Effects of geomorphic conditions, wind speed, and precipitation on dustfall over northern China

We investigated how dustfall flux (DF) and dust particle size (DPS) were affected by geomorphic conditions, wind speed, and precipitation using data from 27 sites in northern China. The sites with the greatest DF and greatest median diameter of dustfall (MDD) were primarily in desert regions and had extensive mobile sands. DF and MDD were lowest in agricultural regions, which had low levels of coarse particles because of human land use and high vegetation coverage that restrained blowing sand. DF values were higher and MDD values were lower in the western agricultural region than in the eastern agricultural region because the former is closer to desert regions and contains more fine dust that has traveled far. In regions with extensive desertified lands, DF values were lower than those in desert regions, and MDD values were greater than in agricultural regions, possibly due to coarsening of soil texture by desertification processes combined with higher vegetation coverage and soil moisture than in desert regions, thereby restraining blowing sand. Although high DF and MDD always coincided spatially with strong winds and low precipitation, the strong winds and low precipitation did not always mean high DF and MDD. High DF also coincided temporally with periods of low precipitation, but low precipitation did not always mean high DF. Thus, although the spatial trends in DF and DPS were controlled mostly by geomorphic conditions, and monthly trends in DF were controlled mainly by wind speed, weak wind and high precipitation can restrain the blowing sand at certain times and locations. Seasonal changes in DPS may be controlled simultaneously by geomorphic conditions, meteorological factors, and distance from source areas, not solely by the winter monsoon.     

新疆沙尘源状况及其沙尘气溶胶释放条件分析

沙尘气溶胶是干旱、半干旱区大气中重要的组成物质, 沙尘天气多发是该区域沙尘气溶胶含量高的主要原因。新疆1/4的土地被沙漠覆盖,塔里木盆地绝大部分地区沙土和沙壤土占地比率大于60%,沙漠沙以细沙为主, 特殊的下垫面为沙尘天气的形成提供了丰富的沙源;沙漠周围的边缘地带、河流两岸、古河道中的土壤类型中粒径小于2.5 μm和粒径小于10 μm的土壤颗粒物中细颗粒物分别达到了50%和20%,是大气沙尘气溶胶中细颗粒物的主要来源和潜在来源。沙尘天气的产生受大风、降水、植被覆盖度、下垫面性质以及大气环流等多种因素的影响。     

柴达木盆地表土与大气降尘粒度Weibull组成及其环境意义

柴达木盆地北部现代地表不同沉积环境沉积物粒度分析结果显示,多数盆地地表沉积物质呈Weibull三峰分布,具有超细粒、细粒、粗粒3个组分,个别样品包含沙粒组分,绝大多数的样品匮乏细粒-超细粒组分,以高含量分选性较好的粗粒组分和低含量分选性差的细粒-超细粒组分为总体特征。现代沙尘暴天气降尘粒度分布模式较为单一,以高含量窄峰态的粗粒组分为显著特征。依据含量最高主峰所在Weibull粒度组分,本研究将全部粒度分布分为3种类型:以高含量细粒组分主导的F型、以高含量粗粒组分主导的C型和以高含量沙粒组分主导的S型。比较沙尘暴降尘、季节降尘和年降尘粒度分布模式的结果表明,研究区全年和季节大气降尘主要由沙尘暴天气降尘贡献,在细粒和超细粒组分上,同时混合有尘暴释放和正常天气条件下大气本底粉尘沉降两种来源的风尘成分。分析冬季研究区湖泊（苏干湖）冰层粉尘粒度分布模式发现,细粒组分含量显著偏高,可达70.6%,明显有别于其他沉积环境粒度组成,对比年降尘细粒-超细粒组分成因我们初步认为,细粒组分可用于指示冬季风盛行季节近地面大范围风场搬运风尘物质的状况。     

半干旱地区大气颗粒物浓度及粒径谱特征的观测研究

采用兰州大学半干旱气候和环境观测站（SACOL）2007年11月1日至2008年10月31日的APS-3321粒径谱仪的连续观测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的浓度变化和粒径分布特征进行分析研究。结果表明,该地区颗粒物浓度年变化呈单峰值型,无论是数浓度还是质量浓度峰值均出现在12月,数浓度6月最低,质量浓度9月最低;和其他地区相比,无论数浓度还是质量浓度,均低于污染较严重的城市,但高于内陆清洁地区。数浓度和质量浓度平均日变化均呈单峰值型,都在上午11：00BST左右达到峰值,下午18:00BST左右达到谷值,但质量浓度峰值出现时间随季节而有所差异。颗粒物浓度的年变化和背景风场主导风向的年际变化有一定关系,而局地垂直风速及水平风向的昼夜转换对颗粒物浓度的日变化有较大的影响。数浓度粒径谱分布特征呈单峰值型,主要集中在0.673 μm左右;质量浓度粒径谱分布特征呈双峰值型,第一个峰值出现在0.777 μm左右,第二个峰值出现在5.048 μm左右。降水对大于1 μm的粒子的去除效果非常明显。当沙尘天气发生时,数浓度和质量浓度与背景天气条件下相比增大了22%和127%。     

沙尘分析及等离子空气清洁系统沙尘去除效果的评价

本研究对在中国和韩国采集的沙尘的粒径分布及质量浓度进行了测定,使用黄沙标准物质对基于静电沉降原理的等离子空气清洁系统的去除沙尘效率进行了评价。本研究所使用的黄沙采集于北京和汉城,其粒径中值在7.0~80μm之间,浓度范围为300~1462μg·m^-3。在单通道测试中,沙尘去除效果随粒径增大和流速降低而增加。系统速度为1.0m·s^-1时,去除率大于80%。在27m2的房间中,进行多通道测试时,浓度为300μg·m^-3的大气颗粒物仅用10min即可降至150μg·m^-3。因此,等离子空气清洁系统能够有效地去除沙尘及保持室内空气质量。     

Aeolian dust transportation and deposition by near-surface winds in arid and semiarid China

Dustfall collections were carried out in April and May 2001 and in March 2002 at six sites in northern China.Our results showed that the total deposition of dust fractions 250 μm in diameter and the deposition of Fe both decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source areas,and that the half-attenuation distance (HAD) for dust deposition was about 229 km in this re-gion.The HAD was closely related to the grain-size distribution of the dust,and the 15 to 20 μm fractions had the longest HAD.However,the fractions 15 μm in diameter can be easily adsorbed to coarse particles and deposited after only short distances,and the HAD for the fractions 15 to 100 μm in diameter showed a power relationship with the grain-size distribution.The HAD for Fe deposition was 233 km,which was a little longer than that of total dust deposition,which suggests that the Fe content is higher in fine particles than in coarse particles,as previous studies have suggested.In addition,our analysis showed that under the control of current climatic conditions,the coarse fractions in dust derived from northwestern China cannot be transported over long distances,instead,it is transported primarily by near-surface winds (3 km above the ground).The Fe in aeolian dust generated from arid and semiarid regions of China and deposited in the North Pacific region is usually transported by the upper westerlies.     

2007年春季沙尘暴对辽宁中部城市群空气质量的影响

根据大气降尘量和可吸入颗粒物PM10 、PM2.5、 PM1的观测资料,分析了2007年春季发生于我国北方的两次沙尘暴天气过程对辽宁中部城市群空气质量的影响。结果显示,沙尘天气使各城市大气降尘量与可吸入颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度明显增高,空气质量明显下降。在3月31日和5月7日的两次沙尘暴过程中,城市群的大气降尘量比当月日平均值分别增加了1.5倍和2.5倍,各城市PM10的日均质量浓度比沙尘出现前一日分别增加了0.2～2.6倍和1.5～3.8倍。3月31日除铁岭和鞍山空气质量状况为良外,均达到轻微污染程度;5月7日鞍山达严重污染程度;沈阳、辽阳、本溪、铁岭和抚顺的空气质量均为中度污染或中度重污染。沙尘暴期间1.0～10.0 μm的粗粒子为影响辽宁中部城市空气质量的主要成分,其小时平均质量浓度最大时是沙尘出现前的10～30倍。     

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

基于倾斜摄影技术的戈壁灌丛沙丘形态反演及其对粉尘释放研究的意义

灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m³,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m³。     

DUST FALL IN THE TAKLA MAKAN DESERT OF CHINA

The Takla Makan Desert is one of the supposed sources of eolian deposits in the eastern China and the North Pacific Ocean. Lack of direct measurements hinders the theoretical interpretation of material exchange between the atmosphere and land surface as well as the sediment budget of the region. From 1992 to 1994, four measuring sites were established in the vicinity of 84°E meridian along a 380 km observation traverse from the northern margin to the central desert. Data were collected on quantities of dust fall and sedimentary characteristics of airborne sediments, including grain-size distributions as well as chemical and mineral compositions. The quantities of annual dust fall were 10² to 10³ tons km^-2 yr^-1, increasing from the margin toward the central desert. Monthly concentrations of particles finer than 0.02 mm in diameter ranged from 0.06 to 1.25 mg m^-3 over the three-year observation period. The elemental ratio and the element enrichment factor ruled out the Takla Makan Desert as possible sources of the dust in Hawaii and Alaska. The mean geometric diameter of airborne sediments in the 4 to 8 m surface layer from the Luntai oasis was 0.038 mm and from the interior ranged 0.064 to 0.067 mm being moderately to poorly sorted. Weight percent of particles finer than 0.063 mm in diameter were from 83.5% to 47.7%, decreasing toward the central desert. Distributions of the airborne particles were unimodal with peak diameters of 0.06 to 0.07 mm in the central desert and 0.02 to 0.06 mm in the sites toward the edge of the desert. [Key words: dust fall, sedimentary characteristics, Takla Makan Desert.]     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征

为了揭示不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中沙漠植物园内10种阔叶植物的叶面滞尘和同一环境中集尘缸降尘进行取样,利用沉积物的粒度分析方法,研究了不同种植物叶面滞尘的粒度特征。结果表明：（1）植物叶面滞尘平均粒径为16～61 μm,以粉沙和极细沙为主,粉沙（65.85%）和黏土（7.77%）含量大于集尘缸降尘中的相应含量（32.01%,3.19%）;植物叶面滞尘分选性较差,分选系数为1.42～1.74;偏度属于近对称、正偏或极正偏;峰态中等偏窄,峰度值集中在1.019～1.375。与集尘缸降尘相比,植物叶面滞尘颗粒偏细,分选性偏差,整体正偏程度偏小,峰态偏宽。（2）10种植物叶面滞尘粒度也存在差异,平均粒径排序为灰杨<银沙槐<沙枣<小叶白蜡<沙冬青<枸杞<沙打旺<铃铛刺<胀果甘草<白刺,表明植物叶面对大气降尘的滞留和吸附具有很强的选择性,而这种选择性是植物叶面特性（是否有绒毛或褶皱等）、植物生活型（乔木、灌木、草本）以及与之相应的风沙流颗粒分布、近地表小气候特征等因素综合作用的表现。（3）粒度参数相关散点图表明10种植物叶面滞尘、集尘缸降尘沉积环境不同,而平均粒径与分选性对沉积环境变化响应最为敏感。     

区域气候模式对中国沙尘天气气候特征的模拟研究

现有的沙尘天气数值预报模式多选用中尺度天气模式单向耦合起沙模式的方式,不适合用来模拟沙尘气溶胶的长距离输送过程,也无法研究沙尘气溶胶辐射效应对气象场的反馈及气候变化的影响。利用一个耦合沙尘模式的高分辨率区域气候模式,模拟了2001年中国北方沙尘天气爆发的时空分布特征。模拟结果与站点观测结果对比发现,模式能够较好地模拟出中国北方主要的沙尘源地分布及沙尘天气爆发的季节变率。分析不同粒径沙尘颗粒的垂直分布特征发现,沙源地表土壤粒子特征、地形对起沙颗粒的大小都有影响;直径超过5 μm的大粒子是北方沙尘天气的主要成分,而影响长江以南的沙尘天气主要以1 μm以下的小粒子为主。对沙尘传输路径的模拟结果和实况观测发现,来自于不同沙源的沙尘天气其影响的范围有显著差异,模式能够较好地模拟出中国主要沙尘传输路径。     

沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的试验观测研究

中国北方沙尘气溶胶的理化特征及其气候效应受到了广泛关注,但现有的研究大都是基于较短时段和典型事件的试验观测。本项研究利用大流量采样器和安德森采样器,对沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度特征进行了长达3a的监测,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并与背景气象资料和降尘观测结果进行了对比分析;针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件(背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴)下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径分布特征也明显不同;两种采样器观测结果的对比分析也表明,局地沙尘释放是沙坡头地区大气气溶胶的主要来源,但在沙尘暴过程中,远源沙尘输送的贡献也不容忽略。     

风沙环境中公路风沙灾害的数值模拟

为揭示沙漠公路两侧风沙流场的空间分布特性，采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法，把气流作为连续介质，把沙粒作为离散体系，利用ANSYS标准k-ε湍流模型和DPM离散相模型，模拟了不同沙粒粒径（150、200、250、300、350 μm）、不同摩阻风速（0.20、0.35、0.50、0.65、0.80 m·s^-1）、不同挡风墙高度（1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 m）以及不同挡风墙开孔情况下的公路路基附近的沙粒跃移运动，统计了挡风墙前后的沙粒数目，给出了公路路基坡脚和坡顶等典型断面上的气流速度廓线。结果表明：气流通过挡风墙顶部时受压加速，有利于沙粒的输送，而在挡风墙前部气流遇阻减速，形成沙粒堆积。随着沙粒粒径的变大，沙粒跃过挡风墙的能力逐渐变低；随着摩阻风速的变大，气流输运能力增强，更多沙粒越过挡风墙；随着挡风墙高度的增加，阻挡沙粒数亦逐渐增多；挡风墙开孔的位置和大小亦影响着沙粒的运动。这表明离散相模型对复杂下垫面风沙跃移运动的计算具有良好的效果。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘演变及气候因素分析

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

Dust storms evolution in Taklimakan Desert and its correlation with climatic parameters

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 (p<0.01), respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms (p<0.01), and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year’s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of –0.433 (p<0.01), which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

青海省降尘量时空分布及其影响因素分析

大气降尘在生活中随处可见,与人们的生活息息相关。本研究应用青海省8个监测站2004-2010年降尘量资料及气候和社会资料,对青海省降尘量时空分布规律及其影响因素进行灰色关联度和主成分分析。结果表明,青海省降尘量城市大,偏远的瓦里关山小;月降尘量4月峰11月谷;季节降尘量春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季;年降尘量玛多和西宁呈下降趋势,共和与平安呈增加趋势,而瓦里关本底台、德令哈、同仁和格尔木降尘量年际间变化趋势不明显。沙尘天气出现频率年际和年代际变化均呈减少趋势。气候因素与降尘量的关联度自青海省东部向西部逐渐增大;社会因素中与降尘量的关联度大于0.900的因子有造林面积、木材采伐量、房屋建筑竣工面积、烟尘排放量、植被盖度综合指数、人口、工业粉尘排放量和农作物播种面积;对与降尘量的灰色关联度大于0.8的19个社会、气候因子进行主成分分析表明,气候因子的载荷值明显高于社会因子,气候因素对降尘量的影响集中而突出,而社会因素影响复杂而分散。     

5 000 a来柴达木盆地东南缘风成沉积记录的冬季风演化

 通过柴达木盆地东南缘下西台剖面风成沉积粒度组成、元素含量等指标的分析,重建了该区5 000 a来冬季风的演化历史。其可划分为4个阶段：5 300~4 300 a BP和2 900~930 a BP时期冬季风较弱;4 300~2 900 a BP和930 a BP以来冬季风较强。同时,该记录揭示了两次气候突变事件： 3 960~3 720 a BP,冬季风急剧减弱;而1 700~1 400 a BP冬季风增强。重建结果与其他记录具有很好的可比性。在千年尺度上,下西台剖面所记录的冬季风演化与格陵兰冰芯的粉尘记录存在一定的联系,意味着源区近地面风场的变化在全球粉尘循环过程中起着重要的作用。柴达木盆地可能为东亚粉尘远程输送的主要源区之一。     

中国西部河谷型城市土壤与灰尘粒级组分分布特征

通过采集兰州市和延安市主城区的土壤灰尘样品,测量了其粒径组成,界定了土壤和灰尘不同粒径的空间分布,分析了环境影响。结果表明:兰州市和延安市城市土壤灰尘粒径组成有明显的分布特征,主要集中在小于100μm的部分,整体粒径分布情况为:粉黏粒(<50μm)>极细砂(50~100μm)>细砂(100~250μm)>中砂(250~500μm)>粗砂(500~1000μm)。其中兰州市小于100μm灰尘颗粒物粒径所占比例(69.17%)大于延安市(53.49%),极易在外动力条件下再次扬起成为扬尘污染的潜在污染源。从2个城市土壤和灰尘相似文献