北斗卫星导航系统的星座性能分析

本文分析了星座结构为5颗GEO卫星、3颗IGSO卫星和27颗MEO卫星的北斗卫星导航系统所能够提供的星座性能指标。初步分析表明北斗卫星导航系统能向全球用户提供理想的卫星可见数、PDOP值和定位精度,这些指标与GPS系统相一致。对于中国大陆区域内的用户来讲,由于有5颗GEO卫星和3颗IGSO卫星的增强作用,COMPASS系统所提供的性能指标明显优于GPS系统。     

基本星座下北斗卫星导航系统服务性能分析

系统服务性能是卫星导航系统的关键技术指标。在分析可见性、几何精度因子等系统服务性能指标的基础上,采用图形显示技术和计算机仿真技术,设计实现了导航系统服务性能分析软件。重点针对现阶段基本星座下3颗地球同步轨道卫星（GEO）,3颗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星（IGSO）的北斗卫星导航系统服务性能进行了仿真分析,对比了北斗卫星导航系统（COMPASS）与GPS兼容后在中国地区测量精度的变化。     

关于建设北斗星基广域增强系统研究

鉴于GPS系统已经成熟,北斗导航系统建设尚不完善,本文考虑建设北斗卫星对GPS卫星的增强系统。一方面,采用GPS/Compass-Ⅱ组合卫星导航系统,可大大增加某一时刻的可见卫星数,增强导航定位系统的可靠性。另一方面,北斗现已发射第九颗导航卫星,其中包括5颗地球静止轨道卫星,本文重点探讨利用这5颗GEO(Geostationary Orbit,GEO)卫星对GPS系统进行外部增强,即北斗GEO卫星同时播发卫星导航电文和增强信息,提高用户定位精度。     

GEO/IGSO/MEO卫星对北斗伪距差分定位精度的作用分析

分析了GEO/IGSO/MEO 3种卫星在BDS伪距差分定位中对精度的影响,先只添加4颗GEO卫星参与定位,再在4颗GEO卫星均参加定位的条件下,逐次增加一颗高度角最大的IGSO卫星参与定位,最后在4颗GEO卫星和3颗IGSO卫星均参加定位的条件下,逐次增加一颗高度角最大的MEO卫星参与定位。分析3次实验HDOP、VDOP值和定位精度的变化。实验表明,在北斗卫星星座(5GEO+6IGSO+3MEO)条件下,只有GEO卫星参与定位时精度较差,当加入IGSO卫星和MEO卫星时能显著改善空间结构并提高定位精度。     

北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度分析

为研究北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度，本文基于GPS单星授时原理，结合北斗卫星多种类型星座特点，编写了BDS单星授时软件。利用iGMAS站数据进行了试验，在对原始数据进行监测并将异常信息剔除后，将授时结果与中国测绘科学研究院北斗分析中心（CGS）钟差文件进行比对，分析了BDS不同轨道卫星（GEO/IGSO/MEO）下的BDS单星授时精度。结果表明，GEO卫星的授时精度为27.39 ns，IGSO卫星的授时精度为18.37 ns，MEO卫星的授时精度为18.62 ns。     

GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗SPP精度的影响

北斗卫星导航系统混合星座增强了北斗的抗遮挡能力,每种星座卫星对定位精度的影响是目前研究的重点。本文基于北京地区的连续跟踪站BFGY站和ZGDZ站2018年第96天实测数据,采用反向分析法首次分析了GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗卫星可见数、PDOP值和北斗SPP精度的影响程度,发现每种星座卫星都对北斗卫星可见数有很大的影响,对PDOP值的影响最大达到21;GEO卫星对SPP精度的影响大于IGSO卫星大于MEO卫星。     

北斗混合星座分层约束下的精密定轨方法

针对北斗导航卫星系统首创的GEO+IGSO+MEO混合星座设计,本文研究了根据不同星座,采取不同约束条件和数据处理策略的北斗卫星精密定轨方法,提出了一种针对北斗系统混合星座的分层约束精密定轨方案。该方案首先将北斗卫星分为非GEO(IGSO/MEO)和GEO两部分进行解算,利用GPS解算的公共参数对北斗IGSO/MEO精密定轨形成有效约束,然后固定GPS和北斗IGSO/MEO解算结果,最后单独对北斗GEO卫星进行强约束下的轨道解算。利用实测数据进行了精密定轨试验,试验结果表明:采用本文提出的方法,北斗GEO卫星和非GEO卫星三维重叠弧段轨道精度分别为0.688 m和0.042 m,比传统方法分别提高了54.2%和72.4%。另外,采用激光测距检核和测站坐标静态精密单点定位的方法对轨道精度进行了验证,激光检核精度提高了44.3%,测站坐标在水平和高程方向上精度分别平均提升了21.5%和20.7%。     

北斗系统B1频点定位性能评估

目前,北斗二号卫星导航系统已经完成5颗GEO,5颗IGSO和4颗MEO卫星组网,初步具备了向区域用户提供定位、导航、授时、短报文通信等服务的能力。为了科学分析北斗二号卫星导航系统覆盖区域内民用B1I单频伪距的定位性能,本文仿真分析了当前星座条件下的DOP值分布情况。在此基础上,选取北京、乌鲁木齐、哈尔滨、三亚和成都5个试验地区,完成了北斗二号卫星导航系统大范围定位性能实测试验评估。统计结果表明,北斗二号卫星导航系统能够提供连续服务,性能稳定。在国内的大部分区域,按照95%进行统计,可见卫星数大于6颗,PDOP值小于4,单频水平定位精度优于8 m,高程定位精度优于10 m,三维定位精度优于15 m。在"水平定位精度≤20 m和高程定位精度≤20 m"的指标要求下,单频定位精度的可用性达到99%以上,连续性达到90%以上。     

GNSS技术在GEO、IGSO航天器中的导航精度与适用性分析

现阶段高轨道航天器导航主要依靠地基测控系统,为了研究全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)技术用于高轨道航天器导航的可行性,对GNSS技术在地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星航天器中的导航精度及适用性展开了分析研究. 采用2021年11月9日的两行轨道数据(TLE)仿真GNSS星座,以不同星下点的GEO卫星和不同倾角的IGSO卫星作为目标星展开导航仿真试验. 实验结果表明:为了满足GNSS解算所需的卫星数量,须通过接收旁瓣信号来增加可见卫星数目. 对GEO目标星而言,当接收机灵敏度高于?169 dB时,导航精度可达30 m;利用GPS对7个不同的GEO或IGSO轨道目标星进行导航实验表明,GPS对目标星导航的位置误差约为35 m;北斗三号(BDS-3)、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo的导航位置误差均值分别为28.03 m、21.16 m、37.15 m、25.09 m,具有良好的内符合精度,其中GPS精度最高,GLONASS精度最低,但大部分时段也在45 m内.      

一种区域卫星导航系统导航策略

根据区域卫星导航系统星座结构的特点,针对GEO星、IGSO星存在的轨道机动问题,以及星座建设阶段存在可用导航卫星少于4颗的情况,给出了一种综合利用接收机自主完好性故障检测排除算法、三星定位方法、病态数据处理方法的解决策略,可以提高区域卫星导航系统在一般导航应用中的有效性和连续性。实际算例结果表明了所提方法的可行性。     

Improving BeiDou precise orbit determination using observations of onboard MEO satellite receivers

In recent years, the precise orbit determination (POD) of the regional Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been a hot spot because of its special constellation consisting of five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites and five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites besides four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites since the end of 2012. GEO and IGSO satellites play an important role in regional BDS applications. However, this brings a great challenge to the POD, especially for the GEO satellites due to their geostationary orbiting. Though a number of studies have been carried out to improve the POD performance of GEO satellites, the result is still much worse than that of IGSO and MEO, particularly in the along-track direction. The major reason is that the geostationary characteristic of a GEO satellite results in a bad geometry with respect to the ground tracking network. In order to improve the tracking geometry of the GEO satellites, a possible strategy is to mount global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers on MEO satellites to collect the signals from GEO/IGSO GNSS satellites so as that these observations can be used to improve GEO/IGSO POD. We extended our POD software package to simulate all the related observations and to assimilate the MEO-onboard GNSS observations in orbit determination. Based on GPS and BDS constellations, simulated studies are undertaken for various tracking scenarios. The impact of the onboard GNSS observations is investigated carefully and presented in detail. The results show that MEO-onboard observations can significantly improve the orbit precision of GEO satellites from metres to decimetres, especially in the along-track direction. The POD results of IGSO satellites also benefit from the MEO-onboard data and the precision can be improved by more than 50% in 3D direction.     

北斗/GPS组合定位方法

随着北斗卫星导航系统的逐渐完善,有关北斗系统定位的研究越来越深入,为了对比分析北斗系统和全球定位导航系统(GPS)定位的差异性,充分利用北斗地球静止轨道卫星(GEO)和倾斜地球同步轨道卫星(IGSO)高轨道卫星的特殊性,本文提出一种新的组合选星方法,选取卫星数较少且Position Dilution of Precision(PDOP)最小的北斗/GPS组合,分别对比分析北斗系统、GPS系统及其组合系统在楼顶开放环境和楼间恶劣环境下的定位效果。实验结果表明:北斗比GPS有更加稳定的定位效果,依据本文组合选星方法,利用少量卫星即可获得较好的定位精度。     

Orbit and clock analysis of Compass GEO and IGSO satellites

China is currently focussing on the establishment of its own global navigation satellite system called Compass or BeiDou. At present, the Compass constellation provides four usable satellites in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and five satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). Based on a network of six Compass-capable receivers, orbit and clock parameters of these satellites were determined. The orbit consistency is on the 1–2 dm level for the IGSO satellites and on the several decimeter level for the GEO satellites. These values could be confirmed by an independent validation with satellite laser ranging. All Compass clocks show a similar performance but have a slightly lower stability compared to Galileo and the latest generation of GPS satellites. A Compass-only precise point positioning based on the products derived from the six-receiver network provides an accuracy of several centimeters compared to the GPS-only results.     

Precise orbit determination of BeiDou constellation: method comparison

Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite system is in official service as a regional constellation with five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites, five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites and four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. There are mainly two methods for precise orbit determination of the BeiDou constellation found in the current literatures. One is the independent single-system method, where only BeiDou observations are used without help from other GNSS systems. The other is the two-step GPS-assisted method where in the first step, GPS data are used to resolve some common parameters, such as station coordinates, receiver clocks and zenith tropospheric delay parameters, which are then introduced as known quantities in BeiDou processing in the second step. We conduct a thorough performance comparison between the two methods. Observations from the BeiDou experimental tracking stations and the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment network from January 1 to March 31, 2013, are processed with the Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) software. The results show that for BeiDou IGSO and MEO satellites, the two-step GPS-assisted method outperforms the independent single-system method in both internal orbit overlap precision and external satellite laser ranging validation. For BeiDou GEO satellites, the two methods show close performances. Zenith tropospheric delays estimated from the first method are very close to those estimated from GPS precise point positioning in the second method, with differences of several millimeters. Satellite clock estimates from the two methods show similar performances when assessing the stability of the BeiDou on board clocks.     

导航卫星的历书参数及其拟合算法

介绍了GPS卫星的历书参数,分析了它们在GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星应用中存在的问题.提出了一种改进的历书参数及其估计算法,并分别用于GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星.计算结果表明,改进的历书参数及其估计算法能同时适用于GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星,且历书参数的拟合精度损失满足卫星快速捕获的要求.     

导航卫星的历书参数及其拟合算法

介绍了GPS卫星的历书参数,分析了它们在GEOI、GSO和MEO卫星应用中存在的问题。提出了一种改进的历书参数及其估计算法,并分别用于GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星。计算结果表明,改进的历书参数及其估计算法能同时适用于GEOI、GSO和MEO卫星,且历书参数的拟合精度损失满足卫星快速捕获的要求。     

Beidou satellite maneuver thrust force estimation for precise orbit determination

Beidou satellites, especially geostationary earth orbit (GEO) and inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites, need to be frequently maneuvered to keep them in position due to various perturbations. The satellite ephemerides are not available during such maneuver periods. Precise estimation of thrust forces acting on satellites would provide continuous ephemerides during maneuver periods and could significantly improve orbit accuracy immediately after the maneuver. This would increase satellite usability for both real-time and post-processing applications. Using 1 year of observations from the Multi-GNSS Experiment network (MGEX), we estimate the precise maneuver periods for all Beidou satellites and the thrust forces. On average, GEO and IGSO satellites in the Beidou constellation are maneuvered 12 and 2 times, respectively, each year. For GEO satellites, the maneuvers are mainly in-plane, while out-of-plane maneuvers are observed for IGSO satellites and a small number of GEO satellites. In most cases, the Beidou satellite maneuver periods last 15–25 min, but can be as much as 2 h for the few out-of-plane maneuvers of GEO satellites. The thrust forces acting on Beidou satellites are normally in the order of 0.1–0.7 mm/s². This can cause changes in velocity of GEO/IGSO satellites in the order of several decimeters per second. In the extreme cases of GEO out-of-plane maneuvers, very large cross-track velocity changes are observed, namely 28 m/s, induced by 5.4 mm/s² thrust forces. Also, we demonstrate that by applying the estimated thrust forces in orbit integration, the orbit errors can be estimated at decimeter level in along- and cross-track directions during normal maneuver periods, and 1–2 m in all the orbital directions for the enormous GEO out-of-plane maneuver.