一种基于主成分分析的时空地理加权回归方法

针对时空地理加权回归模型(GTWR)进行预测时,输入变量较多导致计算复杂度高,而输入变量较少引起预测精度降低这一问题,提出了一种基于主成分分析的时空地理加权回归方法(PCA-GTWR)。该方法采用非线性主成分分析方法,先对影响PM2.5浓度的若干相关变量降维处理得到几个综合指标,并将其作为GTWR模型的输入变量进行预测。为验证该方法的有效性,采用北京市2014-04—2017-03的PM2.5数据,利用Pearson相关系数法选取与PM2.5浓度具有较高相关性的影响因素作为常规的GTWR模型的输入变量,在变量个数相同的前提下,与本文方法进行对比。结果表明应用非线性主成分分析方法对相关变量进行预处理后,有效地解决了变量之间的共线性,保留了原始影响因素主要信息,提高了运算效率,且该方法的MAE、RMSE、AIC均低于常规的GTWR模型,拟合优度GF最高达到88.11%。     

利用搜索引擎数据模拟疾病空间分布

互联网记录了人们的日常生活,对带有位置信息的搜索引擎数据进行分析和挖掘可以获得隐藏于其中的地理信息。本文通过分析中国各省流感月度发病数与相关关键词百度搜索指数之间的相关性,选取相关性较高关键词的百度指数作为解释变量,发病数作为因变量,在采用主成分分析法消除变量共线性后,分别使用普通最小二乘回归（OLS）、地理加权回归（GWR）及时空地理加权回归（GTWR）构建流感发病数的空间分布模型。模型的拟合度能够从OLS的0.737、GWR的0.915提高到GTWR的0.959,赤池信息准则（AIC）也表明,GTWR模型明显优于OLS与GWR模型。验证结果显示,GTWR模型能准确识别流感高发地区,将该方法与搜索引擎数据结合能较好地模拟流感空间分布,为空间流行病学的研究提供预测模型和统计解释。     

基于GWR模型的北极滨海平原融冻湖表面温度空间分布模拟

通过分析北极滨海平原融冻湖泊形态和空间特征与湖泊表面温度之间的相关性,选取湖泊面积、形态紧凑系数、平均深度、与楚科齐海岸线距离,与波弗特海岸线距离、纬度等6个影响因素为参数,分别利用普通最小二乘线性回归(OLS)法和地理加权回归(GWR)法构建湖泊表面温度的空间分布模型,并采用主成分分析法消除变量共线性以降低模型估计误差方差。研究结果表明,与OLS模型相比,GWR模型显著提高了模型拟合度(确定系数R~2由0.648增至0.752)和精度(平均绝对误差从0.47K降至0.38K;均方根误差从0.62K降至0.44K),能更好地模拟融冻湖泊表面温度的空间分布,可为极地地区区域性气候变化的研究提供更为可靠的多因素预测模型和统计解释。     

地理加权回归建模结果不确定性度量与约束方法EI北大核心CSCD

作为一种经典局部加权最小二乘方法,地理加权回归建模一直受样本空间稀疏及预测变量局部共线性等因素困扰,导致建模结果不确定性呈现空间异质。通过协方差传播定律构建后验标准差精度评价指标,本文提出了一种地理加权回归建模结果不确定性度量与约束方法,并基于地表PM 2.5浓度遥感制图实例开展了验证。试验结果表明:不确定性约束后,不同参数下地理加权回归模型的拟合精度、基于样本/站点/区域的十折交叉验证精度均有改善;局部共线性导致的模型回归系数符号偏差问题得到了改正;模型预测结果奇异值及负值能被有效甄别,有效提升了地表PM 2.5浓度制图结果的可靠性。该不确定性度量与约束方法可有效保证地理加权回归模型估算结果的稳定性和有效性。     

京津冀地区PM2.5/PM10浓度时空分布监测与分析

针对京津冀地区多年来重工业较多、结构性污染突出等问题,该文充分利用多期扬尘地表和工业企业污染源、交通网络、地理国情地表覆盖数据、气象和地形数据,结合MODIS AOD产品和环境监测数据,采用主成分分析和最佳子集回归方法优选预测变量,构建估算PM2.5和PM10浓度的地理加权回归模型,实现京津冀地区2013、2015和2017年PM2.5/PM10年均浓度空间分布模拟制图,分析PM2.5/PM10年均浓度时空分布。实验结果表明,PM2.5和PM10浓度估算模型的决定系数R2分别为0.76和0.86,平均相对预测误差分别为10.87%和13.54%。     

GBGWR模型在降水量空间分布模拟中的应用

近年来,我国大部分地区屡遭洪涝与干旱两种自然灾害侵袭,对重洪涝干旱区域进行空间插值具有重要的意义。针对传统地理加权回归（GWR）模型建模过程中模型识别和参数估计易受观测值异常点影响的问题,本文提出了一种基于吉布斯采样的贝叶斯地理加权回归（GBGWR）方法。运用基于吉布斯采样的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗贝叶斯方法,估计地理加权回归模型参数,通过平滑函数降低观测值中异常点位数据,最后对湖南省1985-2015年35个观测站点的降水观测数据进行了空间分布模拟。试验结果表明,本文提出的方法相较于GWR模型性能提高了19.8%,相较于BGWR模型性能提高了8.2%,该方法可以有效降低异常值和"弱数据"对回归结果的影响,能够更加真实地模拟湖南省降水量的空间分布。     

地理加权回归模型的多重共线性诊断方法

地理加权回归是常用的空间分析方法,已广泛应用于各个领域,但利用此方法进行回归分析前,往往忽略了对设计矩阵进行局部多重共线性的诊断,从而导致对模型的估计不准确。因此,本文在引入了全局模型的多重共线性诊断方法的基础上,对这些方法进行了改进,改进后构建了加权方差膨胀因子法和加权条件指标方法——分解比法,用于诊断地理加权回归模型设计矩阵的多重共线性问题。实验结果表明,多重共线性不存在于全局模型,而可能存在于局部模型中,构建的两种方法能够有效地诊断地理加权回归模型的多重共线性问题,且加权条件指标方法——分解比法比加权方差膨胀因子法在诊断多重共线性问题上更有优势。     

GWR-CIVDP多重共线性诊断方法研究

使用地理加权回归模型进行回归分析时,设计矩阵可能存在多重共线性,从而导致估计结果不准确甚至严重偏离实际情况。因此,在探讨全局模型多重共线性诊断方法的基础上,重新构建了地理加权回归模型的条件指标—方差分解比公式;并以加拿大卡尔加里地区的房价数据为例,通过实验验证了该方法对于诊断地理加权回归模型多重共线性问题的有效性。     

贪心算法的地理加权回归特征变量选择方法

针对建立地理加权回归(GWR)模型时,无法直接应用普通线性回归(OLR)常用的特征变量选择方法,且计算过程较复杂的问题,该文基于贪心算法原理,通过引入Akaike信息法则,设计了适用于GWR的特征变量选择方法:逐个引入或删除特征变量,判断该变量对模型置信水平影响程度,根据评价准则决定该变量的取舍,最终实现模型外没有关系强的变量、模型内没有关系弱的变量。实验结果表明,比较基于OLR的逐步回归、向前引入法和向后删除法3种方法选择变量建立模型,向前引入法优于向后剔除法,两者都优于基于OLR的逐步回归法,更适用于GWR分析。     

基于改进LUR模型的大区域PM2.5浓度空间分布模拟

针对采用传统土地利用回归（land use regression,LUR）模型进行大气污染物浓度模拟时预测变量信息损失的缺陷,将主成分分析（principle component analysis,PCA）与逐步多元线性回归（stepwise multiple line regression,SMLR）相结合,提出了一种改进的LUR（PCA+SMLR）模型模拟大区域PM_2.5浓度空间分布的方法。首先采用相关分析筛选与PM_2.5显著相关的预测变量,然后对筛选出的预测变量进行主成分变换（PCA）,最后保留所有主成分变量进行SMLR建立回归模型模拟PM_2.5浓度。并以京津冀为研究区域进行实验验证,对PCR、SMLR、PCA+SMLR这3种模型的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明,PCA+SMLR模型可提高预测变量对回归模型的贡献度,调整后R2达0.883,并且其精度检验指标及制图效果皆优于传统的LUR模型,证明了该模型可有效提高PM_2.5浓度的模拟精度,对PM_2.5区域联防联控具有指导意义。     

An assessment of coefficient accuracy in linear regression models with spatially varying coefficients

The realization in the statistical and geographical sciences that a relationship between an explanatory variable and a response variable in a linear regression model is not always constant across a study area has led to the development of regression models that allow for spatially varying coefficients. Two competing models of this type are geographically weighted regression (GWR) and Bayesian regression models with spatially varying coefficient processes (SVCP). In the application of these spatially varying coefficient models, marginal inference on the regression coefficient spatial processes is typically of primary interest. In light of this fact, there is a need to assess the validity of such marginal inferences, since these inferences may be misleading in the presence of explanatory variable collinearity. In this paper, we present the results of a simulation study designed to evaluate the sensitivity of the spatially varying coefficients in the competing models to various levels of collinearity. The simulation study results show that the Bayesian regression model produces more accurate inferences on the regression coefficients than does GWR. In addition, the Bayesian regression model is overall fairly robust in terms of marginal coefficient inference to moderate levels of collinearity, and degrades less substantially than GWR with strong collinearity.     

GWR与STARMA结合的WMS响应时间时空预测模型

响应时间作为一项非功能性属性,是网络服务性能的重要度量指标。它直接影响了用户的服务体验,并在服务资源选择中扮演重要的角色。响应时间不仅受制于服务自身的软硬件性能,同时还受到用户访问时空分布差异性的影响,具有显著的不确定性,因此如何可靠地预测响应时间是一个难点。选取OGC WMS（web map service）为研究对象,通过全球多地分布式部署的监测系统获取服务响应时间,在分析WMS响应时间与时空因素的关联关系及其变化规律基础上,提出地理加权回归（geographical weighted regression,GWR）与时空自相关移动平均（spatial-temporal auto regressive and moving average,STARMA）相结合的WMS响应时间时空预测模型。该模型综合考虑了用户访问时空分异特征对WMS响应时间的影响,其中GWR部分描述服务响应时间的时空趋势,STARMA部分拟合时空序列局部随机扰动。通过将多个地区监测点不同时刻WMS响应时间的实测数据与模型预测值对比,验证了模型的有效性。实验表明,该模型的预测精度相比经典的平均值法AVG有较大的提升,同时较GWR模型和STARMA模型的精度有一定程度的改善。     

Comparison of Geographically Weighted Regression and Regression Kriging for Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Matter

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important component of soils, and knowing the spatial distribution and variation of SOM is the premise for sustainably utilizing soils. The objective of this study was to compare geographically weighted regression (GWR) with regression kriging (RK) for estimating the spatial distribution of SOM using field-sample data in SOM and auxiliary data in correlated environmental variables (e.g., elevation, slope, ferrous minerals index, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Results showed that GWR was a relatively better method and could provide promising results for SOM prediction in comparison with RK. The map interpolated by GWR showed similar spatial patterns influenced by environmental variables and the nonapparent effect of data outliers, but with higher accuracies, compared to that interpolated by RK.     

Comparing spatially varying coefficient models: a case study examining violent crime rates and their relationships to alcohol outlets and illegal drug arrests

In this paper, we compare and contrast a Bayesian spatially varying coefficient process (SVCP) model with a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model for the estimation of the potentially spatially varying regression effects of alcohol outlets and illegal drug activity on violent crime in Houston, Texas. In addition, we focus on the inherent coefficient shrinkage properties of the Bayesian SVCP model as a way to address increased coefficient variance that follows from collinearity in GWR models. We outline the advantages of the Bayesian model in terms of reducing inflated coefficient variance, enhanced model flexibility, and more formal measuring of model uncertainty for prediction. We find spatially varying effects for alcohol outlets and drug violations, but the amount of variation depends on the type of model used. For the Bayesian model, this variation is controllable through the amount of prior influence placed on the variance of the coefficients. For example, the spatial pattern of coefficients is similar for the GWR and Bayesian models when a relatively large prior variance is used in the Bayesian model.      

Multicollinearity and correlation among local regression coefficients in geographically weighted regression

Present methodological research on geographically weighted regression (GWR) focuses primarily on extensions of the basic GWR model, while ignoring well-established diagnostics tests commonly used in standard global regression analysis. This paper investigates multicollinearity issues surrounding the local GWR coefficients at a single location and the overall correlation between GWR coefficients associated with two different exogenous variables. Results indicate that the local regression coefficients are potentially collinear even if the underlying exogenous variables in the data generating process are uncorrelated. Based on these findings, applied GWR research should practice caution in substantively interpreting the spatial patterns of local GWR coefficients. An empirical disease-mapping example is used to motivate the GWR multicollinearity problem. Controlled experiments are performed to systematically explore coefficient dependency issues in GWR. These experiments specify global models that use eigenvectors from a spatial link matrix as exogenous variables.This study was supported by grant number 1 R1 CA95982-01, Geographic-Based Research in Cancer Control and Epidermiology, from the National Cancer Institute. The author thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful comments.     

时序变差函数特征驱动下的月平均降水空间分布模拟

高精度降水场是水文、气象以及环境分析的重要数据支撑,直接影响相关服务的准确性。传统降水分布模拟大多依赖站点空间维的驱动因素,而忽略了降水时序变化特征对其空间分布的影响。使用2015—2017年中国湖北省83个国家气象观测站点和28个省级观测站点近3 a月平均累积降水资料,通过相关性分析,引入站点降水时序理论变差函数模型的拱高值(C)和块金值(C₀)作为影响因素,使用地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression, GWR)建立湖北省月平均降水分布模型。结果表明:（1）各站点降水的时序变差函数曲线与降水的季节性基本吻合。站点时序理论变差函数模型中,有25.3%能够在4个月内达到平稳,36.14%在6个月内达到平稳。（2）站点降水时序理论变差函数模型的C和C₀与逐年12月平均累积降水在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关,平均相关系数分别为0.745和0.526,大于地理位置和高程对降水的影响。（3）引入C和C₀ 有助于提升GWR模型的整体拟合优度和插值精度。对比仅使用经纬度的GWR模型和引入时序理论变差函数特征的GWR模型,3 a平均整体拟合优度从0.852提升至0.912。验证集站点插值精度评价显示,3 a绝对误差、均方根误差和平均绝对百分误差下降幅度均大于60%。因此,引入时序理论变差函数特征的时空GWR模型能够获得较高精度的降水模拟结果,更适合具有丰富历史降水资料地区的降水空间分布估算。     

Modeling Urban Growth Using GIS and Remote Sensing

Based on remote sensing and GIS, this study models the spatial variations of urban growth patterns with a logistic geographically weighted regression (GWR) technique. Through a case study of Springfield, Missouri, the research employs both global and local logistic regression to model the probability of urban land expansion against a set of spatial and socioeconomic variables. The logistic GWR model significantly improves the global logistic regression model in three ways: (1) the local model has higher PCP (percentage correctly predicted) than the global model; (2) the local model has a smaller residual than the global model; and (3) residuals of the local model have less spatial dependence. More importantly, the local estimates of parameters enable us to investigate spatial variations in the influences of driving factors on urban growth. Based on parameter estimates of logistic GWR and using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method, we generate a set of parameter surfaces to reveal the spatial variations of urban land expansion. The geographically weighted local analysis correctly reveals that urban growth in Springfield, Missouri is more a result of infrastructure construction, and an urban sprawl trend is observed from 1992 to 2005.     

Using Contextualized Geographically Weighted Regression to Model the Spatial Heterogeneity of Land Prices in Beijing,China

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a method of spatial statistical analysis allowing the modeled relationship between a response variable and a set of covariates to vary geographically across a study region. Its use of geographical weighting arises from the expectation that observations close together by distance are likely to share similar characteristics. In practice, however, two points can be geographically close but socially distant because the contexts (or neighborhoods) within which they are situated are not alike. Drawing on a previous study of geographically and temporally weighted regression, in this article we develop what we describe as contextualized Geographically Weighted Regression (CGWR), applying it to the field of hedonic house price modeling to examine spatial heterogeneity in the land parcel prices of Beijing, China. Contextual variables are incorporated into the analysis by adjusting the geographical weights matrix to measure proximity not only by distance but also with respect to an attribute space defined by measures of each observation's neighborhood. Comparing CGWR with GWR suggests that adding the contextual information improves the model fit.