which land cover was relatively homogenous, this paper discusses the relationship between Ts and normalized difference snow index （NDSI） and then presents a new concept named ＂NDSI-Ts space＂.     

A GIS-based method for defining snow zones: application to the western United States

This study maps the geographic extent of intermittent and seasonal snow cover in the western United States using thresholds of 2000–2010 average snow persistence derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer snow cover area data from 1 January to 3 July. Results show seasonal snow covers 13% of the region, and intermittent snow covers 25%. The lower elevation boundaries of intermittent and seasonal snow zones increase from north-west to south-east. Intermittent snow is primarily found where average winter land surface temperatures are above freezing, whereas seasonal snow is primarily where winter temperatures are below freezing. However, temperatures at the boundary between intermittent and seasonal snow exhibit high regional variability, with average winter seasonal snow zone temperatures above freezing in west coast mountain ranges. Snow cover extent at peak accumulation is most variable at the upper elevations of the intermittent snow zone, highlighting the sensitivity of this snow zone boundary to climate conditions.     

Accuracy assessment of MODIS/Terra snow cover product for parts of Indian Himalayas

Snow cover mapping is important for snow and glacier-related research. The spatial and temporal distribution of snow cover area is a fundamental input to the atmospheric models, snowmelt runoff models and climate models, as well as other applications. Daily snow cover maps from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra satellite were retrieved for the period between 2004 and 2007, and pixels in these images were classified as cloud, snow or snow-free. These images have then been compared with ground snow depth (SD) measurements from the four observatories located at different parts of Himalayas. Comparison of snow maps with in situ data showed good agreement with overall accuracies in between 78.15 and 95.60%. When snow cover was less, MODIS data were found to be less accurate in mapping snow cover region. As the SD increases, the accuracy of MODIS snow cover maps also increases.     

Remote sensing of mountain snow using active microwave sensors: a review

This work provides an overview of various methods for estimating snow cover and properties in high mountains using remote sensing techniques involving microwaves. Satellite-based remote sensing with its characteristics such as synoptic view, repetitive coverage and uniformity over large areas has great potential for identifying the temporal snow cover. Many sensors have been used in the past with various algorithms and accuracies for this purpose. These methods have been improving with the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors, working in different microwave frequencies, polarisation and acquisition modes. The limitations, advantages and drawbacks are illustrated while error sources and strategies on how to ease their impacts are also reviewed. An extensive list of references, with an emphasis on studies since 1990s, allows the reader to delve into specific topics.     

MTSAT-2静止气象卫星中国区域雪盖监测

利用MTSAT-2静止气象卫星数据开展了中国区域的雪盖监测研究,结合MODIS雪盖产品及站点雪深观测数据对判识结果进行对比分析和验证。首先,根据MTSAT-2静止气象卫星数据特点,进行角度效应校正及多时相数据合成,以减少云对图像的影响;其次,根据多个雪盖判识因子建立中国区域雪盖判识算法;最后,对比分析2011年1月份MTSAT-2和MODIS雪盖判识结果,并使用站点观测数据进行精度验证。研究表明:(1)MTSAT-2雪盖判识受云影响比例约30%,MODIS雪盖产品受云影响比例约60%,MTSAT-2去云效果明显。(2)无云情况下,MTSAT-2雪盖判识和MODIS雪盖产品判识精度均高于92%;有云覆盖时,MTSAT-2判识精度约65%,优于MODIS雪盖产品35%的判识精度。(3)MTSAT-2静止气象卫星在保持高积雪判识精度的前提下,可以更有效减少云对雪盖判识影响,实时获取更多地表真实信息。该研究对中国区域雪盖信息准确监测、气候变化研究以及防灾减灾等具有重要意义。     

被动微波遥感积雪参数反演方法进展

雪深(snow depth,SD)和雪水当量(snow water equivalent,SWE)是气候水文研究中的重要参数,在雪灾监测中尤为重要。首先,简要介绍了被动微波遥感SD和SWE反演算法的物理基础——积雪微波辐射传输模型,分析了不同微波频段、不同特点的积雪微波辐射和散射特性。然后,根据前人的研究从数学角度将反演算法分为线性亮温梯度法和基于先验知识法,总结了2类算法的优势和局限性:线性亮温梯度法相对简单、速度快,一般只适用于特定的研究区;先验知识法需要获取研究区的样本数据,并反复训练才能达到较好的精度,但对样本的独立性及其均值差异显著性的要求较高。最后,重点介绍了我国风云三号微波成像仪(FY-3 MWRI)的全球SD和SWE反演算法和针对中国区域的改进算法,并对未来的研究热点进行了展望。     

Tracking performance of a HSGPS receiver under avalanche deposited snow

The tracking performance of High Sensitivity Global Positioning System (HSGPS) receivers under avalanche deposited snow was investigated. Two field trials were held during April 2006 in the Canadian Rocky Mountains to study the factors affecting GPS signals and positioning performance for avalanche rescue. The PLAN Group at the University of Calgary has developed the miniature Global Navigation Asset Tracker (GNAT™) which integrates the SiRFstar III HSGPS receivers with a microcontroller, onboard flash storage and a 2.4 GHz Zigbee radio modem. The test systems were placed down a 6 cm hole bored in avalanche deposited snow for 2.5 h with data collected at 1 Hz. Post-mission analysis showed average GPS signal attenuation of approximately 11 to 13 dB within the first 1.5 m of avalanche debris. Sufficient GPS signals for positioning were received by GPS receivers buried in 2.7 m of avalanche deposited snow. Methods of improving the GPS position beneath the avalanche debris were investigated, resulting in horizontal position RMS values of 7.4 and 2.8 m at depths of 2.0 and 2.68 m respectively.     

Potential of multispectral reflectance for assessment of snow geophysical parameters in Solang valley in the lower Indian Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Snow geophysical parameters such as wetness, density and permittivity are a significant input in hydrological models and water resource management. In this paper, we utilize the triangle method based on a feature space developed with the near-infrared (NIR) reflectance and the Normalized Differenced Snow Index (NDSI) for the estimation of surface snow wetness, permittivity and density. The triangular feature space based on NIR reflectance and NDSI is parameterized to yield a linear relationship between the snow wetness and the NIR reflectance. Snow density and permittivity are derived based on the least squares solution of empirical relations based on the observations of surface snow wetness. The proposed methodology was evaluated using Sentinel-2 data, and the modeled snow geophysical parameters were validated with respect to field measurements. Based on the results, it was inferred that the NIR reflectance varies linearly with the liquid water content in the snow. A good agreement was determined between the modeled and measured parameters for wet snow conditions as observed by the coefficient of determination of 0.968, 0.521 and 0.969 for the snow wetness, density and permittivity (real part), respectively. The proposed approach can be significantly utilized with unmanned aerial sensors for monitoring of physical properties of fresh or wet snow and is thus expected to contribute considerably in hydrological applications and avalanche studies.     

GPS信噪比用于雪深监测研究

针对利用全球导航卫星系统反射信号研究测站地表环境参数已成为一个新兴的研究课题这一现状,该文基于全球定位系统信噪比与信号振幅的变化特征,给出了基于全球定位系统多路径信号的全球定位系统多径反射技术用于雪深探测的基本原理。为了验证算法的有效性,利用美国PBO网络中P360站离散20d的全球定位系统原始观测数据进行雪深探测的反演实验。实验结果表明:全球定位系统多径反射技术反演雪深值与实测雪深值吻合较好,误差均值为0.07m,相关系数大于0.99。因此,利用全球定位系统信噪比可以进行雪深探测,在未来的全球导航卫星系统观测站建立时,可以考虑它在环境监测方面表现出来的潜能。     

业务化MODIS BRDF模型对冰雪BRDF/反照率的反演能力评估

全球MODIS冰雪反照率产品在定量遥感中有着广泛应用,但由于该产品的业务化算法是建立在表征植被—土壤系统基础上的罗斯表层(RT)李氏稀疏互易核(LSR)的二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)模型(简称为RTLSR),因此该模型对冰雪的二向性反射及反照率的反演能力有待评估。本文基于地球反射极化和方向测量仪(POLDER)的多角度冰雪反射率数据,综合评估了RTLSR模型在表征冰雪二向反射及反演反照率等方面的能力。为量化评估结果,本研究基于渐进辐射传输(ART)模型,从POLDER冰雪数据中筛选出高质量数据,使用ART模型拟合的高质量结果作为参考,比较结果表明:(1)在表征冰雪方向性散射方面,RTLSR模型整体拟合精度较低。在1020 nm波段,其均方根误差(RMSE)最大可达到0.0498,相较于ART模型的拟合结果偏高了约53.70%;(2)在反演冰雪反照率方面,RTLSR模型与ART模型反演结果也存在差别,其决定系数为0.529,均方根误差为0.0333,偏差为-0.0274,基于RTLSR模型的反演结果低估了ART模型的反演结果。为了使核驱动模型能更准确地表征冰雪BRDF特征和反演反照率,该模型需要针对冰雪散射特点进行进一步的发展。