Regional vertical tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean

Summary. New gravity observations from a systematic survey of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and from a reconnaissance land survey in Central and Western Turkey have been compiled with existing data. Lack of sufficient geological and geophysical information precludes an analysis of the local anomalies or crustal structure; however, implications of the topography and gravity field at long wavelengths have been examined. Negative free-air anomalies characterize almost the entire Eastern Mediterranean basin and positive anomalies predominate in Turkey and the Aegean Sea. The change in sign coincides with the northern boundary of the African plate, and the wavelength and amplitude of the gravity variation are of the order of 1000 km and 100 mgal respectively. The lithosphere is probably unable to support such anomalies because the implied shear stresses are too large. The source of the anomalies is concluded to be in the asthenosphere where the low finite strength of material suggests that some sort of flow must exist to maintain the stresses. A good correlation is observed between the gravity and topography at wavelengths greater than 300 km; and the relationship is the same as that observed in the North Atlantic and the Central Pacific, as well as that computed for simple models of mantle convection. The gravity and topography of the Eastern Mediterranean can be explained in terms of flow in the upper mantle. This is the first region of subsidence for which this interpretation has been made.     

CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND TEMPERATURE FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE SNOW COVER ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

Weekly snow cover areas, derived from the NOAA/NESS Northern Hemisphere Digitized Snow and Ice Cover Data Base, were correlated with weekly temperature anomalies across the United States and with weekly 700-mb geopotential heights over the North American sector. The correlations were computed for snow cover across the entire North American continent as well as the western and eastern United States for the winters 1966–67 through 1979–80. Extensive snow cover is associated with negative temperature anomalies across most of the continental United States. The strongest relationship occurs along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian border to the central Great Plains and reflects the southward movement of cold arctic air masses toward the Gulf of Mexico. An anomalous trough over the western part of North America is responsible for extensive snow cover in the winter. The surface storm track is displaced southward during winters with heavy snow cover, with cyclones occurring more frequently in the southern Plains and southeastern United States. Moist Gulf of Mexico air advected northward by the southerly flow aloft is an important prerequisite condition for the occurrence of extensive snow cover in the eastern United States during the first half of winter.     

近20 a塔城地区暖区暴雪环流分型及成因分析

选用2000—2019年11月—次年3月塔城地区7个国家气象观测站逐日降水、温度、常规地面和高空观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）再分析资料,确定近20 a塔城地区暖区暴雪天气过程并进行分析。结果表明：（1） 塔城地区暖区暴雪发生于塔额盆地的塔城站、裕民站和额敏站,塔城站出现频次最多;时间分布上,11月和12月出现暖区暴雪的频次最高,且主要集中在11月中旬—12月上旬,1月次之,2月最少。（2） 塔城地区暖区暴雪分为3类：低槽前部型、横槽底部型和西北急流型,地面低压为西方和西北路径。低槽前部型是最典型的暖区暴雪形势,主要出现在11月—12月上旬,发生在西西伯利亚低槽前部锋区与南支中纬度短波槽汇合区,地面低压为西北路径;横槽底部型主要出现在11月—次年1月,发生在极锋锋区底部偏西气流和中纬度暖湿西南气流汇合的强锋区中,地面低压为西方路径;西北急流型主要出现在11—12月,发生在极锋锋区西北气流中,地面低压为西北路径。（3） 500~300 hPa强西北或偏西急流、700 hPa偏西低空急流、850 hPa暖式切变的叠置区与暖区暴雪落区一致,低槽前部型和西北急流型为锋前暖区产生暴雪,横槽底部型为低压右前部暖锋锋生产生暴雪。（4） 低槽前部型和横槽底部型的水汽均为偏西路径,来自地中海、阿拉伯海的水汽经里海、咸海增强后向暴雪区输送;西北急流型有偏西和西北2条水汽输送路径,来自高纬度巴伦支海的水汽与来自中低纬度里海、咸海、地中海、阿拉伯海的水汽在巴尔喀什湖附近汇合后向暴雪区输送,较强的水汽输送伴随低层明显的水汽辐合,强辐合中心位于850~700 hPa之间。     

“8.25”曲靖突发局地大暴雨的中尺度系统特征分析和数值模拟

“8.25”曲靖突发性局地大暴雨,在近30年来8月强降雨中是罕见的。采用Barnes带通滤波方法分离出中尺度天气系统表明,500hPa上的中尺度低压扰动系统和700hPa上的中尺度低涡是产生这次暴雨天气过程的直接的天气系统。在潜在不稳定条件下,由于中尺度系统的扰动,局地水汽强烈辐合,造成了此次强降水。同时中尺度数值模式MM5结果很好地模拟了这次局地暴雨过程的落区、雨强以及发生和发展。强降水发生时有强的上升运动与深厚饱和气柱互耦结构是富源、马龙大暴雨产生的重要动力机制。师宗站上升运动主要出现在对流层中高层,降雨量与上述两站相比要小得多。深对流气柱内云团发展的微物理结构显示,造成富源大暴雨的强对流云不是只含有云水和雨水的暖云云体,在对流层高层有含有雪和冰的混合相云体。马龙暴雨的强对流云团的微物理结构上在对流层中低层与富源云团性质一样,同属暖云云体,但云水合比和雨水混合比均比富源云团小,在对流层高层马龙云团为仅含有雪的单一云体。师宗云团与上述两站均不同,雨水混合比在3者之中最小,产生强降水的主要是对流层高层含有雪和冰的混合相云体。     

青海南部牧区前冬积雪变化及其预测的关系模型研究

利用1961-2008年青海南部牧区地面气象观测资料、74个环流特征量和北半球500 hPa高度场网格点资料,整理了地表积雪序列和雪灾年表,并对积雪的变化趋势和雪灾发生的机理进行了研究。结果表明,1961-2008年青南牧区共有16 a发生积雪灾害,占总年数的33.33%。在4 450 m以下,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而增加,在4 451 m以上,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而减小。典型多积雪年新地岛地区的冷空气偏强、高原低值系统活动偏多,新地岛的冷空气容易沿偏西北路径侵入青南高原与高空槽前的暖湿空气汇合,形成云雨的物理条件充分,降雪多、积雪厚。典型少积雪年环流形势与上述基本相反。10-12月北美区极涡面积偏大和欧亚经向环流偏强、10月欧亚经向环流偏强、11月大西洋欧洲环流型E型日数偏多、12月大西洋副高北界位置偏北均有利于前冬青藏高原高度场的偏低和青南牧区累计积雪量的偏多。这些环流因子在相反的配置下,容易导致青南牧区累计积雪量的偏少。前冬模拟预报方程对典型多积雪年和1993年以来的积雪变化趋势全部预测成功。     

Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Intra-Americas Sea: Hurricane Cindy (2005)

The tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) of Atlantic Hurricane Cindy (2005) was investigated to study environmental conditions preceding mesoscale vortex development in the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS; i.e., the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) using the ERA-Interim Reanalysis pressure level data. Major findings include that the development of a mesoscale vortex occurred downward over Central America due to 600 hPa level enhanced winds downstream of southeasterly winds from northern South America, triggering Cindy's TCG in a few days. The contribution of midlevel enhanced winds should be noted as a potential precursor of other TCGs in the IAS.     

西藏高原不同时段雪灾的空间分布及大气环流特征

利用西藏高原38个气象站自建站以来至2008年的10月至翌年4月逐日积雪资料,依据积雪深度和积雪持续日数两项要素组合的雪灾等级指标,分析了前冬、隆冬和春季3个时段西藏高原不同等级雪灾空间分布。结果表明：主要有3个雪灾发生高频中心区,即以聂拉木为中心的喜马拉雅山脉中段区、以嘉黎为中心的那曲地区中东部区及以错那为中心的喜马拉雅山脉东段区;在时段上雪灾主要出现在前冬和隆冬,春季最少,但在前冬和隆冬雪灾频率分布有较大的空间差异;喜马拉雅山脉中段区、阿里地区、那曲站以中灾和重灾为主。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均高度场数据,对区域性雪灾异常年和无雪灾年进行了合成分析,结果表明:前冬和隆冬北半球500 hPa中高纬环流非常相似,自大西洋东海岸向东至西太平有显著的“+-+-”波列,而春季中高纬从欧洲西部为“-+-+-+”波列;3个时段欧洲大陆长波槽脊异常加强,经向环流发展;前冬和隆冬欧亚大陆高度距平场为西高东低,春季正好相反;雪灾年与无雪灾年极涡、乌拉尔山高压脊、贝加尔湖高压脊和北美大槽的强度、位置有较大的差异,而东亚大槽只是春季有所差别外其他时段不明显。     

西北地区春季多雨与少雨年的高空环流特征

对西北地区1961—2000年119个气象站的春季降水,分析了其空间分布和时间变化及其多雨与少雨年的500 hPa高度场、OLR场、700 hPa风场、湿度场。结果表明:多雨年中纬度500 hPa春季高度距平场东正西负,东亚大槽弱,欧洲低槽强,700 hPa春季矢量风距平场非洲至欧洲、西伯利亚海和菲律滨海盆为辐散区,印度和中国西北地区为辐合区,北半球欧亚700 hPa春季比湿距平场正中心位于阿拉伯海到孟加拉湾和长江流域,OLR主要负距平中心在东南沿海和孟加拉湾,西北地区亦为负距平,主要正距平中心在西太平洋。少雨年500 hPa春季高度距平场西正东负,中亚到新疆的高压脊强,东亚槽偏强,700 hPa春季矢量风距平场欧洲、西西伯利亚、泰国为辐合区,中国西北地区为辐散区,700 hPa春季比湿距平场正中心位于孟加拉湾和菲律宾海盆,OLR负距平中心在东南沿海—青藏高原北—新疆北部,西北地区亦为正距平,主要正距平中心在西太平洋。     

Bimodal electromagnetic induction in non-uniform thin sheets with an application to the northern Pyrenean induction anomaly

In order to handle the distortion of large-scale induced electric currents by local conductivity anomalies, the problem of electromagnetic induction in non-uniform thin sheets has been reformulated in terms of an integral equation over the anomalous domain. This formulation considers in the layered substratum in addition to toroidal currents also the poloidal current mode (vertical current loops), at the expense that two scalar functions have to be determined. Simple formulas for the required kernels are derived. The algorithm is applied to model the gross features of the northern Pyrenean induction anomaly. It is suggested that this pronounced anomaly results from a conductive channel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.     

曲靖“2·6”寒潮诊断分析

2004年2月6日发生在云南省曲靖市的大-暴雪是近年来较强的一次降雪天气过程。现用Micaps实时资料,对2004年2月6日曲靖地区发生大-暴雪时的主要影响系统、垂直速度、散度、水汽通量散度等物理量特征进行分析,发现500hPa图上中高纬为稳定的两槽一脊,这种形势有利于源源不断的冷空气南下;700hPa图上有明显强劲的低空急流,有水汽输送带。大量水汽和不稳定能量,配合高空槽、切变线和低空急流是造成此次降雪的主要因素,其次冷暖空气的交汇是此次降雪过程的必要条件。这些结论的发现为认识和预报曲靖此类天气可提供参考依据。     

南极长城站积雪及其消融过程

南极长城站区稳定积雪期始于4月中至6月初,8月中至10月达最大深度。1988年沿海地带一般积雪深度为0.6～0.8m,低洼处及建筑物附近可达1.2～1.6m,甚至超过1.8m;潮汐带雪盖下部温度受海冰影响普遍偏低;11月底至来年1月初的消融过程中,积雪表层常常处于相变区,雪层底部温度比冰点低0.02℃,融水下渗形成雪盖下部潜流;积雪相态及其温度变化与大气-雪感热通量的变化过程相对应,大气-雪感热交换是积雪消融的重要因子之一。     

2005年北极冰川首期GPS监测

2005年7月至8月,中国北极黄河站第二次科学考察期间,科考队员针对黄河站附近首次队踏勘选定的两条典型冰川(AustreLov啨nbreen和Pedersenbreen),开展了以监测冰川物质平衡和冰川运动为主要内容的研究课题。本文分析了利用差分GPS进行北极冰川运动监测的可行性和优越性;初步处理了首期GPS监测的数据,并进行了精度分析,得出了较为满意的结果;针对北极冰川特殊的地理环境,探讨了在北极冰川上进行GPS测量应该注意的问题。     

A study of the climatic system in the Barents Sea

The climatic conditions in the Barents Sea are mainly determined by the influx of Atlantic Water. A homogeneous wind-driven numerical current model was used to calculate the fluctuations in the volume flux of Atlantic Water to the Barents Sea which are caused by local wind forcing. The study period is from 1970 to 86. When compared with observed variations in temperature, ice coverage, and air pressure, the results show remarkably good agreement between all three parameters. The climate system of the Barents Sea is discussed with emphasis on the interrelations and feedback mechanisms between air, sea, and ice.     

The gravity field of a dipping plate in Greece

Summary. The surface gravity anomalies for a three-dimensional density model of a dipping lithospheric plate under the Aegean island arc and the Aegean Sea in Greece in the eastern Mediterranean Sea have been calculated. Such a dipping plate has been suggested in geophysical investigations. The calculated gravity maximum over the dipping plate is located in the area of the largest observed Bouguer anomalies inside the island arc. It is suggested that this should be taken into account in studies of crustal structure and gravity in the area.     

青海南部冬季积雪和雪灾变化的特征及其预评估

利用1961-2003年青海南部牧区气象台站观测的气温、降水、积雪资料,用气候诊断方法分析了该地区积雪等气候要素的年代际演变特征以及雪灾变化的成因。结果表明:20世纪60-90年代冬季,青南牧区中雪和大雪出现的站次以及雪灾出现的站次有逐步增多的趋势,降雪量和地表平均积雪量每10 a分别增加1.454 mm、9.861cm,单站积雪量在4 100 m左右的高度上增加比较明显,冬季降雪和积雪增加的趋势和新疆完全一致。典型多(少)雪年500 hPa高度距平场高原西部与中国东部地区为“- ”(“ -”)型。未来10 a冬季积雪增多的趋势仍将维持,雪灾发生的几率仍然偏大。     

青藏高原腹地多年冻土区地表反照率的季节变化及主要影响因子

准确获取青藏高原地表反照率的季节变化特征对高原地表能水循环研究具有重要意义。本文利用青藏高原多年冻土区西大滩和唐古拉2007年的气象及辐射数据,运用相关分析方法研究了太阳高度角、积雪及活动层冻融过程对地表反照率变化的影响。结果显示:冷暖季降雪过程中地表反照率的变化差异较明显;地表无积雪覆盖期间,地表反照率与气温和表层土壤含水量呈反相关关系。利用多元回归分析法构建了以积雪日数和气温为影响因子的月均地表反照率计算回归方程,经检验与观测值对比平均相对误差为7.1%,可用于青藏高原北部地表反照率的估算。     

欧亚秋季雪盖与北半球冬季大气环流的联系

利用NOAA 提供的1973-2004 年32 年欧亚雪盖面积资料和NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料, 采用相关和合成方法对比分析了欧亚秋、冬季雪盖与北半球冬季大气环流的关系,得到了一个观测事实: 欧亚秋季雪盖与后期冬季北半球中高纬大气环流存在显著的相关关系, 尤其是与北半球冬季大气环流的最主要模态北极涛动(AO) 或北大西洋涛动(NAO) 呈显著的负相关关系, 而且欧亚秋季雪盖面积与后期冬季北半球大气环流的关系比欧亚冬季雪盖与同期大气环流的关系更好。最后提出了一个联系欧亚秋季雪盖与冬季大气环流的可能原因: 欧亚秋季雪盖异常可能是导致后期冬季北半球大气环流变化的一个主要强迫因子。     

近10 a中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水环境场分析

为更好地把握中亚低涡造成新疆短时强降水天气过程的机理特征,为新疆短时强降水预报预警提供参考和依据,利用FNL资料、探空资料等,运用天气学原理、动力诊断分析方法等,研究了中亚低涡系统不同部位发生的三类短时强降水的环境场特征及环流配置。结论表明：（1）短时强降水发生在500 hPa中亚低涡前部西南气流下为最多。（2） A指数在新疆地区短时强降水降水预报中意义不大。（3）中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水天气的配置一般属于高空冷平流强迫类。（4）三类短时强降水形势配置的共性：在低涡背景下,对流层中高层都有显著气流存在,低空有切变线存在,近地面往往有辐合线,700 hPa左右往往有湿舌。异性：第I类短时强降水湿度条件较好,第Ⅱ类短时强降水高低空温差较大,第Ⅲ类短时强降水垂直风切变较强。     

Crustal and upper-mantle structure in the Eastern Mediterranean from the analysis of surface wave dispersion curves

The dispersive properties of surface waves are used to infer earth structure in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Using group velocity maps for Rayleigh and Love waves from 7 to 100 s, we invert for the best 1-D crust and upper-mantle structure at a regular series of points. Assembling the results produces a 3-D lithospheric model, along with corresponding maps of sediment and crustal thickness. A comparison of our results to other studies finds the uncertainties of the Moho estimates to be about 5 km. We find thick sediments beneath most of the Eastern Mediterranean basin, in the Hellenic subduction zone and the Cyprus arc. The Ionian Sea is more characteristic of oceanic crust than the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean region as demonstrated, in particular, by the crustal thickness. We also find significant crustal thinning in the Aegean Sea portion of the backarc, particularly towards the south. Notably slower S -wave velocities are found in the upper mantle, especially in the northern Red Sea and Dead Sea Rift, central Turkey, and along the subduction zone. The low velocities in the upper mantle that span from North Africa to Crete, in the Libyan Sea, might be an indication of serpentinized mantle from the subducting African lithosphere. We also find evidence of a strong reverse correlation between sediment and crustal thickness which, while previously demonstrated for extensional regions, also seems applicable for this convergence zone.