库姆塔格沙漠梭梭群落特征研究

 在对库姆塔格沙漠植被调查的基础上，以天然梭梭为研究对象，从群落结构、分布和生长特性等方面研究了梭梭群落的结构特征及其自然生存规律。结果表明：沙漠南缘地带为梭梭群落的分布定居区。由于生境及地貌类型的不同，群落结构差异性较大。随着植被类型由东部山前荒漠草原向西部典型荒漠植被类型过渡，梭梭群落相对数量及相对盖度增大，由伴生种转化为建群种。水分是影响梭梭种群自然生长及更新的主导因素，成龄梭梭的生长差异性表现为河床梭梭优于滩地梭梭，沙地梭梭好于戈壁梭梭;小龄级梭梭幼苗主要分布在河床冲沟边缘附近，形成垂直河床的条带状定居格局;深居沙漠腹地的老龄梭梭已基本上衰败死亡，测定年代距公元1950年为(314±54)a。风沙作用使沙漠南移，梭梭出现衰败死亡与自然更新的演替过程。     

线形沙丘研究进展评述与展望

线形沙丘不仅是地球上沙漠地区分布最广的沙丘类型之一,在火星、土卫六和金星等外星球也存在或可能存在。因此,线形沙丘可能是具有大气层的类地行星上分布广泛的一种风沙地貌。线形沙丘分布广泛、形态多样,某一理论不能合理解释其所有特征及其形态动力学机理,使其成为争议最大的一类沙丘。近年来随着新技术和新方法在风沙地貌研究中的应用,线形沙丘研究取得了诸多重要进展。以不同的研究主题为线索,对线形沙丘界定及分类、分布、物质组成、内部沉积构造、侧向移动、形成年代和形成假说等7个方面的研究进展进行了总结与综述,并对线形沙丘未来的研究前景进行了展望,认为在未来研究中应注重野外观测与室内实验分析相结合、与外星球线形沙丘的类比研究和新技术的应用等。     

库姆塔格沙漠风沙活动特征

库姆塔格沙漠面积虽然较小,但其风沙地貌类型复杂,包含格状沙丘、复合型沙垄、金字塔沙丘以及"羽毛状"沙丘,其中"羽毛状沙丘"是该沙漠独特的沙丘类型,"羽毛状"沙漠也成了库姆塔格沙漠的代名词。以往对该沙漠风沙地貌的研究局限于遥感影像的判读或者理论分析,很少有实测数据的支持。近期对该沙漠的综合考察对该沙漠的风沙地貌有了新的认识。以建立在库姆塔格沙漠4个方位的5个气象站(测风站)的实测资料为基础,对库姆塔格沙漠近地层风况、风沙活动特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)库姆塔格沙漠近地层风向复杂,总体可分为两种基本类型风向的区域:沙漠西北和北面为两组风向,而东南和南边为三组风向。(2)库姆塔格沙漠风沙活动强烈,沙漠绝大部分区域属于中风能环境外,南部部分地区都属于低风能环境。(3)该区域的风沙地貌类型和近地层风向特征与合成输沙势方向吻合,年合成输沙势方向在沙漠的西北和北面为西南方向,在多坝沟地区,输沙方向为西北方向,在沙漠南面为东北方向。风向变率在0.3~0.8之间,属于中比率,风况特征属于钝双峰风况或锐双峰风况。年输沙量在0.53~1.14 t/m2之间。     

南极陨石与沙漠陨石的对比研究

南极冰盖和热带干旱－半干旱沙漠地区均有利于陨石样品的保存。到目前为止,已在南极约２５００ｋｍ２的蓝色冰区内回收了约１５０００块陨石。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠、西澳大利亚及美国新墨西哥州沙漠地区回收了约２０００块陨石。但由于两者的气候条件和保存陨石的环境不同,它们之间存在明显差异,南极陨石居地年龄大,风化程度低,地球污染小;沙漠陨石居地年龄小,风化程度高,地球污染大。南极和沙漠陨石的主要陨石类型的频率与已知降落的陨石相似,未观察到陨石类型通量随时间的明显变化,但在南极陨石中稀少和独特陨石类型的丰度较高,按其陨石来源将其划分为小行星陨石和行星陨石。新的和独特陨石类型的研究以及月球和火星陨石的研究有利于探索和了解早期太阳星云的连续化学分馏作用及月壳和火星表面的平均化学组成及其横向变化。     

河床过程类型及其形成

研究的出发点据对河床大地貌形态成因的研究得到下列认识。水流形成河床类型,其活动场所在谷底由于来沙堆积而形成河漫滩。     

旱麻岗沙漠风沙地貌发育与演化

旱麻岗沙漠位于腾格里沙漠南部,是腾格里沙漠的重要组成部分。目前对该沙漠几乎没有研究。旱麻岗沙漠最主要的地貌是风沙地貌和流水地貌,且近似南北方向平行相间排列。该沙漠主要的沙丘类型有新月形沙丘链、反向沙丘和灌丛沙丘,其中新月形沙丘链和反向沙丘分布在海拔相对高的区域,且呈条带状分布,而灌丛沙丘主要分布在冲沟内。旱麻岗沙漠的起沙风主要为西北风,其次为东南风。风能环境属于低等风能环境,合成输沙方向为282°~331°,方向变率为中等变率。流动沙丘表面平均粒径最大,其次为结皮下层和结皮表层;分选性与平均粒径有相似的规律。石羊河流域、祁连山东端的冲积-洪积物和湖相沉积为旱麻岗沙漠的形成与演化提供了重要的沙源。根据野外考察,结合以往研究成果,该沙漠的形成与演化可以概括为以下几个阶段:大湖期;湖水干涸期,在退水过程形成近似平行排列的小冲沟;沙漠形成与扩张期,流动沙丘覆盖整个区域;沙漠萎缩期,降雨量增加,沙漠萎缩,平行排列的冲沟宽度和深度增加,冲沟内的流沙随流水冲向下游,而冲沟间的沙丘仍然保留在原来的位置,形成现代的地貌格局。     

巴丹吉林沙漠及其高大沙山研究评述

亚洲内陆干旱化是国际古环境研究的热点问题。巴丹吉林沙漠是亚洲内陆第二大流动沙漠,拥有世界最高大的风积地貌——沙山,是亚洲内陆干旱化研究的重要载体。沙山的形成演化与其所在沙漠的环境变迁有关,且真实地记录了区域与全球的气候变化。沙山形成过程研究应从区域地质和环境演化入手。本文从地质演化、环境演化、沙漠沉积、沙漠水文、沙山地貌和沙山形成发育等6个方面阐述了有关巴丹吉林沙漠的高大沙山、沙漠湖泊和沙漠自身的形成演化。认为构造-气候事件是亚洲内陆干旱化的一级控制,地球运行轨道变化是二级控制。自新构造运动始至其趋缓,构造-气候事件始终是巴丹吉林沙漠环境气候的主控因素,地球运行轨道变化也起很大的作用。此时西风环流是中国北方沙漠带环境气候的主要驱动力。新构造运动趋缓后,地球运行轨道变化是中国北方沙漠带环境气候的主控因素,青藏高原对大气环流的影响逐渐显现,东亚季风环流是该地区环境气候的主要驱动力。古水说可以很好地解释沙漠湖泊水的来源问题,沙漠湖泊是通过浅层的地下水路依靠保存在地下的古水来相互补给的。宏观上沙漠湖泊是风蚀湖,高大沙山的维持与沙漠湖泊之间不存在必然的因果关系。风成说可以较好地解释沙山的成因。未来的重要研究方向之一是将沙山、沙漠及其演化一同进行研究,重建沙山和沙漠的演化历史,并探讨它们之间的关系。     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙地貌研究进展评述

古尔班通古特沙漠是中国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,也是中国境内受西风环流影响最明显的沙漠之一.本文简介古尔班通古特沙漠风沙地貌的研究历史,综述区域风况和输沙势特征、主要沙丘类型分布格局、风沙物质来源、沙丘粒度特征、沙漠环境演变和纵向沙垄发育模式以及现代沙丘动态变化等方面的研究进展,指出研究中存在的问题并展望未来研究方向.     

基于DEM的地球与火星格状沙丘对比分析

沙丘是柴达木盆地可类比火星的重要地貌类型,沙丘形态是类火星风沙地貌研究的重要内容。基于数字地形分析（DTA）的方法,采用高程、坡度、坡向及地表复杂程度4个地形计量学指标对火星（北极地区）和地球（柴达木盆地）格状沙丘的地貌形态特征进行定量对比分析。结果表明：（1）两个研究区的高程剖面、坡度、坡向的地理学空间分布格局具有较大相似性;（2）高程、高程梯度、坡度和坡向的直方图相似度指数均大于0.7;（3）不同尺度上的分形维数近似相等,即地表复杂程度相似。用数字地形分析与直方图相似度指数结合的方法,定量或半定量地分析两个研究区沙丘地貌形态的相似性,这对类火星风沙地貌研究中科学选择试验点是一种新的尝试,以期为反演火星风沙地貌的形成与演化提供科学依据。     

火星风沙地貌研究进展

作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。     

Evaluation of paleohydrologic models for terrestrial inverted channels: Implications for application to martian sinuous ridges

Fluvial systems can be preserved in inverted relief on both Earth and Mars. Few studies have evaluated the applicability of various paleohydrological models to inverted fluvial systems. The first phase of this investigation focused on an extensive (spanning  12 km) inverted paleochannel system that consists of four sandstone-capped, carbonate-cemented, sinuous ridges within the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation located southwest of Green River, Utah. Morphologic and sedimentologic observations of the exhumed paleochannels were used to evaluate multiple numerical models for reconstructing paleofluvial hydrological parameters. Another objective of the study was to determine whether aerial or orbital observations yield model results that are consistent with those constrained by field data. The models yield an envelope of plausible dominant discharge values (100–500 m³/s), reflecting the limitations of the approach, and no single model can be used to reliably estimate paleodischarge. On Mars, landforms with attributes consistent with inverted channels have been identified. In spite of differences in the formation history between these martian landforms and the terrestrial analog described here, including potential differences in cement composition and the erosional agent that was responsible for relief inversion, these numerical models can be applied (with modification) to the martian landforms and yield an envelope of plausible values for dominant discharge.     

长江口横沙通道近岸冲刷地貌形成机制

近岸河床的剧烈冲刷是引起岸坡失稳的主要原因之一。通过SeaBat 7125多波束测深系统对长江口近岸冲刷最为剧烈的横沙通道北口冲刷坑地貌进行测量,同时利用双频ADCP采集区域水流数据,结合历史海图资料,研究该冲刷坑演变过程及形成机制。结果表明：冲刷坑呈椭圆形,长约430 m,宽约150 m,最深处距床面约38 m;1984-2017年期间,冲刷坑附近河床经历了冲—淤—冲的演变模式,整体呈冲刷状态,净冲刷量3.45×10 ⁷ m ³,平均冲深4.68 m;2005年后冲刷坑快速发育,且持续向南延伸。这主要是因为长兴北沿圈围工程的建设减小该处弯道曲率半径,导致了侵蚀加剧。其次,青草沙水库的建设使得北港上中段深泓线发生偏移,横沙通道北口水动力增强,这也是快速冲刷的主要原因之一。另外,长江口深水航道工程、横沙东滩围垦、横沙通道两侧圈围工程及港口码头的建设也一定程度加剧了冲刷之势。由此可见,人类涉水工程活动是引起该处大型冲刷坑快速发育的主要驱动因素。     

山区河流阶阶梯-深潭研究应用进展

阶梯-深潭是大坡度山区河流常见而又十分重要的河床微地貌形态,河床常由一段陡坡和一段缓坡加上深潭相间连接而成,在河道纵向呈现一系列阶梯状.阶梯-深潭系统能有效耗散水流能量,控制河床侵蚀下切,并维持良好的河流生境和生态,因而是大坡度山区下切河流维持健康稳定的重要河床结构形态.20世纪80年代以来,国外对阶梯-深潭发育的环境...     

Anabranching in mixed bedrock-alluvial rivers: the example of the Orange River above Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

Anabranching is characteristic of a number of rivers in diverse environmental settings worldwide, but has only infrequently been described from bedrock-influenced rivers. A prime example of a mixed bedrock-alluvial anabranching river is provided by a 150-km long reach of the Orange River above Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Here, the perennial Orange flows through arid terrain consisting mainly of Precambrian granites and gneisses, and the river has preferentially eroded bedrock joints, fractures and foliations to form multiple channels which divide around numerous, large (up to 15 km long and 2 km wide), stable islands formed of alluvium and/or bedrock. Significant local variations in channel-bed gradient occur along the river, which strongly control anabranching style through an influence on local sediment budgets. In relatively long (>10 km), lower gradient reaches (<0.0013) within the anabranching reach, sediment supply exceeds local transport capacity, bedrock usually only crops out in channel beds, and channels divide around alluvial islands which are formed by accretion in the lee of bedrock outcrop or at the junction with ephemeral tributaries. Riparian vegetation probably plays a key role in the survival and growth of these islands by increasing flow roughness, inducing deposition, and stabilising the sediments. Less commonly, channels may form by eroding into once-continuous island or floodplain surfaces. In shorter (<10 km), higher gradient reaches (>0.0013) within the anabranching reach, local transport capacity exceeds sediment supply, bedrock crops out extensively, and channels flow over an irregular bedrock pavement or divide around rocky islands. Channel incision into bedrock probably occurs mainly by abrasion, with the general absence of boulder bedforms suggesting that hydraulic plucking is relatively unimportant in this setting. Mixed bedrock-alluvial anabranching also occurs in a number of other rivers worldwide, and appears to be a stable and often long-lived river pattern adjusted to a number of factors commonly acting in combination: (1) jointed/fractured granitoid rock outcrop; (2) erosion-resistant banks and islands; (3) locally variable channel-bed gradients; (4) variable flow regimes.     

丽江市经济发展与环境污染水平的关系

以废水排放总量、废气排放总量以及固体废弃物储存总量表征环境污染的综合水平,研究丽江市经济发展与环境污染水平之间的关系。结果表明:1994~2007年丽江市环境污染状况随经济增长呈现波动变化,环境库兹涅茨曲线大体呈现"倒U形+U形"的变化特征。其中"倒U形"的峰值出现在1998~1999年人均GDP为2000~3000元之间,"U形"的低谷出现在2001~2002年人均GDP为3000~4000元之间。进一步分析工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量、工业固体废物贮存量等单项指标的环境库兹涅茨曲线,分别呈现"U形曲线的下降阶段"、"U形曲线的上升阶段"和"倒U形+U形+倒U形"特征,即M形。分析表明,上述环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,与污染物排放量、产业结构变动、环境保护投资力度、环保政策等有密切的关系。     

The Tsenkher structure in the Gobi-Altai, Mongolia: Geomorphological hints of an impact origin

The Tsenkher structure, in the Gobi-Altai region of Mongolia, was studied using a wide array of remote sensing data and field observations. The structure has a shallow, 3.6 km wide, central depression bordered by a near-circular ridge (putative crater rim) with breaches to the northwest. The central depression is obliterated partially by fluvial infill through these breaches. Outside the ridge, the western side is a rugged terrain, but the eastern half is characterized by a concentric outer ridge that occurs at about one radius distance from the inner ridge. Although intrusion, salt tectonics and maar crater hypotheses cannot be completely ruled out, its morphology strongly implies an impact origin for the Tsenkher structure. If of impact origin, it has a well-preserved morphology and its position in the basin fills indicates that the formation may have occurred relatively recently, sometime during the late Tertiary or Quaternary. The outer ridge morphology is similar to rampart craters on Mars, whose formation has been attributed to fluidization of a water-rich target layer and ejecta materials, or to atmospheric entrainment and deposition of ejected materials. However, other hypotheses including erosional remnant of ejecta blanket, erosional scarp of structural rim uplift, multi-ring or deeply eroded crater rim of a peak-ring crater are also possible at this stage. A complex fluvial and probable lacustrine history is envisaged within the Tsenkher structure. The structure is also associated with archaeology, including Paleolithic and Bronze Age remains.     

Paleolakes on Mars

Observational evidence such as outflow channels and valley networks suggest that in the past there was flowing water on Mars. The images of fluvial features on Mars logically suggest that there must exist downstream locations in which the water pooled and the sediment load deposited (i.e. lakes). Sediments and morphological features associated with the martian paleolakes are believed to occur in Valles Marineris, and several large basins including Amazonis, Chryse and Elysium planitia. As Mars became progressively colder over geological time, any lakes on its surface would have become seasonally, and eventually perennially ice-covered. We know from polar lakes on Earth that ice-covered lakes can persist even when the mean annual temperature falls below freezing. Thus, the most recent lacustrine sediments on Mars were probably deposited in ice-covered lakes. While life outside of the Earth's atmosphere has yet to be observed, there is a general consensus among exobiologists that the search for extraterrestrial life should be based upon liquid water. The inference that there was liquid water on Mars during an earlier epoch is the primary motivation for considering the possibility of life during this time. It would be of enormous interest from both an exobiological and paleolimnological perspective to discover lakes or the evidence of former lakes on another planet such as Mars. Limnology would then become an interplanetary science.     

中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化

在分析世界集装箱运输发展及集装箱网络构成的基础上，指出在海上集装箱运输发展过程中枢纽港与支线港的分离，干线航线与支线航线的形成是集装箱运输发展的必然结果；在陆上，集装箱中转站的分级是集装箱运输发展的客观要求，因此集装箱运输在发展的过程中形成了独特的空间运输网络体系。中国集装箱运输的快速发展在客观上要求合理布局与优化整个集装箱运输网络，在建立了中国集装箱运输GIS系统基础上，提出了中国集装箱港口及集装箱中转站的优化布局，同时提出了在港口与中转站布局基础上形成的中国集装箱运输几个重要运输通道。最后从经济发展对集装箱运输的客观要求出发，用模糊数学的方法，选择典型地区对集装箱运输通道进行不同约束条件下的评价。