泥石流多发区蒋家沟流域的下渗与产流特点

在云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区多个典型点,进行野外下渗试验得出蒋家沟流域宽级配土的下渗特征。试验发现:1.下渗曲线皆较好满足霍顿下渗公式;2.下渗率比较大,主要土壤红黄壤的各种土地利用类型的稳定下渗率都在0.08 mm/s以上;3.不同土壤类型的稳定下渗率按大小排序依次为:砾石土>红黄壤>燥红土,红黄壤的各种土地利用类型的稳定下渗率按大小排序依次为:耕地>林地>灌木丛>裸地(滑坡后壁)>草地。蒋家沟流域宽级配土决定了降雨时壤中流产流占有很大比例,在径流场进行人工降雨,采集前期土壤水、壤中流和降雨样品,通过测试其中的稳定同位素浓度,利用同位素分割径流的原理,发现前期土壤水在壤中流产流中起着不可忽略的作用。降雨时,大量雨水下渗入土体,使孔隙水压力增加,前期土壤水位于湿润峰的前端,因此壤中流产流初期,前期土壤水占有很大的比例,达到86.46%,随着降雨时间的持续,雨水逐渐取代前期土壤水的作用,导致产流中本次降雨的比例逐渐升高,试验结束时达到85.63%。可以推断,短历时暴雨时,降雨强度大于下渗率,该流域以超渗产流为主,易发生坡面泥石流;长时间小强度降雨时,该流域以蓄满产流为主,壤中流占有很大比例,本次降雨是泥石流暴发的诱发因素,但不一定是水量的主要供给源。     

华北石质山区坡地产流模型

坡地是流域的基本产流单元。对坡地产流模型的研究,可为研究流域的水文过程奠定基础。本文在认识坡地产流规律的基础上,经过对人工模拟降雨试验中取得的产流各个环节(降雨、出流及土壤含水量变化)的数据的分析,建立了一个具有物理机制的简单的坡面产流模型。其中,使用Horton模型模拟入渗和地表产流过程,用水箱模型模拟壤中流过程。模型能够同时对降雨过程中的地表、地下出流和土壤含水量变化过程进行模拟。计算得到的产流总量的误差较小,但在变化过程线上存在一些差异。这些差异主要是由模型对实际情况的简化和假定、数学模拟的局限性、变雨强降雨过程的复杂性等因素引起的。这种分层组合的坡面产流模型对华北石质山区的上层超渗、下层蓄满的产流特征是可行的。本文所做的工作是对华北石质山区分布式水文模型的产流模块的初步尝试。     

LASCAM水文模型在流域生态水文过程研究中的应用——模型理论基础

LASCAM水文模型是一种大尺度分布式概念水文模型,介于高精度分布式水文模型和集总式经验模型之间,是基于亚流域空间单元建立的中等精度的分布式概念模型。LASCAM模型在亚流域空间单元定义了3个概念性土壤水库,在经验方程的基础上:①建立亚流域各土壤水库与亚流域生态特征(LAI)和气候(降雨)之间函数关系;②通过对亚流域的降雨-植冠截流过程、地表产流过程、表层入渗-亚表层产流过程、亚表层入渗过程的模拟,揭示降雨在亚流域的(地表和亚表层)径流和入渗等环节的再分配过程;③基于亚流域各土壤水库的水量(水位)建立了各土壤水库之间的水通量过程方程;④建立亚流域各库的蒸散发与生态特征(LAI)之间的函数关系模拟各库的蒸散发过程。最后,通过河道径流演算法则,并依据亚流域与流域总体之间的分布式关系,将各亚流域的径流汇总到整个流域,从而将亚流域空间的水文响应扩展到流域整体空间上,实现了大尺度异质性流域的水文过程和水量平衡模拟。     

基于河链结构和LUCC的分布式流域水文模型及径流响应

为了定量评估土地利用/覆被变化的水文水资源效应,并考虑流域水文效应的空间差异,提出考虑土地利用/覆被变化的分布式流域水文模型。该模型基于Shreve河链概念对流域河网进行单元划分,基于中国科学院土地资源分类系统的一级类型,将流域划分为6种不同土地利用及覆被变化类型;在每一类土地利用及覆被变化面积上,分别考虑蒸发和下渗的差异,并利用蓄满-超渗耦合产流模型计算该面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量;利用地貌汇流模型和线性水库模型将每类面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量演算至流域出口断面,从而得到流域的水文过程。模型参数包括流域地貌特征参数、产流参数和汇流参数,前者可以根据地理信息系统技术和遥感技术获得,而后者则需要根据流域的水文资料通过最优化方法求得。利用大理河流域1981—1990年的逐日降雨、蒸发及流量资料对该模型进行了参数率定和检验,率定期1981—1987年的水量平衡系数为0.993,年径流深合格率为100.0%;检验期1988—1990年的水量平衡系数为1.230,径流深合格率为66.667%,计算结果表明该模型在大理河流域具有良好的适应性。并以2000年大理河流域的土地利用/覆被状况为基准,计算得到流域的基准径流深为30.36 mm,并对大理河流域未来土地利用情况进行情景分析,为充分发挥小流域(或单元)水土保持措施带来的各种效益提供参考依据。     

华北山区坡地产流规律试验研究

人工模拟降雨是研究坡地产流规律的一种有效手段。在华北石质山区东台沟流域的5m×10m的坡面径流小区中,进行了13场不同雨强和历时的人工模拟降雨试验,并同步监测了降雨、地表径流、壤中流、风化带出流和土壤含水量。结果表明,各层出流过程均呈现起涨与回落迅速的特点;相比较而言,地表径流和壤中流的退水很快,而风化带出流的退水则相对缓慢。地表径流量是研究小区内总径流的主要组成部分,其占了总径流量的60%以上,在大雨强下甚至能超过90%。径流系数主要受雨强、降雨量、土壤前期含水量的影响,它们的多元线性回归关系式为琢=0.002P 0.182i 4.88Wa-0.821。地表径流、壤中流、风化带的出流滞时与降雨强度均符合幂函数关系。可将退水常数分为2层,计算得到地表径流退水常数为0.75,壤中流和基岩风化带出流的退水常数为0.94;研究区主要以超渗产流方式为主,可以用Horton模型来描述,在不同雨强下均监测到了约0.10mm/min的深层渗漏,该值可以认为是该区的稳定入渗率。     

基于SWAT模型的晋江流域土地利用变化对水文过程影响分析

为了进一步揭示晋江流域土地利用变化的水文效应,基于SWAT模型,分别模拟了1985年和2006年2种土地利用条件下,2002—2010年气象条件时的年、月水文过程,以定量分析土地利用变化对流域年、月的蒸散发、土壤剖面渗漏、地下径流和地表径流的影响。研究表明:与1985年土地利用相比,在2006年土地利用涵养水源能力较好的林草地减少了,而不透水面积的增加,降低了流域的降雨截留能力和土壤下渗能力,地表蒸散发量和地下水随之减少,而减小的水量则转为地表径流直接汇入河道,其中晋江全流域的蒸散发量、土壤渗漏量和地下径流量年平均减少11.86 mm、48.86 mm和25.62 mm,年平均减少幅度分别为2.23%、11.27%和16.69%,而地表径流量年平均增加76.06 mm,年平均增幅为26.12%;土地利用变化的水文过程效应与年内降水分布具有密切的关系,降雨量越小,蒸散发和地表径流的效应越显著,而土壤剖面下渗和地下径效应则相反。     

泥石流源区弱固结砾石土的渗透规律

泥石流源区砾石土的渗透过程是泥石流形成全过程中不可缺少的一个子过程，该研究对泥石流形成规律的认识和对泥石流汇流计算具有重要的意义。为此，笔者与日本学者一道选择蒋家沟支沟——大凹子沟的弱固结坡积物坡面做径流产流实验，实验区面积4000cm^2，实验用可控的头降雨，通过接收和量取超渗产流的量，判断土体是否达到稳定下渗，得出初始下渗率为0．55mm／min，参数口为0．56。通过下渗率与时间关系的曲线描述．建立泥石流源区砾石土的渗透方程，该方程可用物分析泥石流源区激发雨量过程的渗透规律，同时揭示泥石流源区产流过程地表径流的形成机理及其与流体能产生及流量的关系。通过大凹子沟1994-06-15-16日的降雨资料可计算出超渗产流为0．415mm／min．其总流量占泥石流总流量的17．8％。     

考虑土地利用/覆被变化的集总式流域水文模型及应用

为了定量评估土地利用／覆被变化的水文水资源效应，提出考虑土地利用／覆被变化的集总式流域水文模型。该模型基于中国科学院土地资源分类系统的一级类型，将流域划分为6种不同土地利用及覆被变化类型；在每一类土地利用及覆被变化面积上，分别考虑蒸发和下渗的差异，并利用蓄满一超渗耦合产流模型计算该面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量；利用地貌汇流模型和线性水库模型将每类面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量演算至流域出El断面，从而得到流域的水文过程。模型参数包括流域地貌特征参数、产流参数和汇流参数，前者可以根据地理信息系统技术和遥感技术获得，而后者则需要根据流域的水文资料通过最优化方法求得。利用无定河流域1980-2000年的逐日降雨、蒸发及流量资料对该模型进行了参数率定与检验，率定期1986-2000年的水量平衡系数为0．999，年径流深合格率为100．0％；检验期1980-1985年的水量平衡系数为0．953，径流深合格率为83．3％，计算结果表明该模型在无定河流域具有良好的适应性。对模型产汇流参数进行合理性分析，得出无定河流域不同土地利用类型蒸发能力的相对大小关系为耕地〉林地〉草地〉未利用土地。     

基于GIS和RS的喀斯特流域SCS产流模型应用

参数λ是SCS产流模型的一个重要参数,模型研究者将标准值λ=0.2作为模型的参数值。但模型参数没有考虑地貌类型对产流的影响,喀斯特地区不同地貌类型下地表坡度、土层厚度、地层岩性、基岩裂隙的发育程度等方面均存在很大差别,而这些因素都直接影响着流域的产流机制。在考虑地貌类型对喀斯特流域产流影响的基础上,通过率定不同地貌类型下的λ值对SCS模型进行改进。以GIS和RS技术作为获取流域地貌类型、土壤类型和土地利用方式等空间信息的主要手段,运用实测降雨径流资料对参数λ进行率定。由于喀斯特地区很少存在具有单一地貌的流域,仅靠实测数据很难确定各地貌类型的λ值,本文尝试通过对地貌结构与λ值关系的分析确定适合喀斯特流域的参数λ,从而建立起喀斯特流域SCS产流模型。模型在贵州平湖流域的应用结果表明,建立的喀斯特流域SCS产流模型的模拟精度较SCS产流模型有了很大提高,说明建立的喀斯特流域SCS产流模型比较合理,可以应用于喀斯特典型流域。     

HIMS模型参数的不确定性及其影响因素

模型参数的不确定性及影响因素分析对无资料流域水文预报具有重要意义。本文以澳大利亚3 个流域为例,采用GLUE方法分析HIMS模型参数的不确定性,在此基础上探讨流域物理属性对参数取值的影响。研究发现:① HIMS模型9个参数的不确定性都比较大,属于敏感参数;② 降雨量、森林覆盖度和表层土壤最大有效蓄水量大的流域,土壤蓄水容量W_sm取值大;土壤饱和导水率和森林覆盖度高的流域,产流系数R、r的取值较大;温度低、森林覆盖度小的流域,实际蒸散发系数ε取值大;易透水、森林覆盖度高的流域,马斯京根汇流系数C₂取值大。这些结论能为今后在无资料流域应用HIMS模型进行水文预报提供一定参考。     

基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统及应用

研制了一套基于栅格的分布式降雨径流模拟系统,利用流域地形、土壤、土地利用等空间数据和水文气象数据,可以进行流域特征提取、空间数据内插、降雨径流模拟及计算结果的三维动态显示和统计。通过在黄土岭流域的应用,说明该系统具有较好的模拟降雨径流过程的能力,而且使用方便。     

Infiltration on mountain slopes: a comparison of three environments

Water is well established as a major driver of the geomorphic change that eventually reduces mountains to lower relief landscapes. Nonetheless, within the altitudinal limits of continuous vegetation in humid climates, water is also an essential factor in slope stability. In this paper, we present results from field experiments to determine infiltration rates at forested sites in the Andes Mountains (Ecuador), the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA), and the Luquillo Mountains (Puerto Rico). Using a portable rainfall simulator–infiltrometer (all three areas), and a single ring infiltrometer (Andes), we determined infiltration rates, even on steep slopes. Based on these results, we examine the spatial variability of infiltration, the relationship of rainfall runoff and infiltration to landscape position, the influence of vegetation on infiltration rates on slopes, and the implications of this research for better understanding erosional processes and landscape change.Infiltration rates ranged from 6 to 206 mm/h on lower slopes of the Andes, 16 to 117 mm/h in the southern Appalachians, and 0 to 106 mm/h in the Luquillo Mountains. These rates exceed those of most natural rain events, confirming that surface runoff is rare in montane forests with deep soil/regolith mantles. On well-drained forested slopes and ridges, apparent steady-state infiltration may be controlled by the near-surface downslope movement of infiltrated water rather than by characteristics of the full vertical soil profile. With only two exceptions, the local variability of infiltration rates at the scale of 10° m overpowered other expected spatial relationships between infiltration, vegetation type, slope position, and soil factors. One exception was the significant difference between infiltration rates on alluvial versus upland soils in the Andean study area. The other exception was the significant difference between infiltration rates in topographic coves compared to other slope positions in the tabonuco forest of one watershed in the Luquillo Mountains. Our research provides additional evidence of the ability of forests and forest soils to preserve geomorphic features from denudation by surface erosion, documents the importance of subsurface flow in mountain forests, and supports the need for caution in extrapolating infiltration rates.     

潮河流域时变增益分布式水循环模型研究

在广泛了解有关分布式水文模型研究进展的基础上,结合中国实际资料条件和问题,提出了一种"水文循环机理-系统理论"相耦合的分布式水循环模型——时变增益分布式水循环模型(DTVGM),并建立了潮河流域分布式水文循环模型。实例研究表明,DTVGM的应用是比较成功的,基本上能够满足水资源管理的要求。     

Groundwater control on the suspended sediment load in the Na Borges River, Mallorca, Spain

Groundwater dominance has important effects on the hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of river systems. Low suspended sediment concentrations and high water clarity are expected because significant inputs of sediment-free spring water dilute the suspended sediment generated by storms. However, in many Mediterranean rivers, groundwater dominance is characterised by seasonal alternations of influent and effluent discharge involving significant variability on the sediment transport regimes. Such areas are often subject to soil and water conservation practices over the centuries that have reduced the sediment contribution from agricultural fields and favour subsurface flow to rivers. Moreover, urbanisation during the twentieth century has changed the catchment hydrology and altered basic river processes due to its ‘flashy’ regime. In this context, we monitored suspended sediment fluxes during a two-year period in the Na Borges River, a lowland agricultural catchment (319 km²) on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands). The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was lower when the base flow index (i.e., relative proportion of baseflow compared to stormflow, BFI) was higher. Therefore, strong seasonal contrasts explain the high SSC coefficient of variation, which is clearly related to dilution effects associated with different groundwater and surface water seasonal interactions. A lack of correlation in the Q-SSC rating curves shows that factors other than discharge control sediment transport. As a result, at the event scale, multiple regressions illustrate that groundwater and surface water interactions are involved in the sedimentary response of flood events. In the winter, the stability of baseflow driven by groundwater contributions and agricultural and urban spills causes hydraulic variables (i.e., maximum discharge) to exert the most important control on events, whereas in the summer, it is necessary to accumulate important volumes of rainfall, creating a minimum of wet conditions in the catchment to activate hydrological pathways and deliver sediment to the drainage network. The BFI is also related to sediment delivery processes, as the loads are higher with lower BFI, corroborating the fact that most sediment movement is caused by stormflow and its related factors. Overall, suspended sediment yields were very low (i.e., < 1 t km^− 2 yr^− 1) at all measuring sites. Such values are the consequence of the limited sediment delivery attributable to soil conservation practices, low surface runoff coefficients and specific geomorphic features of groundwater-dominated rivers, such as low drainage density, low gradient, steep valley walls and flat valley floors.     

零通量面方法的应用研究

本文分析了零通量面方法的理论基础,总结了多年应用的效果指出研制相应的仪器,改进计算方法,建立零通量面与气象、地下水位等环境要素的关系模式是今后研究的主要方向。     

卫宁平原包气带水分运移特征研究

降雨、灌溉入渗和潜水蒸发在卫宁平原地下水循环中有重要的作用。为了准确评价卫宁平原地下水垂向入渗补给量和蒸发量，通过设立中卫、中宁两个包气带原位试验点，观测期为2013年6月~2013年11月和2014年4月~2014年10月，获取了两个试验点不同埋深处的土壤水负压、温度、岩性及水分运移参数，并采用定位通量法计算试验点的地表蒸散发、入渗量和潜水面蒸发、入渗量。结果显示：在包气带岩性相同、灌溉期相同（7~10月）、总灌溉量相近条件下，作物的灌溉模式决定了灌溉对潜水的补给强度：玉米少次大量（150 mm·次^-1）灌溉对潜水的补给量为373.65 mm，远远大于茄子多次小量（50 mm·次^-1）的灌溉模式下的152.3 mm；而在包气带岩性相同、种植作物相同、灌溉模式不变的前提下，同时期潜水面净补给强度相近：中宁试验点2013年7~10月份潜水面净通量为32.88 mm，2014年同期为57.42 mm。在降雨情况或灌溉量较小（50 mm）的情况下，植被的生长会阻碍水分在包气带中的下渗；在灌溉量较大（100 mm和150 mm）的情况下，植被的生长会促进包气带水分的下渗。     

Analyzing Factors of Groundwater Potential and Its Relation with Population in the Lower Barpani Watershed,Assam, India

The study explored potential of groundwater in the Lower Barpani watershed of Assam, India. Ten site-specific groundwater factors in the watershed were assigned weights through analytical hierarchy process. The weighted factors were integrated to prepare groundwater potential zones in GIS environment. Results revealed that the northern and northwestern parts of the study area have high groundwater potential. Gentle slope, flood plain, monsoon rainfall and location of numerous wetlands were found to be the major factors of high potential of groundwater in these parts. Medium groundwater potential was found in the southern part of the watershed. High drainage density but comparatively steeper slopes, nature of rocks and low water table have made this part of the watershed to have medium potential for groundwater. Low groundwater potential zone was identified mostly in the southwestern parts of the study area. Steep slope, high rate of runoff and low permeability due to hard rocks were found to be the main factors of low groundwater potential in these parts. Validation of groundwater potential zones with water yield revealed a strong positive relationship. Density of population and groundwater potential were positively correlated, and about 93% variation (r² = 0.937) in density of population is explained by variation in groundwater potential. A linear correlation between groundwater zones and density of population suggests dependence of population on availability of groundwater. The methodology adopted in this study can be used for monitoring groundwater prospects for sustainable development and management of water resources in different geographical regions at various scales.     

Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic change in Lake Tanganyika: VIII. Hydrological evaluation of two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment

This study was conducted to delineate the impact of human activities on stream flow and water chemistry as well as other factors that influence the chemical character of both surface and groundwater in two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment. The study sites the Mwamgongo and Mitumba streams along the northern Tanzanian coastline of the lake are representative of disturbed and undisturbed watersheds, respectively, but are quite similar in other characteristics of slope, bedrock geology and size. Separation of stream flow components was undertaken using classical hydrograph analysis along with chemical methods using both Cl and ¹⁸O data. All the data show that groundwater accounts for the predominant source of total stream flow in both the Mwamgongo and Mitumba watersheds (65 and 70% respectively). The streams have an average ¹⁸O of about -3.0% and less than 10 mg/l for Cl. The basin recession constants of 9.4×10^-3-d^-1 and 9.6×10^-3-d^-1 for Mwamgongo and Mitumba, respectively, indicate existence of both fissured and fractured aquifer systems. The chemical data exhibit low values of all determined ions. This supported the hypothesis that natural processes influence the water chemical character of the study area. An Mg–HCO₃ type of water dominates in the two watersheds. Despite their similar size and bedrock character the Mwamgongo watershed has an order of magnitude in sediment transport than the Mitumba one. The data show that the disturbed watershed discharges less groundwater and more sediments, and has a poorer water quality than the forested Mitumba watershed, which lies within the Gombe National Park. The data show that soil erosion processes are more active at Mwamgongo, and that both the surface runoff component of the total stream flow and increased dissolved salt load is greater in the deforested Mwamgongo watershed than in the Mitumba watershed. The chloride and ¹⁸O data complemented each other in delineating the amounts of groundwater in the total stream flow as the results using both data differed insignificantly. It may be concluded that the undisturbed watershed has a higher retention of good quality water and traps more sediments than the disturbed one. In addition, the groundwater component plays a dominant role in the total annual stream flow at each watershed.     

Differential responses of hillslope and channel elements to rainfall events in a semi-arid area

The degree of hydrological connectivity of hillslope elements in a semi-arid climate was studied at the season and event timescales. Field data were obtained in Rambla Honda, a Medalus project field site situated in SE Spain, on micaschist bedrock and with 300 mm annual rainfall. The season timescale was assessed using correlation analysis between soil moisture and topographic indices. The event timescale was studied by a quasi-continuous monitoring of rainfall, soil moisture, runoff and piezometric levels. Results show that widespread transfers of water along the hillslope are unusual because potential conditions for producing overland flow or throughflow are spatially discontinuous and extremely short-lived. During extreme events, runoff coefficients may be locally high (ca. 40% on slope lengths of 10 m), but decrease dramatically at the hillslope scale (<10% on slope lengths of 50 m). Two mechanisms of overland flow generation have been identified: infiltration excess, and local subsurface saturation from upper layers. The former occurs during the initial stages of the event while the latter, which is quantitatively more important, takes place later and requires a certain time structure of rainfall intensities that allow saturation of the topsoil and the subsequent production of runoff. Hillslopes and alluvial fans function as runoff sources and sinks respectively. Permanent aquifers are lacking in Rambla Honda. Variable proportions of hillslope areas may contribute to flash floods in the main channel, but their contribution to the formation of saturated layers within the sediment fill is very limited.