全球测图DEM生产关键技术研究及应用

国家全球战略急需全球地理信息资源的支撑。如何利用国产高分辨率卫星影像高效生产全球DEM已经成为我国全球地理信息资源建设工程的重大任务。本文研究了全球地理信息资源建设工程框架下基于DSM生产DEM的关键问题;针对关键问题,结合目前已有的国产软件,开展滤波及编辑等生产试验工作,并对试验结果进行了精度分析。通过本次研究,为工程基于DSM数据开展DEM的生产探索了方向,为更好地完成全球地理信息资源建设任务奠定了技术基础。     

基于PixelGrid的全球地理信息资源建设应用

针对以国产卫星影像为主要数据源,为适应全球地理信息资源建设对海量遥感数据处理规模化、产品生产业务化和数据生产高效智能化的迫切需求,PixelGrid系统实现了从大规模影像联合区域网平差到DSM、DEM、DOM的快速自动化处理,为全球地理信息资源建设提供技术支撑。     

基于历史秃山航空影像获取高精度DEM关键技术的应用研究

历史航空影像真实地反映了各个历史时期的地表形态、社会经济与环境状况等信息,客观有效地记录了地表演化变迁过程。早期历史航片山地植被覆盖率低,城市建筑物相对稀疏,通过航测法获取的DEM数据理论上可以直接反映山地的地形,且精度会优于现今植被茂密、覆盖率高的数码航片获取的DEM精度。本文基于区域网空三加密、密集匹配以及滤波分类等关键技术,对1979年浙江省某市北部山地区域秃山地表航空影像资料进行处理,获取高精度DEM数据,并通过与机载激光雷达获取的点云数据以及野外实地高程点测量值进行比较。结果表明,通过历史秃山地表航空影像获取的DEM数据山地精度优于0.8 m。     

机载LiDAR制作高精度DEM的关键技术分析

介绍了LiDAR数据生产DEM处理流程,选取淮河某一区域的点云数据,重点研究自动滤波技术在高树植被区域、居民区域、光伏区域的滤波效果以及人工分类方法在低矮植被区域的分类效果,计算野外检测点,对DEM同名点高程中误差进行精度评定。实验结果表明,自动滤波技术对高树植被、房屋区域、光伏区域等区域点云,能高效、准确滤掉非地面点,保留真实地面点;人工分类手段用于低矮植被分类效果明显,有效解决了自动滤波在该类区域分类效果不佳的问题;野外检测点和DEM同名点高程中误差满足设计精度要求,以点云数据生产高精度DEM具有可行性。     

利用机载激光点云数据生产DEM的关键技术分析

着重分析了利用机载激光点云数据提取DEM的关键技术：预处理、点云滤波与分类、高精度DEM制作与质量评价技术;建立了基于机载激光点云的DEM生产技术流程,并将其应用于宁波市地理国情普查市情专项——高精度地表模型制作项目中;构建了宁波市建成区规则格网1：2000比例尺的高精度DEM模型,为宁波市地理国情普查提供了数据基础。     

一种顾及地形复杂度的LiDAR点云多尺度滤波方法

针对复杂地形区域的机载LiDAR数据滤波方法中自适应阈值设置问题,根据地形多尺度效应,提出一种自适应阈值的机载LiDAR点云多尺度滤波方法。该方法采用影像金字塔策略按分辨率从高至低逐级构建LiDAR点云分层格网,滤波过程则从最大尺度格网(顶层格网,最低分辨率)开始,采用局部统计分析的方法自适应地确定高差阈值,同时结合薄板样条内插出下层各格网控制点的高程值,直至最底层格网完成原始激光点云滤波。通过我国某山区城市复杂地形的LiDAR数据实验表明顾及地形复杂度的LiDAR点云多尺度滤波方法能够快速有效地提取高精度DEM,能够满足实际生产需求。     

多源数据融合的DIM点云滤波及DEM生成

针对已有密集影像匹配(DIM)点云滤波算法通用性差,滤波效果受限于参数设置,且均未利用生成点云的影像信息等问题,该文提出一种融合多源数据的DIM点云滤波算法。首先融合影像和DIM点云高程多源信息;再引入新型分类器对融合影像进行分类,其分类结果作为知识引导用于点云滤波中,即将分类专题图与DIM点云叠加以过滤非地面点,实现点云滤波并生成数字高程模型;最后选用航空影像进行密集匹配和滤波实验。实验结果表明,利用该点云滤波算法生成的DEM与参考DEM呈现高度相关性,可大大减少生产DEM人工后处理的工作量。     

高分三号卫星影像制作DEM的试验

针对很多地区受天气影响无法采用国产光学立体像对制作DEM的问题,基于高分三号(GF3)卫星西安地区的影像,利用InSAR技术,采用"基于块的自适应于不同相干性特性的滤波方法""大规模并行单基线相位解缠",获取高精度的DEM,并从LiDAR点云中提取检测点,对DEM的精度进行检测。理论分析和处理结果表明:针对QPSI模式的GF3影像,相干系数约大于0.8的大范围区域才可满足生产1∶25 000、1∶50 000 DEM的要求;研究区山地起伏较大,影像获取时间是2017年的5—6月,植被比较茂盛,有较大的干涉相位噪声,DEM的精度受到很大影响。"基于块的自适应于不同相干性特性的滤波方法"对不同相干性区域均有较好的滤波效果;"大规模并行单基线相位解缠"保证了局部解和全局解的一致性,并行比例高。针对高分三号影像的特点,制定流程化的生产方案,为后续DEM的批量生产提供了作业依据。     

基于机载LiDAR点云滤波的矿区DEM构建方法

机载Li DAR数据是进行矿山高植被覆盖区地面塌陷调查的有效工具。利用湖南某矿区的机载Li DAR点云数据,提出了一种基于区域分割的渐进三角网滤波构建DEM的方法。首先,对原始机载Li DAR点云数据进行重新组织,以提高邻域点计算效率;其次,结合高程差计算区域统计值,按照地形情况分割测区内的地面点和非地面点,利用地面点构建初始稀疏TIN模型;然后,通过计算其他点与TIN的距离,渐进加密三角网,提取地面点;最后,剔除孤立点,生成格网间距为1 m的DEM。研究结果表明:基于区域分割的渐进三角网滤波构建的DEM能够较为精细地表达地形信息,特别在高植被覆盖区域,能够提取出高精度的真实地表DEM,可更加准确地表达出矿区高植被覆盖区的地表塌陷位置和范围等信息。     

DEM约束的卫星影像定位法

作为"云控制"摄影测量理论和方法的发展,研究了DEM约束的立体卫星影像区域网平差方法。与DEM仅作为高程控制信息使用,或者是通过DEM表面匹配实现绝对定向的间接定位方法不同,DEM作为平高控制信息被直接引入至基于RFM模型的卫星影像区域网平差之中。本文方法将连接点地面高程与DEM格网内插高程之差作为虚拟观测值构建约束方程,不仅利用了DEM高程信息,并且利用了其地形曲面包含的平面信息,以"云控制"方式在区域网平差过程中有效消除卫星影像RPC参数中包含的整体偏移及区域网内部的扭曲变形,实现了无地面控制点条件下卫星影像平面及高程绝对定位精度的大幅提升。使用覆盖山东全境的330景天绘一号立体卫星影像进行试验,分别以AW3D30、ASTER GDEM和SRTM GL3共3种开源DEM作为控制信息,并使用100个外业实测控制点进行精度评测。试验表明,以DEM作为控制可显著提高区域网平差的平面与高程精度,卫星影像绝对定位精度与DEM自身精度有关。当使用AW3D30作为控制时,可以取得与使用100个外业控制点平差同等精度,平面中误差为5.0 m(约1像素),高程中误差为2.9 m。试验结果证明了DEM替代外业控制点作为平差控制信息的有效性与可行性。     

An improved ANUDEM method combining topographic correction and DEM interpolation

Void filling and anomaly replacement in conjunction with auxiliary sources of data have been widely used to improve the quality of existing problematic high-resolution digital elevation models. However, the traditional interpolation methods used for this purpose have always failed to eliminate the discrepancies between different data-sets. In this paper, an improved ANUDEM method is presented for DEM interpolation, which incorporates the idea of topographic correction using high correlation of topological structure between contour lines (CLs) from multi-scale digital elevation models (DEM). Firstly, the terrain topological structure is extracted from the CLs of a low-resolution DEM. The topographic surface correction is then undertaken based on the extracted structure, which recovers the topographic information of the sharp depressions and eminences to fit the high-resolution representation. Finally, the breaklines of the terrain surface are distilled and integrated into the denser DEM generation. The experiments undertaken confirmed the superiority of the proposed method over the other DEM interpolation methods. It is shown that the proposed method can provide results with a higher accuracy, as well as a better visual quality.     

Performance Estimation of Aster Global DEM Depending upon the Terrain Inclination

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a source of immense three dimensional data revealing topographic characteristics of any region. The performance of a DEM can be described by accuracy and the morphologic conformity. Both depend upon the quality of data set, the used production technique and the roughness of the terrain. The global DEM of ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) was released to public utilization as free of charge on June 2009. It covers virtually overall the globe using 1 arc-second posting interval. Especially easy availability renders ASTER Global DEM (GDEM) one of the most popular and considerable global topographic data for scientific applications. From this point of view, the performance of ASTER GDEM has to be estimated for different kinds of topographies. Accordingly, six test fields from Spain (Barcelona) and Turkey (Istanbul and Zonguldak) have been preferred depending upon the terrain inclination. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of the DEM product have been proved by means of a group of advanced performance analysis. The analyses indicate that the performance of ASTER GDEM is quite satisfying at urban areas because of flat topography. On the other hand, terrain slope has negative effect on the results. Especially steep, mountainous, forestry topographic formations and the regions which have sudden changes at the altitude have lower accuracy.     

EarthEnv-DEM90: A nearly-global,void-free,multi-scale smoothed, 90m digital elevation model from fused ASTER and SRTM data

A variety of DEM products are available to the public at no cost, though all are characterized by trade-offs in spatial coverage, data resolution, and quality. The absence of a high-resolution, high-quality, well-described and vetted, free, global consensus product was the impetus for the creation of a new DEM product described here, ‘EarthEnv-DEM90’. This new DEM is a compilation dataset constructed via rigorous techniques by which ASTER GDEM2 and CGIAR-CSI v4.1 products were fused into a quality-enhanced, consistent grid of elevation estimates that spans ∼91% of the globe. EarthEnv-DEM90 was assembled using methods for seamlessly merging input datasets, thoroughly filling voids, and smoothing data irregularities (e.g. those caused by DEM noise) from the approximated surface. The result is a DEM product in which elevational artifacts are strongly mitigated from the input data fusion zone, substantial voids are filled in the northern-most regions of the globe, and the entire DEM exhibits reduced terrain noise. As important as the final product is a well defined methodology, along with new processing techniques and careful attention to final outputs, that extends the value and usability of the work beyond just this single product. Finally, we outline EarthEnv-DEM90 acquisition instructions and metadata availability, so that researchers can obtain this high-resolution, high-quality, nearly-global new DEM product for the study of wide-ranging global phenomena.     

嫦娥二号影像密集匹配及DEM制作方法

嫦娥二号卫星搭载了一台两线阵CCD立体相机,以线阵推扫成像方式获取了覆盖全月球的7 m分辨率影像。与嫦娥一号影像相比,影像分辨率大大提高,月表地貌细节更加丰富,制作高分辨率月表DEM更加复杂而困难,现有的基于嫦娥影像制作方法难以满足应用需求。针对嫦娥二号影像特点,在基于RPC模型生成近似核线影像基础上,进行金字塔影像匹配,实现了原始影像的逐像素匹配;计算匹配点的月面坐标后,采用基于反距离插值方法生成月表三维地形;对于图像阴影等地形漏洞,采用基于径向基函数进行插值填补。试验结果表明,该方法生成的月表三维地形DEM数据,能准确真实地表达高分辨率的月表地形地貌细节,并较好地应用于嫦娥二号全月球三维地形DEM数据产品的生产任务中。     

DEM Extraction in Urban Areas Using High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Imagery

Three-dimensional (3D) spatial information is crucial for improving the quality of human life through urban planning and management, and it is widely utilized due to its rapid, periodic and inexpensive acquisition. In this context, extraction of digital surface and elevation models (DSM and DEM) is a significant research topic for space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing. The DSMs include visible features on the earth’s surface such as vegetation, forest and elevated man-made objects, while DEMs contain only the bare ground. In this paper, using TerraSAR-X (TSX) high resolution Spotlight (HS) images, high-resolution interferometric DEM generation in a part of Istanbul urban area is aimed. This is not an easy task because of SAR imaging problems in complex geometry of urban settlements. The interferometric processing steps for DSM generation were discussed including critical parameters and thresholds to improve the quality of the final product and a 3 m gridded DSM was generated. The DSM-DEM conversion was performed by filtering and the quality of generated DEM was verified against a reference DEM from stereo photogrammetry with 3 m original grid spacing. The achieved root mean square error of height differences (RMSZ) varies from 7.09 to 8.11 m, depending on the terrain slope. The differential DEM, illustrates the height differences between generated DEM and the reference DEM, was generated to show the correlation between height differences and the coherence map. Finally, a perspective view of test area was created draping extracted DEM and a high-resolution IKONOS panchromatic image.     

基于LROC NAC影像的高分辨率连续DEM数据制作

具有高分辨率和连续表面的DEM数据是获取月球形貌特征并进行数字地形分析的主要数据源。本文选择嫦娥五号候选着陆区中的一个区域作为试验区,首先,基于LROC NAC立体影像、ISIS3和Stereo Pipeline软件生成高分辨率DOM影像及对应DEM数据,并将其与日本SELENE数据进行对比;然后,利用反距离权重、径向基函数和经验贝叶斯克里金3种插值方法对DEM数据的空洞区域进行修复,并对不同修复方法进行交叉验证分析。结果表明：生成的DOM和DEM分辨率约3.5 m,明显比7.4 m分辨率的日本SELENE数据清晰,并具有更强的地形表达能力;径向基函数插值法的空洞修复效果最好,交叉验证均方根误差为0.26 m。本文对准确获取月球形貌特征、探测器选址等具有一定作用,并能够为其他区域的高分辨率连续DEM数据生成提供参考。     

Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets

Voids caused by shadow, layover, and decorrelation usually occur in digital elevation models (DEMs) of mountainous areas that are derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. The presence of voids degrades the quality and usability of the DEMs. Thus, void removal is considered as an integral part of the DEM production using InSAR data. The fusion of multiple DEMs has been widely recognized as a promising way for the void removal. Because the vertical accuracy of multiple DEMs can be different, the selection of optimum weights becomes a key problem in the fusion and is studied in this article. As a showcase, two high-resolution InSAR DEMs near Mt. Qilian in northwest China are created and then merged. The two pairs of InSAR data were acquired by TerraSAR-X from an ascending orbit and COSMO-SkyMed from a descending orbit. A maximum likelihood fusion scheme with the weights optimally determined by the height of ambiguity and the variance of phase noise is adopted to syncretize the two DEMs in our study. The fused DEM has a fine spatial resolution of 10 m and depicts the landform of the study area well. The percentage of void cells in the fused DEM is only 0.13 %, while 6.9 and 5.7 % of the cells in the COSMO-SkyMed DEM and the TerraSAR-X DEM are originally voids. Using the ICESat/GLAS elevation data and the Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as references, we evaluate vertical accuracy levels of the fused DEM as well as the original InSAR DEMs. The results show that substantial improvements could be achieved by DEM fusion after atmospheric phase screen removal. The quality of fused DEM can even meet the high-resolution terrain information (HRTI) standard.     

一种利用DEM数据进行数字线划图生产的方法

围绕基于DEM数据的地貌要素提取,对DEM的精度评价方法,基于DEM数据的地形特征提取原理及典型算法进行了研究,总结了基于DEM数据生产数字线划图的技术特点,设计了作业流程,并进行了生产试验。试验表明,在采用高分辨率DEM数据的情况下,基于DEM的数字线划图生产可满足基本等高距大于2 m、比例尺小于1∶2000的数字线划图生产,可以作为摄影测量的一种补充技术。     

基于嫦娥二号立体影像的全月高精度地形重建

提出了一种针对嫦娥二号高分辨率立体影像的全月处理方法,采用5个激光反射器的月面位置作为绝对控制点,制作了一个新的全月地形产品（CE2TMap2015）,包括7 m、20 m和50 m 3种不同分辨率类型的数据,实现了全月球范围内的无缝镶嵌和高精度绝对定位,数字高程模型（DEM）和数字正射影像（DOM）均实现了全月球覆盖。在评估CE2TMap2015地形数据产品平面位置精度和高程精度的基础上,与SLDEM2013、GLD100和LOLA DEM等全月地形产品进行了比较,结果显示CE2TMap2015地形数据产品在空间分辨率、全月覆盖率、数据连续性、绝对定位精度和地貌结构细节表达等方面与其他全月地形产品相比具有明显的优势,可广泛用于月球科学研究和应用。