西北内陆河流域典型生态系统通量数据空间代表性研究

涡度通量数据的空间代表性问题是影响其数据质量不确定性的重要原因。选取了我国西北地区具有代表性的四个通量观测站生长季数据,采用FSAM模型对各站点通量贡献源区范围以及通量贡献最大值点进行了计算,给出了在不稳定与稳定两种大气层结条件下各站点源区的主要分布范围(P=80%):盈科站源区范围相对最小(90~200 m);阿柔站源区范围约为(120~140 m);关滩站源区范围约为(500~600 m);敦煌站源区范围约为(140~280 m)。同时结合各站点仪器架设高度以及不同的下垫面生态环境等因素,对通量源区的变化进行了初步分析,仪器的架设高度直接影响涡度源区范围;不同的下垫面生态环境形成不同的近地面湍流状态进而对通量源区的分布产生间接影响。结果表明各站点观测的通量信息基本均来源于所感兴趣的研究区域。     

珠海凤凰山林地下垫面观测通量的贡献区分析

根据安装在珠海凤凰山亚热带常绿阔叶林区内的陆―气相互作用与碳通量观测塔观测数据,利用K-M模型计算了对应时刻的通量贡献区,分析得到不同大气稳定度、不同季节、不同时刻下通量贡献区分布的变化规律。提出一种切实可行的评价地表均一性的标准,即计算每个子区域表面积与其地表投影区域表面积的比值,以此确定K-M 模型对该站点的适用性。结果表明：通量贡献区范围的分布,在大气稳定度＞0.1 的情况下与主风向分布范围相近,而在大气稳定度＜-0.1 的情况下与主风向分布范围不完全一致。在冬季,通量贡献区主要分布在北部和东部方向;在季风爆发前的春季,通量贡献区分布和冬季大体相近;在季风爆发后的春季和夏季,通量贡献区在西南方向和东南方向较为集中,这一规律和风速风向的分布规律一致。对于日变化来说,在夜间通量贡献区范围大于白天,其中贡献区最大范围多出现在夜间,但随着季风的爆发,贡献区最大范围出现的时间从T 02:00左右推迟到T 04:00 左右,这可能是由不同季节大气达到最稳定的时段不同所致。贡献区范围最小的情况出现在T 07:00―09:00 之间,这段时间往往也是湍流活动性最强的时段。     

科尔沁梯级生态带大孔径闪烁仪与涡动相关仪观测显热通量间的尺度关系

利用2017年内蒙古科尔沁沙地梯级生态带上涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪的观测数据，借助解析足迹模型计算的源区，探究荒漠化地区复杂下垫面上涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量之间的差异和关系。结果表明：不论哪个风向上，农田是占研究区LAS源区比重最大的下垫面类型；不同风向、不同下垫面种类上LAS源区面积、各站点涡动源区面积均不同；不同下垫面EC观测的显热通量（H）与LAS观测值相关性不同，各EC与LAS观测值间的R²普遍偏低；H_LAS和H_EC聚合拟合程度较好，拟合系数为1.179 8，两者间具有较好的尺度相互转化关系。LAS观测数据偏大、能量闭合问题、非研究类型下垫面占比、数据的选择时段是影响二者相关性的原因。     

沙漠绿洲不同下垫面夏季能量收支对比分析

利用"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验"2005年在甘肃金塔不同下垫面的观测资料,对绿洲、戈壁和沙漠不同下垫面夏季辐射和地表能量收支及闭合特征进行了全面的时空对比分析,结果表明:(1)不同下垫面太阳向下短波辐射没有明显差距,地面短波向上辐射差别较大,大气长波向下辐射变化较小,地表长波辐射差异显著.另外,地表吸收辐射戈壁沙漠日变化较绿洲显著.(2)沙漠与戈壁各通量特征相似,而与绿洲上的有很大差异.(3)能量通量测量存在明显的不确定性:影响能量通量不闭合的原因,主要是超声和土壤热通量的测量误差.     

夏季不同天气背景条件下黑河中游不同下垫面的辐射特征

 利用2005年“绿洲系统能量水分循环观测实验”（JTEX）获得的资料分析了夏季晴天和阴天西北干旱区金塔绿洲不同下垫面的辐射收支特征。结果表明:由于下垫面的水热特性不同,绿洲与沙漠、戈壁的辐射特征有很大差异,而沙漠和戈壁的差异则较小。相同天气背景条件下,不同下垫面的向下辐射基本一致,绿洲的向上辐射最小,净辐射最大。地表辐射特征会随天气状况有较大变化。     

中山站地区大气边界层结构和湍流通量的输送特征

本文根据作者随中国第１１次南极考察队（１９９４－１９９６年）赴中山站夏考期间，使用ＴＭＴ（系留式气象塔）观测系统，在中山站、冰盖和海冰等三个点上观测到的气温、湿度、风速、风向和气压等大气要素的廓线资料，利用相似理论的通量－廓线关系，给出这三个观测点上的动量通量、曳力系数和感热通量，在近中性条件下，中山站粗糙度高度为２．９ｃｍ，冰盖与海冰点二者粗糙度高度差不多，分别为２．８×１０－２ｃｍ和３．６×１０－２ｃｍ，曳力系数则分别为５．０６×１０－３、１．３４×１０－３和１．４１×１０－３。结果表明，即使在中山站地区这样一个尺度范围内，由于下垫面的热力学特性、地形、地貌、地势和地理位置等的差异，无论是大气边界层结构还是湍流通量等的输送特性都有明显的差别，因此南极地区的大气边界层结构和冰（雪）－气交换特征都是比较复杂的，具有很强的局地性     

半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地面层微气象特征——以吉林省通榆为例

利用2003-2005年"通榆长期观测实验站"的近地面层气象要素和湍流观测资料,分析了吉林省通榆县半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面的近地面层风速、温度和湿度变化规律;分别用梯度法和湍流法估算了退化草地和农田的地表动力学粗糙度(z0m),退化草地的z0m全年变化不大,而农田的z0m随着作物的生长有增加趋势;全年平均的z0m值,退化草地为0.003 4 m;农田生长季为0.054 m,非生长季为0.001 7 m.农田和退化草地下垫面的近中性整体输送系数Cd分别为(4.9±2.1)×10-3和(2.6±1.4)×10-3,Cb分别为(3.6±1.9)×10-3和(2.6±1.6)×10-3.     

中国北方典型强沙尘暴的地面加热场特征分析

选取了中国北方16个典型强沙尘暴事件, 利用NCEP/NCAR的日平均全球再分析网格点资料, 对这些典型强沙尘暴事件的地面感热通量场、潜热通量场的分布特征进行了分析; 同时对该区域中强沙尘暴的不同发生区地面的加热场也进行了对比分析。结果表明, 通常在典型强沙尘暴事件发生区表现为正的感热通量和正的潜热通量; 沙尘暴多发区域的南疆盆地表现为以潜热加热为主, 西北区东部表现为以感热加热为主, 华北地区北部则表现为感热和潜热加热同等重要; 南疆盆地和西北区东部沙尘暴的发生受下垫面的影响较大, 华北区北部沙尘暴的发生受下垫面的影响相对较小。     

大气水汽氢氧同位素观测研究进展——理论基础、观测方法和模拟

大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素是认识大气环流和水循环的重要信息指标,本文从影响水汽稳定同位素含量的物理过程入手,即源区蒸发、传输及凝结等方面,系统介绍了影响水汽氢氧稳定同位素的平衡分馏和动力分馏的理论基础;回顾了传统观测方法、近期发展的激光光谱仪及卫星遥感红外光谱仪等大气水汽同位素观测新手段,重点分析了光谱仪及遥感观测方法的优势及应用,表明实时观测和遥感监测成为目前水汽同位素研究的主要手段;总结了目前大气水汽同位素观测研究在同位素基础理论、地表过程等方面的主要进展,汇总分析了大气水汽同位素环流模型的发展和应用,表明同位素环流模型在全球及区域气候过程、古气候恢复以及环境信息重建方面具有独特的优势,将会成为今后气候系统研究的新方法;最后提出水汽同位素研究的新焦点即高时空分辨率的实时观测、氢氧同位素的新指标如过量17O以及同位素气候模型的发展完善及应用。     

闽江河口藨草湿地CH_4排放特征

用静态箱法,在2007年阴历每月(除2月和4月外)的初三或初四以及2007年7月12～13日(生长季)和12月16～17日(非生长季),分别采集闽江河口鳝鱼滩藨草(Scirpus triqueter)湿地的气体样品,利用GC-2010气相色谱仪分析样品的CH4浓度,并计算CH4排放通量.结果表明,10个月中,藨草湿地CH4排放通量涨潮前和落潮后的最大值分别出现在7月和8月,最小值分别出现在3月和1月;涨潮前和落潮后CH4排放通量变化范围分别为0.39～9.08 mg/(m2·h)和0.95～12.78 mg/(m2·h);各观测月藨草湿地涨潮前和落潮后CH4排放通量与距地表1 m气温和20 cm土温有显著的正相关关系(n=10, p<0.01),此外,涨潮前各观测月藨草湿地CH4排放通量与盐度显著负相关(n=10, p<0.05),与土壤含水量显著正相关(n=10, p<0.05);夜间的CH4排放通量总体低于白天;生长季和非生长季日变化观测中,各观测时刻藨草湿地CH4排放通量的变化范围分别为2.43～12.66 mg/(m2·h)和0.09～1.30 mg/(m2·h),潮汐是影响CH4排放通量日变化的主要因子.     

Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulent fluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.     

The dependency of sand transport rate by wind on the atmospheric stability: A numerical simulation

A theoretical model of the process for wind–sand flow is developed through consideration of the coupling between wind flow and the motion of sand particles under different atmospheric stability conditions. Using this model, we studied the effects of atmospheric stability on the sand transport rate, the number of sand particles per unit area and time, and the duration before a steady state is achieved in detail. The results show that atmospheric stability has a strong effect on the movement of the wind–sand flow, and produces results with different characteristics from those previously reported in the literature which apply only to conditions of neutral stability. Under unstable conditions, the wind–sand flow reached equilibrium more quickly, with a higher total sand flux and sand flux at all heights than under neutral or stable conditions.     

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

Estimating monthly surface winds for Scania, southern Sweden, using geostrophic wind (1899–1997)

Wind direction conditions during the 20th century in Scania, southern Sweden, are investigated using an estimated series of monthly wind vector components (east–west u component and north–south v component). The series is developed from a regression relationship between pairwise (1973 to 1997) monthly averages of 10–m surface wind from Scania and a monthly geostrophic wind, based on mean sea level (MSL) pressure data from the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The wind conditions during the 20th century are dominated by winds from southwesterly and westerly directions, particularly during summer and autumn. From the 1980s onwards, increased frequencies of westerly winds are evident in spring and summer; however, similarly large frequencies of westerly winds are also found during the early part of the 20th century. Analysis of the estimated wind series indicates large variation in wind direction during the investigated time period, particularly during 1930 to 1960 when large increases of easterly winds are evident in spring. Increased frequencies of easterly winds were also found in other months during this period but not to the same extent as during the spring season. Thus, the presence of periods with quite different wind characteristics suggests that the overall atmospheric circulation has experienced some shifts in this region during the 20th century.     

新疆高速公路强横风区间安全行车对策研究

 为达到提高强横风天气条件下高速公路不同类型汽车安全、高效行车的目的,采用工程气象学、流体力学、风监测技术、公路工程技术、空气动力学及概率论相结合的方法,以新疆“五横七纵”高速公路沿线100多个气象站近50 a（1961-2010年）大风日数资料,选取50个有自记记录气象站场次强风资料,以及沿线7个6要素5层梯度风1 a监测资料、10个铁塔梯度风和30个大风监测站近10 a（2001-2010年）监测资料,进行信息化和规范化整编。在大量详实资料基础上,对高速公路沿线最大瞬时风速的空间分布、垂直分布、水平分布进行系统分析和研究。采用三级区划指标体系,等概率分区原则, 将新疆高速公路沿线风害危险区划分为5个大区,Ⅰ特强重大危险区、Ⅱ 强重大危险区、Ⅲ 重大危险区、Ⅳ 中度危险区、Ⅴ 较轻危险区。提出了新疆高速公路强横风区间安全行车防护对策由风害防控信息管理技术和防风栅防护技术组成。并将风害防控信息管理技术规则中等概分区界限值（阈值）与现场强横风监测结果进行验证。研究结果表明：当瞬时风速＜12.0 m/s,不同类型车辆正常运行;12.0 m/s≤瞬时风速＜17.0 m/s,小客车停运,大货车限速60 km/h;17.0 m/s≤瞬时风速＜20.0 m/s,大货车停行;20.0 m/s≤速瞬时风速＜25.0 m/s,大客车、大卡车限速60 km/h以下;速瞬时风速≥25.0 m/s,大客车、大卡车停运。以概率风险不同级别的形式来反映最大瞬时风速在线路上的规律性,它含盖50 a最大风险。为高速公路汽车安全运行以及公路风害防控技术提供理论支撑。     

Dune sand transport as influenced by wind directions, speed and frequencies in the Ordos Plateau, China

The Ordos Plateau in China is a region with extensive wind erosion, severe desertification and various aeolian sand hazards. In order to determine aeolian sand transport in this region, the relationship between the sand transport rate and wind speed at 10 min frequencies was established by field observation in both the Qubqi Sand Desert and the Mu Us Sandy Land. Threshold wind speeds (2 m above the ground) for mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dune surfaces were estimated by field observations. The sand transport rate increased with the increase of the bare land ratio and near-bed wind speed. High-resolution meteorological 10 min average wind velocity data at 10 m above the ground were converted into velocity values at a height of 2 m to calculate sand transport potential based on three specific parameters decisive for sand transport: wind speed, duration and direction. The quantity of aeolian sand transported was calculated for various wind speed levels and directions, and the overall characteristics of sand transport on different dune surface types were determined by vector operation techniques. Sand transporting winds took place mainly in springtime. The prevailing wind directions were W, WNW and NW, with a frequency of more than 60% in total, and sand transport in these directions made up more than 70% of the total transport, corresponding to a general southeastward encroachment of aeolian sand in the study area. The relationship between wind frequency and speed can be expressed by a power function. High magnitude strong winds had a low frequency, but they played a dominant role in aeolian sand transport.     

敦煌鸣沙山金字塔沙丘的形成模式研究*

选择敦煌鸣沙山地区金字塔沙丘作为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,采用实地考察与观测资料相结合的方法,从分析金字塔沙丘形成的条件入手,通过野外流场观测及室内风洞模拟实验,建立了金字塔沙丘形成的区域动力模式。