中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价及其空间开发策略

从区位交通、资源环境、基础开发及经济社会四个方面出发,构建了中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价指标体系,运用模糊评价赋值与层次分析法,对中国冰川区32个地州市冰川旅游发展潜力进行了综合评估,提出了相应的空间开发策略。结果表明：（1）区位交通潜力较高地区集中于冰川进入性和通达性较好的省会城市及周边地州市,以及具有明显地缘优势的区域...     

Adaptation models of mountain glacier tourism to climate change: a case study of Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area

Mountain glaciers have an obvious location advantage and tourist market condition over polar and high latitude glaciers. Due to the enormous economic benefit and heritage value, some mountain glaciers will always receive higher attention from commercial media, government departments and mountain tourists in China and abroad. At present, more than 100 glaciers have been developed successfully as famous tourist destinations all over the world. However, global climate change seriously affects mountain glaciers and its surrounding environment. According to the current accelerated retreat trend, natural and cultural landscapes of some glaciers will be weakened, even disappear in the future. Climate change will also inevitably affect mountain ecosystems, and tourism routes under ice and glacier experience activities in these ecosystems. Simultaneously, the disappearance of mountain glaciers will also lead to a clear reduction of tourism and local economic benefits. Based on these reasons, this paper took Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area as an example and analyzed the retreat trend of a typical glacier. We then put forward some scientific and rational response mechanisms and adaptation models based on climate change in order to help future sustainable development of mountain glacier tourism.     

天山1号冰川旅游资源可持续利用初探

文章在分析1号冰川旅游资源禀赋，客源市场特征和发展旅游业优，劣势的基础上，着重考虑旅游基础设施建设，旅游活动以及其它生产，生活行为可能对冰川地的自然环境，生态环境，景观美学质量等产生的负面效应，并进行相应的旅游环境影响评价，由此提出1号冰川旅游资源可持续利用策略。     

冰川旅游研究进展与启示

冰川旅游是现代旅游活动的重要组成部分,对冰川区域的自然生态环境产生着重要影响。冰川分布偏远、进入性差、旅游活动专业性强等因素制约着该领域的深入研究,尚未形成系统性的理论研究体系。论文梳理了国内外冰川旅游相关研究成果,从冰川旅游的概念与内涵、冰川旅游资源开发与管理、冰川旅游发展效应、气候变化对冰川旅游的影响及应对等方面进行了总结,评述了国内外冰川旅游在研究时间、研究内容、研究方法上的差异,提出了冰川旅游研究的难点和突破口。在此基础上,提出冰川旅游研究应基于资源学和地理学科特点,以旅游地域的人地关系演化为着眼点,从冰川旅游的资源基础、景观价值评价与适宜性开发、冰川旅游发展模式、目的地管理与社区建设等方面构建研究框架,指导中国冰川旅游的可持续发展。     

1959年来中国天山冰川资源时空变化

基于两期冰川编目数据与气象数据,对天山1959年来冰川资源的时空变化特征进行研究。研究发现：① 天山地区现有冰川7934条,面积7179.77 km²,冰储量756.48 km³。冰川数量以面积< 1 km²的冰川居多,面积以1~10 km²和≥ 20 km²的冰川为主,冰川集中分布在海拔3800~4800 m之间。② 在四级流域中,阿克苏河流域冰川面积最大为1721.75 km²,面积最小的是伊吾河流域,为56.03 km²。在各市（州）中,阿克苏地区冰川资源量最多,其面积和储量分别占天山总量的43.28%和68.85%;冰川资源量最少的市（州）是吐鲁番地区,面积和储量仅占天山总量的0.23%和0.07%。③ 1959年来,天山地区冰川面积减少了1619.82 km²（-18.41%）,储量亏损了104.78 km³（-12.16%）,其中数量以< 1 km²的冰川减少最多,面积减少以< 5 km²的冰川最为严重。④ 冰川变化呈现明显的区域差异,变化速度最快的是天山东段博格达北坡流域,变化最慢的是中部的渭干河流域。初步分析认为夏季气温显著上升带来的消融大于年内降水带来的积累是天山冰川退缩的主要原因。     

中国积雪资源时空演变特征及其旅游开发关键区识别

积雪资源深刻影响着滑雪旅游的发展与布局,刻画中国积雪资源时空特征,识别旅游开发关键区,对中国冰雪旅游高质量发展具有重要意义。本文通过Mann-Kendall突变检验、热点分析、重要-感知实绩分析（IPA）等方法刻画中国1979—2020年积雪资源时空演变特征,构建资源稳定性-旅游开发适宜性指标体系,识别中国滑雪旅游开发关键区。结果表明：(1)中国积雪资源过去40年变化可划为3个阶段,1980—1995年（Ⅰ）积雪资源下降,1995—2010年（Ⅱ）增加,2010—2020年（Ⅲ）下降。在空间上,变化面积呈现Ⅰ-Ⅱ（33.2%）>Ⅱ-Ⅲ（31.1%）>Ⅰ-Ⅲ（29.3%）的特征;(2)中国积雪资源在月尺度上,1—3月（Ⅰ）积雪资源基本维持稳定,3—10月（Ⅱ）显著下降,10—12月（Ⅲ）恢复。在空间上,变化面积呈Ⅰ-Ⅲ（30.3%）>Ⅱ-Ⅲ（28.3%）>Ⅰ-Ⅱ（26.8%）的变化规律;(3)中国境内滑雪旅游开发极关键区面积占比为4.90%、关键区为11.69%、一般区为31.57%、不关键区为25.73%、极不关键区为26.11%,总体来看中国境内85%的区域不...     

非物质文化遗产资源旅游开发价值评价体系与应用——以苏州市为例

旅游开发提高非物质文化遗产的自我生存能力,使其摆脱濒危的困境,是非物质文化遗产保护与利用的重要方式。本文对非物质文化遗产资源旅游开发研究进行梳理,在此基础上,构建了非物质文化遗产资源旅游开发价值评价指标体系,即由资源禀赋条件、可展示与体验性、遗产地旅游发展条件3个方面的要素组成,并以非物质文化遗产资源富集的苏州为例,对省级以上非物质文化遗产进行了评价,共评出三级旅游资源3项、二级旅游资源16项、一级旅游资源29项。主要结论为：产品衍生性、展示适宜性、是否具备可观赏性、遗产保护情况决定了非物质文化遗产资源是否能够成为旅游资源;可展示与体验性决定了非物质文化遗产旅游资源的旅游开发价值水平高低。手工艺类、民俗类非物质文化遗产具有较高的旅游开发价值,民间文学、传统体育游艺与杂技和传统医药的旅游可开发性较差。本文构建的非物质文化遗产旅游开发价值评价体系可为旅游地进行非物质文化遗产资源筛选和旅游开发提供科学依据。     

基于GRNN模型与邻域计算的低丘缓坡综合开发适宜性评价——以乌蒙山集中连片特殊困难片区为例

土地资源是最重要的自然资源,低丘缓坡开发能够为土地资源紧张地区产业发展提供重要的资源保障,而土地开发适宜性评价则是开展低丘缓坡综合开发利用的基础性工作,其核心在于综合评定低丘缓坡未利用地开发的适宜类型及其程度。以乌蒙山集中连片特殊困难片区为例,本研究在明确界定低丘缓坡范围的基础上,构建了低丘缓坡耕地、建设用地开发适宜性评价指标体系并基于GRNN模型划分土地开发适宜性等级;重点关注集中连片土地开发的规模化效益,采用邻域算法对研究区低丘缓坡综合开发适宜性进行评价。研究结果表明,乌蒙山片区低丘缓坡土地开发潜力巨大,耕地、建设用地开发单宜区面积分别为31.37 万hm²和3.84万hm²,其中多宜区面积达1.79 万hm²;而考虑同现有用地类型及土地开发类型的空间邻接关系,基于规模效益原则综合权衡,多宜区中0.84 万hm²更适宜开发为耕地,0.69 万hm²更适宜用于建设用地开发,0.26 万hm²因空间孤立而不作为土地开发区;综合开发适宜性评价确定耕地、建设用地开发区面积分别为27.68 万hm²和2.21 万hm²。研究结果对于乌蒙山片区低丘缓坡综合开发具有重要的实践指导意义。     

1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川变化

基于修订后的中国两次冰川编目数据及2015-2016年Landsat OLI遥感影像,对冈底斯山1970-2016年的冰川时空变化特征进行分析,并利用相应时段的气温和降水数据,对冰川变化原因进行探讨,为全面认识冈底斯山在气候变暖背景下冰川的响应规律及区域水资源合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明：① 2015-2016年冈底斯山共有冰川3953条,面积1306.45 km ²,冰储量约58.16 km ³;冰川数量以面积< 0.5 km ²的冰川为主,面积则以介于0.1~5 km ²的冰川为主。② 1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川面积共减少854.05 km ²（-39.53%）,冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.09%/a,消融期气温升高是导致该山区冰川退缩的最主要原因。与中国西部其他山系冰川变化相比,冈底斯山是冰川退缩最为强烈的地区,且近年来冰川退缩呈加快趋势。③ 冈底斯山冰川面积减少主要集中在海拔5600~6100 m之间,海拔6500 m以上区域基本没有变化。除南朝向和东南朝向外,冈底斯山其他朝向冰川数量和面积均呈减少趋势,其中北朝向冰川面积减少最多,西北朝向冰川面积变化最快。④ 冈底斯山冰川面积变化自西向东呈加快趋势,其中东段冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.72%/a,中段次之（-1.67%/a）,西段仅为-0.83%/a。     

中国冰川旅游资源空间开发布局研究

在回顾中国冰川旅游的发展历程,分析冰川旅游发展的优劣势条件的基础上。按照"围绕地域空间结构、立足旅游资源特色、突出中心城市、依托交通干线、形成网络市场"的"点-轴系统"规划思路,提出了中国冰川旅游"十心、三带、五区"的空间开发结构。伴随着青藏铁路复线工程、川藏与滇藏铁路的规划设计,以及在西部跨省区合作项目"丝绸之路旅游带、青藏铁路旅游带、大香格里拉生态旅游圈总体规划"逐步实施的机遇下,中国将以其丰富而独特的冰川旅游资源,强烈地吸引国内外旅游者前来观光旅游。     

Research on the Suitability Evaluation of the Development and Utilization of Regional Selenium-rich Soil Resources and Spatial Zoning based on Niche Theory

Relying on the advantages of selenium-rich soil resources, the development of special selenium-rich agricultural industry is an effective measure to implement the rural revitalization strategy. This paper took Yuanzhou district as the research area, based on ecological niche theory, creatively determines the dominant and limiting factors of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization from three aspects of natural resources endowment, land use conditions and ecological protection, constructed the evaluation index system of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and ecological niche suitability index measurement model, and explored the suitability of regional selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and zoning. The research results show that: (1) The area suitable for exploitation of selenium-rich soil resources in the study area is 174658.4 ha, accounting for 68.83% of the total area, mainly distributed around Yuan River and in the central, northern, northwestern and northeastern areas of the study area. (2) Based on the evaluation results of the suitability of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and the development of related agricultural industries, the study area was divided into four functional zones of selenium-rich industrial development: core zone, key zone, development zone and radiation zone. The core zone and key zone are suitable for building selenium-rich agricultural industry demonstration area and selenium-rich products breeding production base, and the development zone and radiation zone can vigorously develop selenium-rich modern agriculture and selenium-rich recreation tourism, which will accelerate the development trend of multi-level and diversified selenium-rich industry in study area.This study can provide scientific, reasonable and feasible ideas and methods for the development and utilization of selenium-rich soil resources and the planning and development of selenium-rich industries in similar areas.     

嵩山旅游资源开发初探

中岳嵩山有着数千年的文明史，蕴藏着丰富的自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源。然而，认识上的误区导臻嵩山旅游开发与其丰富的资源极不相称，嵩山进一步开发旅游业的潜力巨大，文章通过分析嵩山的自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源优势。以及资源特色。区域性特征，找出了目前开发中存在的问题，提出了加强包装和宣传促销，作好开发规划并分步实施，建立合理的旅游结构和围绕嵩山特色，搞好优势资源开发，以独特之处吸引游客等建议。     

广西西津库区湿地旅游资源开发与保护

西津水库是广西最大的人工淡水湖。在野外考察的基础上，对该库区湿地旅游资源进行了评价。根据评价结果，针对库区湿地特殊的服务功能、提出对其旅游资源进行合理开发和保护的设想。结果表明：作为重要的自然生态环境和舒适性资源，该库库区湿地旅游资源类型丰富，生态旅游资源品位高，并具有后发优势，具较高的旅游开发价值．宜于发展以生态旅游为主题的生态观光、寻幽探险、水上娱乐、疗养健身、休闲度假、科学考察、商务会议、科普教育等形式的旅游。提出西津库区湿地旅游资源开发必须遵照可持续发展理念．把握人与自然和谐。，在保护的基础上．发展湿地旅游业．有利于更好地保护湿地．并促进当地经济社会的发展。     

云南省乡村旅游存在的问题与对策研究

云南省是一个多民族的边疆山区省份，乡村人口占总人口的73．4％，具有发展乡村旅游的潜在优势。在实地调查和查阅资料的基础上，从乡村旅游资源特点、发展存在的问题等方面进行较为全面的分析，得知：云南省具有和谐的乡村旅游景观、乡村人文景观风貌独特、乡村文化多样性等资源优势；在发展中存在乡村旅游分散且规模小、经营水平低、产品单一、旅游大环境差、少数民族文化的不断消失等问题。因此，今后的发展中要考虑乡村旅游的统一协调发展，在政府指导下支持乡村旅游的规模性开发，逐步健全法规体系，深化乡村旅游的产品，突出民族文化、气候、生态特色，提高经营者的素质，营造良好的乡村旅游大环境。     

林芝县域及邻近地区旅游资源综合评价

为全面了解该区旅游资源地位,确定旅游定位,合理,有效地开发,利用和保护该区旅游资源,从定性和定量两个层次五个方面对该区旅游资源进行了总结评价,得出了该区隶属二级旅游区的结论,确立了以科考,探险和研究为主的开发利用方向。     

南通海岸带滩涂开发类型选择与空间功能配置研究

海岸带滩涂开发类型选择与空间布局是海岸带综合管理研究的重要内容,对于促进海岸带可持续发展具有重要意义。以海岸带资源环境-社会经济条件与滩涂开发类型对应关系透视为基础,结合南通海岸带滩涂条件、开发类型演变和区域发展背景分析,提出该地区生态旅游、农业和港口–工业–城镇多元化的滩涂综合利用模式,集成适宜性评价与分区、多部门规划冲突与协调等方法,探讨了南通海岸带滩涂地区生态与旅游、农业和港工城等功能区的空间配置路径。南通海岸带地区三类空间适宜比例分别23.5%,32.7%和43.8%,可以作为海岸带综合管理政策制定的参考。     

武陵源风景区环境质量评估

武陵源风景区较突出的环境问题主要表现在大气环境质量降低、水质恶化、生物多样性受到威胁等问题。本文在实地调查和与专家访谈的基础上设计函调问卷 ,通过对函调问卷的综合分析 ,构建武陵源旅游区生态环境质量评价模型 ,对旅游区的旅游环境质量做出了评判。研究发现 ,尽管从总体上看 ,武陵源风景区自然生态环境、社会文化环境与旅游资源环境比较优越 ,但从评估的结果看 ,由于武陵源旅游区前期的开发力度过大 ,某些地方的无序开发已经导致了一系列的环境问题。有鉴于此 ,本文提出了武陵源风景区环境管理的具体建议。     

Map Comparison or Traditional Mass-balance Measurements: Which Method is Better?

A number of Norwegian glaciers were selected in the 1960s for long-term mass-balance measurements, to produce necessary hydrological information for hydropower exploitation. Special large-scale glacier maps were produced for field work and data processing, and some glaciers have been mapped more than once. Thus, comparison of glacier maps can be used to calculate changes in glacier volume for some of the glaciers, provided they are of sufficient accuracy.
Conventional mass-balance measurements were carried out on all the selected glaciers. A cumulative calculation of net balances for a series of years is used to indicate the change in a glacier's volume during that period. However, various errors originate in the field, some of which are systematic, particularly on glaciers with large winter accumulation.
The present study indicates that certain errors are difficult to define and determine, For the maritime glacier Ålfotbreen, a cumulative mass-balance calculation gives a positive total balance (+3.4 m water equivalent in the period 1968–88), whereas the map comparison indicates a total negative balance (−5.8 m water equivalent). This indicates a discrepancy between the methods, which must be accounted for.
Determination of errors in mass-balance measurements is difficult. Sinking of stakes in the accumulation area and the use of sounding sticks (steel probes) in heavy snowlayers cause problems.     

论西藏旅游产品的深度开发

旅游业的快速发展给西藏带来巨大的经济效益,也对西藏脆弱的生态环境和民族文化构成压力和挑战,如何使旅游业持续健康发展是西藏面I临的重大课题.通过对西藏旅游资源特征、旅游市场特点的分析,指出西藏旅游业发展面临的问题,据此提出西藏旅游产品的深度开发战略:优化旅游产品的空间布局和地域组合,构建复合型旅游产品体系,挖掘旅游资源的文化内涵,加快传统产品的升级,积极开发高品质、高附加值的特种、专项旅游产品等.     

Evaluation on glaciers ecological services value in the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Mountain glaciers, which perform a unique and irreplaceable ecological service, provide the material basis and characteristic cultural foundation of the ecological environment and sustainable socio-economic development in arid areas. However, few studies have estimated the service value of glaciers in regulating ecological environment and providing human welfare. According to the statistics of the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (FCGI/SCGI), this study analyzed the variations in glacier area and ice volume in the Tianshan Mountains in China and modeled the ecosystem service function of mountain glaciers. The service value per unit area and equivalent factor methods were combined to determine the annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area. The results show that: (1) In the period 1970–2010, the glacier area decreased by 1274 km² (the ratio of area shrinkage was 13.9%) and the annual average decrease in ice volume was 4.08×10⁹ m³. The increase in glacier area at high altitudes (> 5200 m) may be due to the fact that glacier accumulation caused by increasing precipitation is greater than glacier melting caused by rising temperatures. (2) The annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area is 60.2 billion yuan. The values of climate regulation, hydrological regulation, and freshwater resource supply account for 66.4%, 21.6%, and 9.3% of the total value respectively. The annual value of the ecological service provided by hydroelectric power is 350 million yuan. (3) From a comparative analysis of the glaciers, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems, the supply of freshwater resources/physical production and ecological regulation represent the main contributions of the four types of system, and the ecosystem service value of glaciers per unit area is higher than that of other types of ecosystem. This research will improve the understanding of the impact of glaciers on human welfare and maintenance of the ecological environment and will promote the ecological security of the cryosphere, environmental protection, and the sustainable use of resources.