山地旅游安全预警与应急救援体系的构建——以四川省山地旅游为例

总结了国内外旅游安全保障体系的研究现状,并对山地景区旅游安全事故的成因进行了分析。以四川山地旅游为例,主要研究山地旅游安全的预警和救援体系,并指出由信息管理、安全预警和应急救援三大要素构成的城市边缘地带山地旅游安全预警和应急救援体系。信息管理主要是对气候气象、地质信息、旅游容量、交通、环境污染和治安信息的预报,并根据这些预报提出相应的预警。应急救援主要由应急救援预案与救援网络和专家决策方案组组成。山地景区应急工作体系围绕旅游安全应急指挥中心分出应急指挥体系和应急救援机构。     

内蒙古旅游环境预警评价指标体系构建研究

旅游环境预警是防止旅游环境系统向无序化方向发展和进行旅游环境系统优化调控的重要途径,基于内蒙古所处地理环境的特殊性、生态环境的脆弱性背景下,笔者把环境承载力、生态安全理论和生态预警的方法应用到内蒙古旅游环境预警系统中,建立了内蒙古旅游环境预警评价指标体系,并对其运行机制进行分析,力求为内蒙古旅游环境可持续发展模式的探索提供理论和研究方法参考。     

中、日都市旅游街区书法景观空间分异及其文化认同比较研究

以中国和日本两国都市旅游街区的商店招牌为研究对象,以北京琉璃厂、东京浅草寺作为传统旅游街区,以北京王府井、东京新宿作为更新型旅游街区,以南京新街口、东京银座作为都市现代商贸旅游街区,设计了特定的书法景观指数从不同空间尺度探讨了两国书法景观空间分异特征及文化认同的异同。结果表明：全球化背景下中、日两国对书法文化仍然存在的较强文化认同,书法景观作为一种文化符号,标识了城市内部象征空间的形成,表征着全球化背景下的社会与文化过程。虽然两国文字、民俗和书法传统的差异性导致两国在书法艺术的认同角度和形式上的差异,但两国书法景观在整体上具有城市空间分异规律和文化认同的一致性：在全球化的背景下,现代旅游街区的书法景观较之传统旅游街区已经弱化;书法景观在不同类型业态之间的差异则揭示了这种空间分异的形成机制。     

滨海城市旅游安全预警与事故应急救援系统设计

针对滨海城市旅游的特点,以4S技术与TIS集成构建滨海城市旅游安全预警与事故应急救援系统,该系统具有旅游环境和事故安全预警、应急事故处理决策及应急救援网络组织互动等功能,实现了旅游管理的科学化、可视化、智能化,它不仅能为政府机构的管理决策提供科学依据,而且是旅游及其相关管理部门实施旅游安全管理的有力工具。     

黄山风景区旅游气象灾害防御系统探析——以雷电监测预警系统为例

黄山风景区是集世界自然遗产、文化遗产和地质公园"三冠"于一体的海内外知名旅游风景区。然而,受山岳型气候条件的影响,黄山风景区旅游气象灾害频发,由此引起的地质灾害等,给旅游资源景观和旅游设施造成破坏,影响旅游活动的正常进行,甚至直接威胁旅游者的人身财产安全。为此,在分析旅游气象灾害对旅游业影响的基础上,结合黄山风景区旅游气象灾害的特点,构建了景区旅游气象灾害防御系统。该系统主要由旅游气象灾害监测系统,预警系统和防御系统三大体系组成。选取雷电监测预警系统为例,对其构建思路、预警流程、技术体系进行详细介绍,从而为山岳型景区旅游气象灾害的防治提供科学依据和参考借鉴。     

自然灾害网络舆情信息分析与管理技术综述

为了更好地利用和管理自然灾害网络舆情信息,该文从自然灾害应急救助角度,归纳了我国自然灾害网络舆情信息的快捷性、时序性、空间性、大数据性及社会性5项特性,综合分析了目前自然灾害网络舆情信息的采集、分析、展示及预警响应技术,特别提出了基于空间位置主导的自然灾害网络舆情信息展示及预警应用模式;并结合国内外自然网络舆情信息管理平台应用现状,分析总结了今后我国自然灾害网络舆情信息管理平台在体系架构、信息内容、服务流程和服务机制方面的建设思路,为国家重大自然灾害应急救援信息管理及救助决策支持平台建设提供技术参考。     

旅游系统预警机制与构建研究

针对近年来大量发生的旅游热点过于集中而导致的旅游质量下降的情况。试从旅游客流的角度加以研究。文章通过对客流影响因素的分析，试图将景区与通道的容量加以结合，构建一个系统，对旅游预警问题进行探讨，并对预警的过程进行了划定，即通过对旅游客流的正确分析与预测，得出旅游预警信号，然后采取适当的措施，对旅游客流加以适当的引导和控制，以达到提升旅游效果的目的。     

风景名胜区生态安全评价研究——以张家界国家森林公园为例

从生态安全涵义理解出发,建立了包括旅游资源安全、旅游环境安全、生态系统服务功能与生态建设为主要内容的风景名胜区生态安全评价体系,提出了风景名胜区生态安全评价指标和具体评价方法,并以张家界国家森林公园为例进行了生态安全评价,提出了张家界国家森林公园生态安全建设方案.     

旅游移民研究体系及方法初探

近年来,一种基于大众旅游的新人口迁移现象——旅游移民受到西方学者的高度关注。在我国,旅游移民现象已经出现,但研究较少。西方学者对旅游移民的研究较为注重实证分析,缺少对旅游移民概念及其研究体系的准确界定。笔者在对国外相关文献分析和已有实证研究基础上,对旅游移民的概念体系进行了界定,把旅游移民划分为旅游劳工移民和旅游消费移民两大类,确定旅游移民研究的三大方向为行为理论研究、发生论研究和社会影响研究,并对每个研究方向的主要内容进行了明确,构建出旅游移民的研究体系。同时,提出了旅游移民研究可借用的相关移民动力学、行为学、社会学等理论,以及质性研究、量化研究、比较研究、长期站点监测和个案研究等具体研究方法和需要注意的方面,对我国旅游移民研究进行了理论和方法的初步探讨。     

旅游者安全价值评价——以山东长岛为例

当前理论界尚缺乏对旅游安全效益直接量化的研究,这在直接导致旅游企业在安全投入与产出的量化上无法像其它生产资料投入与产出的衡量那样直接明显的同时,也间接导致旅游安全问题一直未引起旅游企业的足够重视。从旅游者自身价值观角度入手,以山东长岛旅游区的旅游者为调研对象,采用自行构建的旅游者安全价值的量化概念、评价体系与测算公式对旅游者安全价值进行量化估算和评价,得出了长岛旅游区安全投入与安全管理产生效益的量化评价与衡量。并得出如下结论:(1)旅游者对长岛的旅游安全满意度较高,因而长岛旅游区可以增加亲海度高、刺激性大的旅游项目,刺激更多消费;(2)可根据旅游者安全支付意愿所表现出的潜在市场需求规模来确定长岛旅游区的安全保障投入,以期在未来市场中将旅游者安全保障的支付意愿转化为实际经营收益。     

基于DEM的中国地形起伏度适宜计算尺度研究

基于SRTM和ASTER DEM数据,在全国范围内选取13个实验区,在渐变尺度下计算平均起伏度变化曲线的"突变点",据此确定中国地形起伏度的适宜计算尺度;结合山地界定标准计算各实验区山地面积,并采用人工解译的山地范围对计算结果进行检验。研究结果表明:1)地形起伏度适宜计算尺度与所采用的DEM数据有关,DEM分辨率越小,地形起伏度适宜计算尺度越大;2)针对同一分辨率DEM数据,中国境内的地形起伏度适宜计算尺度随地貌特征变化而变化,但总体变化幅度不大;3)针对SRTM和ASTER DEM两种常用数据源,分别选择4.72km2和3.20km2作为地形起伏度适宜计算尺度是合理的,山地界定精度达90%以上。     

Responding to common questions on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China- NIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic “engineering” in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.     

Scale matters–A multi-resolution study of the determinants of patterned ground activity in subarctic Finland

Numerical studies of earth surface processes in relation to their environment are one of the central topics in physical geography. However, collinearity between explanatory variables and spatial autocorrelation can hinder the detection of key environmental correlates underlying response–explanatory variables' relationships identified by traditional regression methods. Moreover, conclusions about the potential importance of environmental variables have generally made on analysis conducted only at one spatial scale (resolution). In this study, a variation partitioning method provided a framework to obtain new insights into the relative roles of different factors determining patterned ground activity at multiple spatial resolutions. The variation in the distribution of the sorted and non sorted patterned ground was decomposed into independent and joint effects of relief, soil and spatial variables (geographical location) based on a multi resolution system of 1 ha, 25 ha and 100 ha cells covering in total 100 km² of a subarctic landscape in northern Finland.The independent effects of relief and soil variables captured the largest fraction of the variation in the non-sorted patterned ground distribution, while relief had a major contribution for sorted patterned ground activity. The independent effect of spatial autocorrelation on sorted patterned ground was higher than that on non-sorted patterned ground. However, a considerable amount of variation in the distribution of both patterned ground types was accounted for by the joint effects of explanatory variables and may thus be causally related to two or all three groups of variables. Our analyses produced often contradicting results at different resolutions. Consequently, this has substantial implications for the study of geomorphological systems, since the choice of resolution can have a major effect on the inferences of analyses. Our results draw attention to the roles of resolution and spatial autocorrelation in the study of geomorphological systems.     

Topographical relief characteristics and its impact on population and economy: A case study of the mountainous area in western Henan,China

Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The limitation is especially apparent in the mountain-plain transition zone. Taking the transition zone between the Qinling Mountains and the North China Plain (i.e. the mountainous area in western Henan Province) as an example and based on the 200-m resolution DEM data, we used the mean change-point analysis to determine the optimal statistical unit for topographical relief, and thereafter extracted the relief degree. Taking the 1:100,000 land use data, township population and county-level industrial data, population and economic spatial models were constructed, and 200-m resolution grid population and economic density maps were generated. Afterwards, statistical analysis was carried out to quantitatively reveal the impact of topographical relief on population and economy. In addition, the impacts of other topographical factors were discussed. The results showed the following. (1) The relief degree in western Henan is generally low, where 58.6% of the regional topography does not exceed half the height of a reference mountain (relative elevation ≤250 m). Spatially, the relief degree is high in the west while low in the east, and high in the middle while low in the north and south. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope. (2) The linear fitting degree between the population and economic validation data and the corresponding simulation data are 0.943 and 0.909, respectively, indicating that the spatialized results can reflect the actual population and economic distribution. (3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density (0.911) and economic density (0.874). Specifically, 88.65% of the population lives in areas where the topographical relief is ≤0.5 and 88.03% of the gross regional product was from areas where the relief is ≤0.3. Compared with the population distribution, the economic development showed an obvious agglomeration trend towards low relief areas.     

我国扶贫政策演变及其实施效果

系统回顾了建国以来我国扶贫政策的演变及其特点,重点分析了１９９６年以来我国政府实施的以扶持贫困人口为主的开发式消除贫困战略所采取的各项扶贫措施及其实施效果。探讨了过去若干年中我国扶贫政策实施效果的地区差异。对国家及某些贫困地区目前采取的脱贫政策与措施提出了一些分析性的评价。     

The Siberian School of Experimental Geomorphology

This paper considers the results of geomorphological field experiments in Siberia conducted at the permanent stations operated by the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS for a 60-year period and describes the observation methods. A unique database of quantitative data on the modern relief dynamics is provided. The rates of slow mass motions of soils on slopes, and also of the deluvial, aeolian and channel processes are presented. Observations for long-term time series are summarized. Much attention is paid to the results from investigating the slope processes. The contribution of stationary investigations to the solution of fundamental problems in geomorphology is shown. The role of field experiments in understanding the temporal organization of geomorphological systems is emphasized. Dynamic phases of the intrasecular cycles of exogenous relief formation are investigated. Models of the contemporary functioning of denudation systems that cover all possible variety of dynamic phases and morphological and climatic conditions of denudation in semi-arid conditions of southern Siberia are obtained. It was found that the spatial ordering of exogenous relief formation in the south of Siberia is manifested in the form of a regional series of correlative denudational systems whose structure and functioning mode naturally vary along the aridity and continentality vectors of climate. The spatial ordering of aeolian lithostreams is shown, which are involved in a common cycle of matter spinning clockwise and moving aeolian fine material along the northern subarid foothills areas of the mountain belt of Southern Siberia. An important role of the observation results on the relief dynamics for solving ecological problems is pointed out. Prospects for a further development of experimental geomorphological research in Siberia using high-precision instruments, GIS technologies and other modern methods are outlined.     

中印城镇化区域差异及城镇体系空间演化比较

中国和印度作为两个正在崛起的大国,发展历程较为相似,但发展路径和模式差异较大。两个国家政治制度、经济体系、发展环境等的显著差异已经吸引了学者的广泛关注,本文将从地理学视角出发,重点关注两国城镇化及城镇体系的区域差异和空间演化过程。以人口普查和联合国城市人口数据为基础,采用空间分析、参数估计、非参数估计等多种方法,对中印两国城镇化和城镇体系的空间特征进行系统的比较分析,结果表明：① 20世纪90年代以来,中国城镇化的区域差异由南北差异转变为沿海—内部差异,而印度南北差异的格局则基本稳定;② 从省（邦）级空间尺度来看,中国和印度的人口密度和城镇化率都呈现正相关关系,当城镇化率超过50%后,两者的相关性更为显著,但是近年来中国人口密度与城镇化率的相关性不断增强,而印度则呈现降低的趋势;③ 现阶段中印两国以大中城市为主的城镇体系符合位序—规模分布的特征,但是经济改革对于两个国家城镇体系空间演化的影响差异明显,改革使得中国城镇发展的主要驱动力由地理历史因素向经济系统空间结构转变,而印度城镇发展的驱动力始终是地理历史因素,经济改革甚至降低了经济系统空间结构对城镇发展的影响。     

Comparative research on regional differences in urbanization and spatial evolution of urban systems between China and India

As two rising great powers, China and India have undergone similar development processes, but they also exhibit significant differences in development paths and patterns. The significant differences in political systems, economic systems, and developmental environment between the two countries have attracted great attention from scholars. This research focuses on the regional differences and spatial evolution processes in urbanization and urban systems between the two countries from a geographical perspective. Based on the demographic censuses of both countries and the urban population data from the United Nations, this paper systematically compared and analyzed the spatial characteristics of urbanization and urban systems in China and India using various methods including spatial analysis, parameter estimation, and nonparametric estimation. The results indicate that: (1) Since the 1990s, the regional differences in urbanization in China have transformed from south-north differences to coastal-inland differences, whereas the north-south differences in India have been stable. (2) In recent years, the correlation between population density and urbanization rate kept increasing in China, while such correlation has been decreasing in India. (3) The economic reform posed significantly different effects on the spatial evolution of the urban systems in the two countries. The economic reform changed the major driving force for urban development in China from geographical and historical factors to the spatial structure of the economic system. However, in India, the driving forces for urban development have always been geographical and historical factors, and the economic reform even decreased the effect of the spatial structure of the economic system on urban development.     

Obstructed minibasins on a salt-detached slope: An example from above the Sigsbee canopy,northern Gulf of Mexico

Salt-detached gravity gliding/spreading systems having a rugose base-of-salt display complex strain patterns. However, little was previously known about how welding of supra-salt minibasins to the sub-salt may influence both the downslope translation of minibasins on salt-detached slopes and the regional pattern of supra-salt strain. Using a regional 3D seismic reflection data set, we examine a large salt-stock canopy system with a rugose base on the northern Gulf of Mexico slope, on which minibasins both subside and translate downslope. Some minibasins are welded at their bases and others are not. We suggest that basal welds obstruct downslope translation of minibasins and control regional patterns of supra-canopy strain. The distribution of strain above the canopy is complex and variable. Each minibasin that becomes obstructed modifies the local strain field, typically developing a zone of shortening immediately updip and an extensional breakaway zone immediately downdip of the obstructed minibasin. This finding is corroborated by observations from a physical sandbox model of minibasin obstruction. We also find in our natural example that minibasins can be obstructed to different degrees, ranging from severe (e.g., caught in a feeder) to mild (e.g., welded to a flat or gently dipping base-of-salt). By mapping both the presence of obstructed minibasins and the relative degree of minibasin obstruction, we provide an explanation for the origin of complex 3-D strain fields on a salt-detached slope and, potentially, a mechanism that explains differential downslope translation of minibasins. In minibasin-rich salt-detached slope settings, our results may aid: i) structural restorations and regional strain analyses; ii) prediction of subsalt relief in areas of poor seismic imaging; and iii) prediction of stress fields and borehole stability. Our example is detached on allochthonous salt and where the base-of-salt is rugose, with the findings applicable to other such systems worldwide (e.g., Gulf of Mexico; Scotian Margin, offshore eastern Canada). However, our findings are also applicable to systems where the salt is autochthonous but has significant local basal relief (e.g., Santos Basin, Brazil; Kwanza Basin, Angola).     

基于 SRTM DEM 的祁连山自然保护区地形特征研究

基于研究区的 SRTM DEM 模型，应用 ArcGIS10.5 空间分析模块及 Excel、SPSS 数据统计分 析功能，采用均值变点分析法确定地形起伏度的邻域分析最佳统计单元；提取了研究区高程、地形 起伏度、地形坡度、地表粗糙度和地表切割度 5 个地形因子，以分析研究区的地形特征。结果表明： 研究区地形起伏度最佳统计单元为 11 像元×11 像元（0.98 km²），地形起伏度为 0～1 216 m。研究区 包含 13 种地貌类型，87.28%的区域为中海拔，中海拔平原、台地、丘陵为主要地貌类型。走廊南山、 冷龙岭、乌鞘岭和龙首山地平行分布，台地、丘陵穿插其中，地形复杂。研究结果为进一步探索自 然保护区的生态保护、开发利用等具体问题提供了基础数据支持。