从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡——以莱州湾海岸带为例

以莱州湾海岸带为研究区,基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年多时相土地利用数据,应用生态系统服务价值评估,逐层剖析土地利用变化对生态系统服务失衡特征的影响。结果表明：莱州湾海岸带供水与空气组分调节服务呈负值,2000~2014年,生态系统服务总价值丧失43%（147亿美元/a）,生态系统服务多样性降低甚至丧失,呈向海性,围填海造成162亿美元生态损失。土地利用变化方式是造成生态失衡的主因,主要包括：交通工矿、盐田、养殖及城镇扩张,滩涂、河口湿地、耕地被侵占。滩涂和河口湿地减少,导致废物处理、栖息地、基因多样性、干扰调节、侵蚀防护服务丧失严重,交通工矿和城镇扩张,引起供水服务负效应加剧。     

基于GIS建模的海水环境质量可变模糊识别评价

基于对立统一与质量互变定理的可变模糊评价方法引入海水水质综合评价,构建基于对立统一与质量互变定理的海洋环境质量可变模糊评价模型,首先分析可变模糊评价方法的原理和方法,然后结合GIS栅格数据在表达空间信息方面具有的独特优势,以栅格数据为基础,利用地理信息系统空间叠置分析、地理信息系统空间建模等计算,建立基于多源栅格数据的海水环境可变模糊综合评价模型,得到莱州湾2004~2010年海水环境空间分布图。实践证明,该模型应用于海水水质综合评价是完全可行的,为海洋环境领域的多目标综合评价与决策提供了新的思路与方法。     

海(咸)水入侵与浅层地下水水化学特征及变化研究

利用山东莱州湾沿岸海水入侵监测剖面的水化学监测数据,从水化学指标与Ｃｌ＾－含量的关系入手,采用不同侵染程度组段钭所选定的水化学指标对Ｃｌ＾－含量作回归分析的方法,对海水入侵过程中浅层一上水水化学特征变化作了研究。研究表明,多数水化学指标及几项灌溉水质指标与侵染程度有较明显的宏观相关性,但不是简单的线性关系,两个剖面分析数据的对比揭示出莱州湾东部与南部沿岸海水入侵的区域差异性。     

渤海与环渤海地区年降水量的统计分析

本文以渤海海域及环渤海地区分水岭内为研究区域,利用环渤海地区分水岭内92个气象站点自1971年至2000年30年的降水量资料,基于ARC/INFO地理信息系统支持下的泰森多边形法,对研究区域内的平均年降水量进行了统计分析。结论如下:环渤海地区分水岭以内区域的平均年降水量占整个环渤海地区2000年降水量的63.88%;渤海海域海水直接利用量占该海域平均年降水量的8.82%,其中辽东湾的海水利用量占该湾平均年降水量的3.09%,渤海湾为15.86%,莱州湾为17.38%;辽东湾2002年的海冰资源量占该湾平均年降水量的6.08%。在渤海海域水量平衡的关系研究中,本研究是初步的,基础的。划出分水岭内的研究区域进行平均年降水量的统计较对整个环渤海地区进行统计更具精确性。     

Environmental evolution in the salt-water intru-sion area south of Laizhou Bay since late Pleisto-cene

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the pa-laeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size com-position based on 14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP: 120–85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85–76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76–50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50–24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24–10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10–4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85–76 kaBP, 50–24 kaBP and 10–4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respec-tively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.     

莱洲湾南岸咸水入侵区晚更新世以来的古环境演变

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the palaeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size composition based on ^14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP： 120-85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85-76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76-50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50-24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24-10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10-4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85-76 kaBP, 50-24 kaBP and 10-4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respectively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.     

冰川下垫面对夏季云结构和云水含量的影响——以祁连山区疏勒南山为例

云水含量和云结构参量是天气预报、高山区水循环过程分析的基础。基于2012-2015年夏季CloudSat卫星遥感资料的2B-CLDCLASS、2B-GEOPROF和2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR,结合中国第二次冰川编目数据及气象资料,对祁连山地区疏勒南山冰川区与非冰川区云水含量和云类型特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)云水含量的垂直分布受下垫面和云类型的影响,主要表现为有冰川覆盖的高山上空降水云类型以深对流云为主,无冰川覆盖的高山上空降水云类型以雨层云为主。(2)疏勒南山地区高含水量主要分布在5 km以下的中低层云中,且冰川区气流垂直运动较非冰川区活跃。(3)疏勒南山冰川区云水含量平均值为0.07 g·m^-3,非冰川区云水含量平均值为0.17 g·m^-3,云水的空间变化在一定程度上能够反映降水和水汽的分布状况。     

莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区土地利用/覆被变化驱动机理研究

借助于典型自相关模型分析,将众多变量归纳为少数几个综合变量,并分别就这些综合变量进行系统阐述。影响研究区土地利用变化的社会经济因素可以归纳为:人口增长、产业结构调整、工业发展与城镇化等综合指标,并分别对各不同影响因素进行阐述。在自然因素方面,咸水入侵与土地利用结构特征及其变化方向具有相关性,它是可以综合反映自然驱动因素的代表性因子。     

基于CERES的宁夏空中云水资源特征及其增雨潜力研究

利用2009-2014年NASA地球观测系统(EOS)云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)云资料和气象站降水资料,对宁夏北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带及南部山区3个具有不同地形、地貌、气候特征的地区云水资源及增雨潜力特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:宁夏地区大气可降水量在空间分布上呈现从东南向西北方向递减,从季节变化看表现出随夏秋春冬依次递减的特征。在东亚季风和贺兰山地形的共同影响下,全年总云量和低云量在南部山区最大,北部川区最小。云光学厚度与水云粒子半径及冰云等效直径呈显著的负相关关系,其中中部干旱带相关关系最强是开展人工增雨效果最显著的地区。随着全年四季天气气候变化,宁夏人工增雨主要潜力区会逐渐由春季的贺兰山沿山、中部干旱带地区,移动到夏季的银川以南同心以北和固原西南部地区,秋季缩减到海原、西吉一带。     

Ground water hydrochemical characteristics: seawater intruded area in eastern and southern coast of Laizhou Bay

Seawater intrusion is a special process of groundwater pollution. The contemporary seawater intrusion and buried paleobrine intrusion especially the latter in eastern and southern coasts of Laizhou Bay are the most representative ones in the world [1]. According to the research on seawater intrusion at home and abroad, In-depth studies on change process and mechanism of hydrochemical composition, while ion adsorption and exchange between the permeable stratum and groundwater are studied shall…