放牧制度下荒漠草原主要植物生物量及能量分配研究

以内蒙古苏尼特右旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,从植物构件方面研究了3种主要植物种短花针茅、无芒隐子草和碱韭营养枝、生殖枝、分蘖节及其根生物量和能量分配对不同放牧制度的响应。结果表明,禁牧和划区轮牧有利于植物的地上部分生长和有性繁殖,自由放牧区短花针茅和无芒隐子草将把更多的资源和能量用于营养生长,有性生殖严重受阻,以抵御不利的生长环境;划区轮牧提高了碱韭分蘖节的生物量、短花针茅和碱韭构件能量现存量及总能量现存量。短花针茅、无芒隐子草和碱韭根的生物量、能量现存量、生物量分配比例以及根冠比能量现存量、根的能量分配比例划区轮牧区与自由放牧区均高于禁牧对照区;短花针茅、无芒隐子草和碱韭不同构件及植株整体热值划区轮牧区也高于自由放牧区。营养枝与生殖枝的生物量和能量分配没有显著的颉颃关系,但营养枝与分蘖节生物量和能量分配比例间呈显著的颉颃关系。     

退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对封育的响应机理

从植物种和植物功能类群两个水平系统探讨退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对短期封育管理响应机理的研究尚不多。以内蒙古东部的科尔沁沙地退化沙质草地为研究对象,采取随机样方法对禁牧6 a的封育区及与其相邻的自由放牧草地的土壤种子库和地上植物群落的物种密度进行了比较研究,草本植物群落被区分为一年生禾本科植物、非禾本科一年生植物和多年生植物3个主要功能类群。利用测定数据,分析研究了短期禁牧封育对土壤种子库和地上群落不同植物种和各植物功能类群的生态恢复作用机理。主要研究结果是：①短期封育显著促进了退化沙质草地植被的生态恢复,但发现土壤种子库和地上植被对禁牧的响应模式和机理存在明显差异,短期禁牧使土壤种子库中所有3个植物功能类群的密度均得到显著提高,而仅提高了地上植被一年生禾本科植物和多年生植物两个类群的密度;相反,禁牧显著提高了地上植被所有3个功能类群的物种丰富度和多样性,仅提高了土壤种子库中多年生植物类群的物种多样性。②短期禁牧显著增加了地上植物群落组成中可食和优良牧草的比例,提高了草地的经济利用价值。主要结论是：短期禁牧封育是一种经济有效的提高退化沙质草地植被多样性、生产力及对植物群落物种组成和草地品质进行优化调控和改良的重要草地管理手段。研究建议,今后应重点开展不同禁牧时间下对退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被多样性、生产力及其物种组成变化影响的长期生态学控制实验研究。     

塔里木河下游荒漠化过程土壤种子库特征

沿塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林,选择了荒漠化程度依次加重的5个断面,进行了土壤种子库野外萌发试验。结果表明:①在中度荒漠化区土壤种子库的物种相对丰富(11种),密度较高(892.6粒\5m-2);随着荒漠化程度的加剧,土壤种子库物种丰富度、总密度以及多样性指数呈现出明显下降的趋势;②与重度荒漠化区和中度荒漠化区相比,极度荒漠化区土壤种子库中的多年生草本和灌木密度占总密度的百分比有所增加,一年生草本百分比明显降低;③不同荒漠化程度对种子库密度的垂直分布影响不大,70%以上的种子集中在土壤表层0～2 cm深度。综合来看,随着荒漠化程度的加剧,土壤种子库的恢复潜力有所下降。     

放牧对阿拉善荒漠草地土壤性状的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地不同放牧条件下土壤理化性状的变化进行了研究,结果表明:在草地基况一致的条件下,经过连续6a不同强度的放牧,0~ 20cm土层土壤容重轻牧和重牧区低于中牧区。随着放牧强度的增加,土壤颗粒组成极粗砂、粗砂和中砂含量增加,细砂、极细砂、粉砂和粘粒含量减少,过度放牧加快了土壤风蚀沙化。0~20cm土层中土壤有机C、全P的含量和C/N随着放牧强度的增加而依次降低;全N、全K、pH末发生明显变化;速效N和速效K重牧区显著高于轻牧区和中牧区;速效P轻牧区高于中、重牧区。土壤有机C与全P、速效P呈显著正相关;全P与速效N和K呈显著负相关,与速效P呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

人为干扰对藏北高寒草原群落生物量及其碳氮磷含量特征的影响

退牧还草工程是国家为改善草原生态环境和促进牧区经济持续发展而实行的一项战略性工程,禁牧和休牧措施是其主要措施。以藏北高寒草原申扎区域的退牧还草工程为研究对象,分别选取禁牧围栏样地、休牧围栏样地和围栏外的一块自由放牧样地,比较分析这三种人为干扰下的放牧样地的生物量及其碳氮磷含量的特征。结果表明:休牧样地地上和地下生物量分别为35.69 g/m2和237.11 g/m2,均显著高于禁牧样地(22.48 g/m2和151.22 g/m2)和自由放牧样地(25.27g/m2和96.37 g/m2)。植物中碳氮磷含量,地上部分禁牧样地含碳量最高,植物氮、磷含量自由放牧样地最高;地下部分碳、氮含量差异不明显,P含量自由放牧最高。说明植物生物量大小与植物体内碳氮磷元素含量大小无相关关系。对于禁牧样地,在长期围栏封育的同时,应适当的添加P元素或N、P元素;而休牧样地,在短期围栏封育时,可添加适当的N元素。     

片断化热带雨林土壤种子库初步研究

通过萌发实验研究片断化热带雨林的森林土壤种子库的储量、种类组成以及种子的分布。结果表明,在厚度为10cm的土壤中,受次生植被隔离的城子龙山雨林片段土壤种子库储量达到6494±155粒/m2,高于连续森林的4585±235粒/m2。而受人工植被隔离的曼仰广龙山雨林片段由于缺乏种源,土壤种子库储量较低,仅达到3505±43粒/m2。土壤种子库中的种子种类也以城子龙山为最多,达到69种。从土壤种子库的水平分布看,受次生植被影响的城子龙山和迁地保护区从林缘至林内种子储量呈下降的趋势,而需子龙山隔离程度较高、受人畜干扰严重,森林内外土壤种子库储量显差异不显著。     

科尔沁沙质放牧草地土壤动物多样性特征研究

在科尔沁沙质放牧草地,人为的小面积实验放牧情况下,土壤动物群落结构随放牧强度的提高发生变化,主要体现在动物密度降低、群落丰富度减小。放牧强度提高时,土壤动物生物量、密度季节动态和多样性指数无明显变化规律,重度放牧下以上指标并不明显低于封育区。土壤动物优势类群对放牧扰动的响应各自不同。以相似性指数比较土壤动物对不同牧压的响应,结果为中度放牧区较接近封育区,而重牧区分异最大。     

不同强度放牧后自然恢复的沙质草地土壤性状特征

通过对科尔沁沙质草地不同强度放牧后自然恢复过程中土壤的物理、化学和生物学性状特征的研究,结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮和速效磷含量以及基础土壤呼吸活性在各处理表层土壤的特征为:中牧后恢复草地>轻牧后恢复草地>无牧恢复草地>重牧后恢复草地;重牧后的恢复草地表层土壤较其它处理有较高的土壤容重和pH值以及较低的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性;沙质草地的土壤养分和生物学活性在剖面中的分布为上高下低,主要富集于0~ 25cm表层,放牧对土壤系统的影响主要表现在0~ 75cm土层。重度放牧使沙质草地超出了其承载能力和承受干扰的阈限,土壤性状恶化,恢复力降低;而适度的放牧后恢复有利于土壤化学和生物学性状的保持和提高。     

春夏季放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部土壤种子库和地上植被的影响

位于新疆北部准噶尔盆地腹地的古尔班通古特沙漠,是世界上温带荒漠生物多样性的精华和最为丰富的典型区域。历史上这里就是北疆羊和部分马匹重要的冬牧场,但近年来的放牧活动在春夏季也开始进入沙漠腹地,使地表性质与植被覆盖发生了明显改变。应用野外随机取样与室内萌发实验相结合的方法,对比研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南部春夏季放牧和冬季放牧沙垄土壤种子库差异及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明：冬季放牧沙垄种子库种数为24种,而春夏季放牧沙垄有20种,后者明显减少了植物种数。冬季放牧沙垄种子库密度为(353.2±87)粒·m-2,而春夏季放牧沙垄为(189.1±23)粒·m-2,比前者减少了88%。两类沙垄土壤种子库的生活型组成都以一年生植物为主,相似性系数为0.711。相同沙垄不同部位的物种相似性系数在0.429～0.600之间,异质性较大,尤其表现在除垄顶之外的其他部位。冬季放牧沙垄和春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被中分别有植物36种和26种,各生活型所有物种均为后者低于前者,其中短命、类短命物种数量减少幅度最大。春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被的物种多样性和均匀度降低,而优势度升高。回归分析显示,冬季放牧沙垄定植群落有21%的变异来源于土壤种子库,而春夏季放牧沙垄有51%的变异来源于土壤种子库,可见不同季节的放牧干扰显著影响土壤种子库及其与地上植被的相关关系。     

沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）种子库空间分布和影响因素

土壤种子库是潜在的植被,对植物种群的繁衍及未来植被的结构具有重要影响。选择内蒙古奈曼、宁夏沙坡头、甘肃民勤和敦煌,研究了沙丘部位、沙丘固定程度、植被类型、土层深度对沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)土壤种子库的影响。结果表明:流动沙丘沙米土壤种子库密度以民勤最大,达到51粒·m-2,分别是奈曼、沙坡头、敦煌的2、4、3倍;流动沙丘不同部位沙米种子库差异显著,沙米种子集中分布于沙丘迎风坡、背风坡脚,零星分布于沙丘顶部和背风坡,沙丘顶部种子库只占迎风坡的28%,背风坡只占背风坡脚的30%;沙米土壤种子库主要分布于60 cm以上的土层中,近地表0～20 cm种子数量占种子总量的50%以上;随着沙丘流动程度的降低,土壤种子库密度呈减小趋势,流动沙丘土壤种子密度可达到401粒·m-2,而到固定沙丘急剧减少甚至完全消失;沙米与沙拐枣组建的群落0～15 cm土壤种子库总密度达800粒·m-2,是沙米群落土壤种子库密度的2倍、白刺+沙米群落的3倍、梭梭+沙米群落的6倍;沙米土壤种子库与地上种群密度间存在显著的线性关系,沙米地上种群密度随土壤种子库密度增加而增加。显然,土壤种子库及其分布是沙米适应恶劣风沙环境和自我繁衍的重要保障,受区域环境、地上植被、土地类型、土壤深度等多种因素的影响。在沙化土地封禁保护与防沙治沙中,要禁止对沙米地上资源的采收活动,以补充沙米土壤种子库。     

Seasonal variation of the seed bank of Medicago minima and Erodium cicutarium as related to grazing history and presence of shrubs in central Argentina

Medicago minima (L.) Grufberg and Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Herit are very abundant on the rangelands of central semi-arid Argentina, especially on wet springs. Available information on these species deals with their ecophysiology, demographic response to grazing, nutritive value, etc., but no information within the region has been detected on their seed bank dynamics and dormant status of buried seeds. The main objective of this work was to study the seasonal variation of the seed bank of these species as related to shrub and grazing influence. Dormancy states and viability of buried seeds were also studied. Results indicate that the seed bank is abundant, especially in the case of M. minima, and it seems to be more abundant in the grazed area than in the ungrazed area. The seed bank showed low seasonal variation and shrubs seem to have only minor effects. Two simultaneous dormancy states were detected in both species and all seeds tested for dormancy resulted viable.     

放牧及围封对科尔沁沙质草地土壤呼吸的影响

放牧及围封是引起沙质草地生态系统变化的重要因素。对科尔沁地区放牧和围封不同年限的沙质草地进行土壤呼吸动态测定与分析,结果表明:(1)植物生长初期土壤呼吸速率日平均值,围封样地的显著大于放牧样地的(p<0.05);植物生长末期土壤呼吸速率日平均值,放牧样地的显著大于围封样地的(p<0.05)。围封17年和围封22年样地的土壤呼吸速率日平均值相比较,7月上旬之前,围封17年样地的较围封22年样地的大,而7月中旬以后,围封22年样地的较围封17年样地的大,且差异均显著(p<0.05)。(2)土壤呼吸速率的季节动态对放牧和围封的响应过程相似,但围封引起的变异相对较小;土壤呼吸速率季节平均值,围封22年样地的显著大于围封17年的(p<0.05)和放牧的(p<0.01),围封17年样地的大于放牧的(p>0.05),故围封可以增强土壤CO₂的排放,且在一定的时间内,土壤CO₂的排放速率与围封时间正相关。(3)土壤温度和土壤体积含水率可解释土壤呼吸速率的变异从大到小依次为放牧(58%)>围封22年(39%)>围封17年(28%)。     

Spatio-temporal variation in soil seed banks under contrasting grazing regimes following low and high seasonal rainfall in arid Namibia

In arid rangelands, soil seed bank characteristics vary with rainfall patterns, livestock pressure and habitat heterogeneity. We investigated this issue by assessing spatio-temporal patterns in soil seed bank density and richness in a degraded (heavy grazing) and non-degraded (light grazing) Nama Karoo ecosystem. To account for variation in seed distribution, different microsites were compared, and the effect of diaspore size on the patterning analyzed. Long-term heavy grazing increased seed densities and species richness of the soil seed bank by favoring small-seeded and tiny-seeded annual species. The spatial patterning of the soil seed bank was, however, similar to that found under sustainable grazing. The overall seed distribution was dictated by the small-scale environmental heterogeneity, which interacted with diaspore size. Our results suggest that the degraded environment is still efficient in controlling secondary dispersal and retaining seeds. This is through low stature barriers like surface rocks, which replace the function of grazing-sensitive perennial grasses in trapping and storing small diaspores. Soil seed banks were persistent and accumulated readily-germinable seeds over time. Observed temporal pattern across the study sites indicates that both condition and sequence of preceding rainfall seasons are likely to have a profound effect on soil seed banks of subsequent years.     

Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina

Cattle grazing is an important disturbance in the Monte plain, reducing grass biomass and rates of fruit setting. Grass seeds are the most important food for granivorous birds (Emberizidae) during winter. The objective of this study was to test whether granivorous bird populations (Emberizidae), grass seed production, and vegetation structure differed at sites with different intensities of grazing. Emberizid density and species richness were higher in the ungrazed site than in the two grazed paddocks. Seed abundance was also higher in ungrazed vs. grazed sites. Woody vegetation, that serve as safe nest sites, did not differ among treatments. Granivorous bird populations seemed to be affected by cattle grazing; however, the main mechanisms of this process remain unknown.     

Changes in soil nutrients, vegetation structure and herbaceous biomass in response to grazing in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia

The effect of grazing was studied on vegetation structure, herbaceous biomass, basal and bare ground covers, together with soil nutrient concentrations in two locations in an Ethiopian semi-arid savanna. The lightly grazed sites had significantly higher herbaceous diversity, total abundance, basal cover and aboveground biomass, and a lower percentage of bare ground compared with the heavy grazed sites. Grazing pressure had no effect on the density and number of woody species as well as on the proportion of encroaching woody species. The light grazing sites had higher organic carbon, phosphorus and exchangeable bases, and therefore a higher pH and higher electrical conductance, indicating an improved soil nutrient status compared with heavy grazing sites, mainly attributed to the higher basal cover and standing biomass at light grazed sites, and the export of nutrients through grazing and dung collection from the heavily grazed sites. There were significantly higher soil nutrients, species diversity, aboveground biomass and basal cover in the light grazing sites compared with heavy grazing sites. We concluded that changes in herbaceous vegetation, standing biomass and soil compositions are caused by interactions between grazing, soil and vegetation, and these interactions determine the transitions of semi-arid savannas.     

Seasonal variation of the soil seed bank of grasses in central Argentina as related to grazing and shrub cover

The objectives of this research were to (a) study seasonal variation of the seed bank of grasses in two areas with different grazing history, (b) analyse the effect of the presence of shrubs on the seed bank and (c) study seed viability and dormancy in buried seeds of Piptochaetium napostaense and Stipa tenuis. The seed density of grasses was in general low and showed seasonal variation. Most of the grasses showed maximum seed density in December when seed dispersal occurs. Shrub cover did not show a marked influence in seed accumulation. The relatively high number of damaged seeds suggests that predation may be an important factor in seed bank dynamics in the Caldenal. Seeds of dominant perennial forage grasses showed dormancy that could explain, at least in part, persistence of these species in spite of periodical disturbance.     

基于幂函数法则对放牧梯度上种群空间异质性的定量分析

 在呼伦贝尔草原的克氏针茅群落选择轻牧、中牧、重牧3个不同的放牧梯度,沿着50 m样线设置100个50 cm×50 cm的L型样方,每个L型样方内划分4个25 cm×25 cm的S型样方,以物种出现的频度（p）作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则对放牧梯度上草原植物群落物种的空间异质性进行了定量研究。结果表明,在不同放牧强度下,种类结构发生明显改变,轻度放牧区羊草和星状刺骨藜、中度放牧区藜和糙隐子草、重度放牧区猪毛菜和多根葱具有高的出现频度,群落物种数随着放牧压力的增大而减小。整体来看,放牧梯度上物种的空间分布呈现明显的聚集分布,物种空间异质性（δi）随着放牧强度的增大而增加,拟合于幂函数规律曲线;群落的空间异质性（δc）随着轻牧-中牧-重牧放牧演替的进展呈现降低趋势,种群个体分布呈现片断化特征。在群落内部各个种群具有不同的异质化分布特点,物种结构主要表现出密集型种群和疏散型种群两大类型。这些趋势与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。     

放牧对内蒙古羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态暗箱法,比较测定了放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响以及水热等相关环境因子与土壤呼吸的关系。结果表明:放牧没有改变羊草群落土壤呼吸的季节性变化特征,但降低了土壤呼吸速率的年幅度;生长季放牧样地土壤呼吸速率显著低于封育样地,非生长季两样地土壤呼吸强度均处于较低水平,而且出现负通量的现象,放牧使羊草群落土壤呼吸年总量下降了约33.95％;从全年来看,无论是围栏还是放牧样地,封育样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸与温度因子均显著正相关(p<0.01,n=15),其中与10cm处地温相关性最好,但放牧降低了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性;生长季水分影响作用高于温度,围栏封育样地0~10cm土壤含水量的变化可以解释土壤呼吸变异的87.4％,放牧样地10~20cm和20~30cm土壤含水量的变化共同可以解释土壤呼吸变异的74.9％。