Analysis of State and Provincial Atlas Reviews*

Ninety-eight reviews of state and provincial atlases are examined in order to address several questions. Reviews are subjected to content analysis to identify the judgement criteria that experts use in evaluating a provincial or state atlas, and the aspects of each criterion that reviewers praise or condemn. An attempt is made to search for expert consensus and to identify a provincial or state atlas review recipe. The research reported here is part of a larger study undertaken to assist those in the process of planning a new provincial or state atlas initiative. This paper also assists individuals who are searching for rules and guidelines when undertaking an atlas review.     

State Legitimacy and the Unending Crisis of Petrol Subsidy Reforms in Nigeria

Why would the citizens of an oil-producing state continually resist reform-induced petrol price increases, even when subsidy payments are proved to be a serious threat to the capacity of the state to deliver its core constitutional mandates? In this paper, we tackle this question by contending that the difficulty in petrol subsidy implementation in a country like Nigeria has more to do with the clear lack of state legitimacy and public trust, and the recorded cases of political instability entrenched by forced attempts at reforms. By contextualizing the reform efforts in Nigeria within the framework of the relationship between state legitimacy and reforms, we are able to provide valid insights to a broader understanding of the “whys” of public resistance to the authority of the state to enforce reform. The Nigerian case, as revealed in this article, provides evidence of a shift in paradigm from the conventional and dominant Weberian emphasis of state legitimacy around the nature and sources of state authorities to a more functional context of citizens’ perception of the governance process as a source of legitimacy.     

APARTHEID,URBAN SEGREGATION,AND THE LOCAL STATE: DURBAN AND THE GROUP AREAS ACT IN SOUTH AFRICA

There has been some speculation about the origins of the Group Areas Act (GAA), one of the key instruments used to enforce the ideology of apartheid. This paper examines the origins, development, and implementation of the Group Areas Act in Durban. The key argument of this paper is that the anti-Indian agitation of the Durban City Council and its White electorate played an important role in the development of the legislation. Whites in Durban were at the forefront of calls for the compulsory segregation of Indians because this group presented a serious threat in terms of competition for social and economic space. The local state in Durban worked closely with the central state and played a key role in the formulation and implementation of the Group Areas Act. In all of the race zoning proposals for the City of Durban, the views of the White electorate were considered by the local state, but those of the disenfranchised Indians were disregarded. The local state in Durban was, however, forced to review its race zoning plans when it became apparent that the central state expected it to bear the costs of uprooting hundreds of thousands of people. Despite numerous appeals by the local state and Indian political and civic organizations, the spatial impress of the central state was imposed upon the local state.     

山区农村居民点可持续发展状态评价实证研究——以福建省宁化县淮土乡为例

农村居民点可持续发展状态评价对城乡协调发展与新农村建设有重要理论与实践指导意义。以宁化县淮土乡为研究区域,从反映农村居民点可持续发展的PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型构建了22个评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法把淮土乡农村居民点可持续发展状态划分为理想状态、较好状态、临界状态、较差状态。结果表明:(1)农村居民点持续发展的压力、状态与响应系统之间具有显然的共生发展关系;(2)居民点的可持续发展状态与当地居民对居民点发展的响应态度呈正相关;(3)居民点持续发展状态在空间分布上具有"毗邻连片"特点,且与规划的居民点整治与再安置区空间分布有一定的吻合性。     

Relational spatial topologies for historical geographical information

Abstract

Research on time and data models for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has focused mainly in the representation of temporal geographical entities and implementation of temporal databases. Many temporal GIS database structures have been proposed but most of them just provide principles, not the recipe for the design. Owing to the manipulation of the large quantity of geographical information and the slow response time, few implementations exist. This paper presents a relational method of storing and retrieving spatial and temporal topologies. Two-level state topologies are proposed: a state topology for a set of geographical entities and a state topology for a single geographical entity.

From a temporal perspective, these two-level state topologies may also be viewed as two-level time topologies: a time topology for all geographical entities in a GIS database and a time topology for a single geographical entity. Based on these state and time topologies, a detailed storage approach for historical geographical information is provided.     

Doors and fences: Controlling Indonesia's porous borders and policing asylum seekers

Although the partial outsourcing of state border control to non‐state actors is not a new phenomenon, Indonesia is an interesting case study. Border control in an archipelago consisting of more than 17 000 islands is particularly challenging for state authorities. In addition to contending with the exceptional geography, Indonesia's state authorities are also challenged by the political constellation with Australia in regard to irregular cross‐border movements of asylum seekers that has become a controversial issue in recent history. As an important transit country for asylum seekers and refugees en route to Australia, Indonesia's porous borders have rendered it possible to enter and exit the country relatively easily. Given Australia's political pressure and the financial incentives offered to Indonesia to act as a ‘final bulwark’ and control irregular migration flows more effectively, border control nowadays has gained more significance in Indonesia than in the past. Yet, financial constraints and, more importantly, a lack of political will to host asylum seekers in its own territories for the long term remain as obstacles. Fieldwork observations show that due to ongoing funding restrictions for state‐led border control, state‐society cooperation for border surveillance has increased. Civilians in many hotspots for irregular border crossings have been encouraged to report on ‘suspicious foreigners’. State‐society cooperation for border control, however, offers new opportunities for people smugglers to pay off civilian spies or corrupt border authorities.     

The local impact of increased numbers of state employees on start-ups in Norway

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of concentrations of state employees on local growth and development. Local multiplier effect theory suggests that the increased local demand for state employees, especially highly skilled employees, would stimulate the local supply of goods and services, and hence local development. However, other theories of regional development have shown that factors such as having a university or city size may also explain why some municipalities with a high percentage of state employees grow faster than others. Following a multilevel panel data analysis of Norwegian municipalities, the author found that the percentage of state employees did not have any effect on local development, measured in terms of the relative number of start-up firms or population growth. While there was a small positive effect of state employees in the bivariate model, state employees did not have a significant effect on local development when controlling for relevant factors such as municipality size or the presence of universities. The author concludes that the relocation of state employees may be a rather limited tool for stimulating local and regional growth and, if applied, policymakers should consider how the relocation could stimulate place-sensitive development in individual municipalities.     

A comparison of state space and multiple regression for monthly forecasts: U.S. Fuel consumption

Monthly consumption forecasts for U.S. oil, natural gas, and coal are made using state space and multiple regression applied to the same data. These forecasts are compared with actual consumption for a test period. The forecasts made using state space are preferred to those made using multiple regression models for both expost and exante cases. The state space forecasts track data cycles better than do the regression forecasts. Average absolute forecast errors are less for the state space models than they are for the multiple regression models.     

Geographers' Forum

Abstract

The Local Community: A Handbook for Teachers is an effective text and organizational framework for developing a course on the geography of a state which combines elements of introductory geography, regional geography, and geographic methods for a graduate class composed of practicing teachers generally inadequately trained in geography. Through a series of distinct, yet integrated steps teachers are exposed to the conceptual and methodological basics of the field, comprehensive analysis of regional patterns of the state, and specific strategies for teaching the geography of the state and the local community. Teachers leave the course knowing not only what to teach about the geography of a state, but how to teach it.     

The Norwegian Nature Index – state and trends of biodiversity in Norway

The aim of the Norwegian Nature Index (NI) is to provide an overview of the state of biodiversity within and across major ecosystems. The index is composed of a series of indicators, each representing individual species or diversity measures. The indicators are standardized and scaled in relation to a reference state, and combined for ecosystems or geographical regions, to give a number between 1 (reference state) and 0 (seriously degraded biodiversity). In 2010, the state of biodiversity was highest in mountains, ocean, coastal waters, and freshwater (NI=0.69–0.80), intermediate for mires and wetlands (NI=0.55), and lowest for open lowlands and forests (NI=0.43–0.44). The NI increased 8–10% in freshwater and the ocean (bottom and pelagic) from 1990–2010, but decreased by>10% in open lowlands during the same period. Since its launch in September 2010, the Nature Index has been approved by the Ministry of Finance as an indicator for biodiversity in the set of sustainable development indicators and approved by the Ministry of Environment as an indicator of the state of major ecosystems.     

RS和GIS支持下的秦皇岛地区生态系统健康评价

健康的生态系统为实现区域可持续发展提供了基础。采用生态系统健康的理论和方法对区域生态系统健康评价,将对强化生态环境管理和实现可持续发展具有显著的理论和实践意义。本文在RS和GIS支持下,利用多源、多时相遥感影像数据,以小流域为评价单元,初步建立了秦皇岛地区生态系统健康评价的压力-状态-响应概念框架的指标体系和评价模型,并利用现代数学分析方法对生态系统健康状态的变化进行驱动力分析。     

区域入境旅游业竞争力比较研究

为了分析和提高区域入境旅游业的市场竞争力 ,该文建立区域入境旅游业市场竞争态及其转移模型。运用此模型定量分析和比较了河北、新疆两地区入境旅游业的现实竞争状态以及它们各自在 1991— 2 0 0 0年的竞争态转移规律 ,为区域入境旅游业的发展规划提供参考。     

A Royalty Revenue Forecast Model for Louisiana

Louisiana receives royalty revenue when minerals are produced on state-owned lands and water bottoms, federal properties within the state, and offshore fields underlying federal and state jurisdiction within 3–6 nautical miles from the coastline. Royalty revenue on oil and gas production has averaged $465 million per year and has contributed 3–7% of the state general revenue over the past decade. The purpose of this article is to develop a royalty revenue forecast model to assist in state budgeting and planning purposes. Producing fields are evaluated within a probabilistic framework to capture the uncertainty associated with future capital outlays and operational changes, and a discovery model is used to generate production from fields expected to be discovered in the future. The forecasts are combined with commodity price scenarios and royalty rate assumptions to generate a royalty revenue outlook for the state. We estimate that cumulative royalty revenue during 2012–2017 will range from $704 million to $1,408 million for oil production and from $286 million to $1,145 million for gas production for commodity prices of 60–120 $/bbl and 2–8 $/Mcf. At $80/bbl and $4/Mcf, cumulative royalty receipts from 2012 to 2017 are estimated at $1,510 million.     

福州市城市生态系统健康动态评价

在构建了健康评价指标体系的基础上,采用基于熵值的赋权法来确定指标权重,通过借助相对隶属度概念对福州1995—2006年城市生态系统健康动态综合评价与比较分析,结果表明：福州城市生态系统健康状况不断好转,分别经历了由不健康到亚健康,并由亚健康状态上升到较健康的转变过程;其中活力、组织结构与恢复力3大要素对推动健康发展有较大贡献,而服务功能和人类健康水平虽然有好转但贡献作用较小,为今后福州城市生态系统健康管理的优先发展要素。     

基于PS-DR-DP理论模型的区域资源环境承载力综合评价

资源环境承载力状态评价研究成果众多,研究视角多侧重于“压力—状态—响应”模型的传统途径。本文构建了区域资源环境承载力综合评价框架体系,通过建立“PS-DR-DP”正六边形相互作用力理论模型,将资源环境承载力分解为“压力—支撑力”“破坏力—恢复力”“退化力—提升力”三对相互作用力,分别对应资源支撑能力、环境容量和风险灾害抵御能力,根据不同作用力大小变化所引起的六边形的形状和面积的变化综合测度区域资源环境承载力状态的变化。基于上述理论模型,采用分类排列多边形图示法,研究了北京市2010-2015年资源环境承载力状态的变化。结果表明,2010-2015年北京市资源环境承载力趋于理想承载状态。2010年正向因子综合承载作用力与负向因子综合承载作用力的比值为1.0143,比值大于1,区域承载状态较好;而2015年该比值为1.1411。与2010年相比,2015年北京市资源环境承载状态相对更佳。2015年相比较于2010年,负向因子作用力均减弱,正向因子综合作用力增强。2015年人口规模为2171万,承载贡献均值为0.7025,进入最佳承载门槛,且仍具有进一步承载的空间。研究结论对北京市2020年人口规模控制在2300万以内提供了理论支撑。     

RICE PRODUCER‐PROCESSOR NETWORKS IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE*

ABSTRACT. Pressured by structural adjustment loan conditions, Côte d'Ivoire reduced state support for rice production and processing during the 1990s. In this article we examine how various actors in the rice commodity chain adapted to the macroeconomic reforms. Following a brief history of the rice sector, we present the results of fieldwork based on interviews conducted in 2002 of farmers, millers, traders, and workers in the state extension service and nongovernmental organizations. We found that, in the absence of state supports for farmers, private millers became the focal point of regional producer‐processor rice networks. The four networks identified became the sole source of domestic commercial rice when the state removed subsidies for fertilizer and modern seeds, privatized extension, and liberalized prices and imports. To increase their role in the national rice supply, the rice networks may need support through microlending and a focus on niche markets.     

异龙湖流域湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地生态系统健康状况评价为湿地资源的合理开发、生态系统的维护提供了重要的借鉴。在充分了解异龙湖流域湿地资源环境的基础上,结合湖泊湿地生态系统的概念及内涵,采用PSR(压力-状态-响应)框架模型和生态系统健康指数计算方法对研究区湿地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)异龙湖流域湿地生态系统健康评价综合分值(Y)为2.8494,处于[2,3]之间,属于脆弱状态;(2)从三大指标状况来看,压力指标(P)、状态指标(S)和响应指标(R)在评价等级中的得分及表现情况分别为0.7368(脆弱状态)、1.1620(亚健康状态)和0.9506(亚健康状态);(3)人口密度、人类活动强度、单位面积化肥和农药负荷、水土流失强度、湖泊水富营养化、人们的环保意识等指标是影响流域内湿地生态系统健康状况的关键因素,人为因素占主导地位。     

ACCUMULATION,LEGITIMATION, AND THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS

The provision of public services by the local state involves the full range of politics, structural forces, and actors at work in the world system. Materialist theory provides a means by which these disparate elements can be integrated as the state performs its two primary functions: maintaining conditions favorable for the accumulation of capital and ensuring the legitimacy of the economic and political systems. National and local governments attempt to provide conditions in specific places that will foster growth; the politics of production characterize these efforts. On the local level the state also provides a forum in which the demands of less organized and powerful interests can be heard, as it attempts to maintain the loyalty of the public; the politics of consumption characterize this activity. An empirical analysis of local government expenditures for public services in the United States indicates the role that public services play in the performance of these two functions of the capitalist state.     

Landscapes of Risk: The Geography of Fatal Traffic Collisions in Indiana, 2003 to 2011

Potential death from traffic collisions is a common hazard faced by nearly everyone. This analysis uses geographical approaches to examine fatal collision risk in the state of Indiana from 2003 to 2011. The state averaged 757 fatal collisions annually. About 60 percent occurred in urban or suburban areas. Risk was highest in low-density exurban and rural areas and on highways, county roads, and interstates. County sheriffs and state police were more likely to face fatal collisions than municipal police. Significant black spots existed around the Illinois and Kentucky state lines. Fatal collisions were less clustered than nonfatal collisions. Fatal collisions exhibited positive spatial autocorrelation but the global Moran's I for counties was close to random. Approximately 10 percent of ninety-two counties had significant local spatial autocorrelation in fatal collision rates. Police and emergency response resource distributions should be considered in light of fatal collision black spots in the state.     

Age patterns of fertility in Madhya Pradesh

"The purpose of this paper is to analyse age-patterns of fertility in Madhya Pradesh [in India] based on district level estimates of aggregate measures of fertility data collected in 1981.... Four clusters of districts have emerged which reveal a clear zonal pattern in age-specific fertility rates in the state. These groups bring out high fertility rates in the north and north-western parts of the state, gradually declining toward the south-eastern zone. The author suggests that separate policies and programmes be evolved for each of the clusters of districts for the purpose of bringing about reduction in fertility and promoting family welfare in the state of Madhya Pradesh."