论创意产业及其集群的发展环境--以音乐产业为例

文章通过对音乐产业的案例研究,探讨了创意产业与城市发展的关系,以及创意产业集群的价值。文章指出,创意产业已经成为城市发展新的增长点,极富创造力的创意阶层是创意产业活动转化为商业价值的核心,创意产业集群能够为创意阶层提供良好的文化环境。城市的创意产业政策应将重点放在建设效率基础结构和创新基础结构上。     

中国创意产业区理论研究的进展与问题

创意产业在中国发起于21世纪初的东部大都市,系统收集国内建筑学、产业经济学、人文地理学、区域经济学等学科的创意园区相关研究成果,评述中国自21世纪初创意产业兴起以来的基本概念研究、创意园区成长模式及机制、创意园区空间组织与园区规划、创意园与城市更新、创意园内部空间的研究进展。认为中国大城市内城产业升级与城市再生为创意园区的诞生与发展提供了历史契机。通过近8年努力,国内创意园区研究①已初步形成以创意园区成长模式与机理、创意园区规划建设、创意园区与城市更新为主的研究方向;②研究方法形成了以实证主义为主流的哲学基础;③研究队伍呈现以城市规划学、人文地理学等学科为主的综合交叉。同时,综述认为：中国对创意产业区相关概念认识不清,未能将集群的内核与创意产业的核心有机融合;其次是对于创意产业区的研究应坚持从微观的创意产业的某一类型,甚至是其一项目为分析单元,从制度、经济、文化等宏观方面诠释产业区内核的组织与发育过程;再次是中国创意产业区研究必须从创意经济和＂全球性—地方性＂博弈视野,探索创意产业区形成与演化的生境和其对城市发展—空间规划的空间效应（也即创意空间的生长）及城市响应策略研究。     

中国农区文化创意产业集群形成演化机理——以民权县王公庄绘画产业集群为例

基于对文化创意产业集群的城市趋向的反思,认为城市尽管提供了文化创意产业集群发展的诸多有利条件,但并非是唯一区位选择,农区同样也可以形成.通过对河南省民权县王公庄绘画产业集群的分析,发现影响其形成演化的主导因素,主要是由血缘、亲缘、地缘、业缘等关系构成的社会资本;在众多诱发因素中,确有偶然因素起关键作用,但"偶然"机会只青睐于某些具有企业家精神的农区"经济精英";在集群形成的早期,模仿起着重要作用,但模仿及其因果累积循环,易造成集群发展的路径依赖;对于农区市场力量驱动型文化创意产业集群,有关政府部门的适时介入有利于构建集群与外界交流的知识管道.从而弥补农区大学、科研机构及相关支持行业的缺乏.对照文化创意产业集群的城市区位凶素,还发现影响农区文化创意产业集群的主导因素,与城市的并不完全相同,主要是农区独特的社会资本和文化资源:西方学者所谓的"地方纷杂、噪音、创意环境、创意场域"等概念,相当于我国农区的社会关系,只不过西方概念的视角立足于知识传播与技术学习创新;农区"家庭作坊"这种组织,是否落后、必须进(产业)园,尚待进一步证实.某种意义上,我国农区家庭作坊优于西方都市中的创意"工作室".     

中国农区文化创意产业集群形成演化的影响因素研究——以河南民权“画虎村”为例

基于对文化创意产业集群城市区位倾向的反思,认为城市尽管提供了文化创意产业集群发展的诸多有利条件,如集中的市场、众多的大学、科研机构与支持行业等,但并非是其形成演化的唯一区位选择,农区同样也可以形成文化创意产业集群。通过对河南省民权县"画虎村"文化创意产业集群的分析,发现由血缘、亲缘与地缘关系构成的非贸易性联系、文化传统、偶然历史事件,在我国农区文化创意产业集群的初期形成中起着关键作用,而政府的适时介入则是农区文化创意产业集群后继发展的"催化剂"。     

城市老工业区创意转型路径研究:以北京石景山为例

城市老工业区改造是当今城市发展面临的一个重要科学问题。近年来,发展创意产业成为发达国家和地区实现老工业城市再生的重要战略举措。国外对老工业城市创意转型的研究主要集中在老工业区创意转型的现状与成效,而较少对其机理层面进行理论剖析。该文以路径依赖和路径创新为理论依据,以北京石景山老工业区创意产业发展为例,研究城市老工业区创意产业发展的路径和机理。介绍了路径依赖、锁定、路径创新等概念及其对老工业区转型的解释;分析了石景山老工业区的历史由来及存在的问题,探索了石景山老工业区创意产业的发展路径,即工业设计与研发、数字娱乐产业和娱乐休闲旅游业;最后提出政府在转型过程中所应承担的责任。     

我国创意产业发展的支撑条件评价及空间发展战略

创意产业从提出开始,就引起世界高度关注,并成为各国竞相发展的战略性产业。在新一轮的全球竞争中,各国纷纷把发展创意产业作为提升国家经济实力和软实力的重要途径。本文通过对国内外创意产业发展的空间分布特征及影响因素的梳理,总结创意产业发展的支撑条件,进一步构建了创意产业发展支撑条件的评价指标体系。运用主成分分析法对中国35个主要中心城市创意产业发展支撑条件进行了定量评价,并提出现阶段我国创意产业发展的空间战略:因地制宜、发挥特色、科学规划;聚焦若干重点创意产业集聚区的发展,增强集聚效应;强化以珠三角、长三角、京津冀三大创意产业集聚区的龙头带动作用;鼓励中西部地区以区域性中心城市为依托,将创意产业与本地产业升级的带动作用结合起来,形成各具特色的区域性创意中心。     

资源型城市演化阶段识别及其发展特征

资源型城市作为一类特殊城市,发展过程具有明显的阶段性特征。本文以灯光影像等数据为基础,采用门槛面板模型、非参数估计等方法,从城市空间结构演化角度,对资源型城市发展阶段进行定量划分,并分析了不同发展阶段中心城区空间集聚对城市经济增长、城市转型的差异性特征,揭示了资源型产业对城市空间结构演变的作用以及资源型城市转型关键时间节点和政策着力点。结果表明：资源型城市空间相对分散,但不同资源类型城市之间存在较大差异;采掘业从业人员占比1.9%和31.0%可以作为资源型城市不同发展阶段的重要标志性指标;不同发展阶段中,社会经济要素在中心城区的集聚程度与城市经济增长的相关关系明显不同,成熟发展期成为资源型城市转型发展的重要转折期。     

嵌入性视角下创意产业发展研究述评

伴随经济地理学发展的制度、文化及关系转向,新经济社会学中的“嵌入性”理论在经济地理学研究中得到广泛应用。以创意产业发展研究为例,首先分析了嵌入性概念在经济地理学界的运用和发展状况;其次,结合创意产业特性,从经济地理学学科发展的层面,探讨了从嵌入性视角开展创意产业发展研究的必要性;然后,从文化制度嵌入、地域嵌入、网络嵌入3 个维度,对国内外创意产业相关文献进行梳理和回顾,并对该领域研究成果进行了总结和评述;最后,对未来的创意产业的相关研究提出展望,并进一步指出,区域经济的嵌入性研究,既是中国学者参与国际经济地理学理论构建、对话和争辩的重要领域,也是推进主流经济地理学本土化建设的重要方向。     

文化产业与城市经济发展关系实证研究——以长沙市为例

发展文化产业是社会主义市场经济对文化发展的必然要求,又是人们消费需求结构变化的必然结果。在国民经济结构调整和转型中,文化产业已成为新的经济增长点和新兴产业。近年来,长沙市文化产业发展迅速,带动了城市经济发展,提升了产业经济结构。为实现长沙市文化产业发展目标,打造中部的区域性文化中心城市,还需进一步深化文化体制改革,抓好文化产业园区建设,加强文化创意人才队伍建设,优化文化产业发展环境。     

地方创意环境和实体空间对城市文化创意活动的影响——以北京市南锣鼓巷为例

文化创意产业成为21世纪中国经济的重要增长点。本文以北京南锣鼓巷的案例,展示了在文化体制改革的背景下,自发形成的地方创意环境和实体空间对城市文化创意活动的影响。近十年来,作为老城中心休闲场所的南锣鼓巷,已经成为演员、导演、编剧和其他艺术者集中的文化创意地。质性访谈和小样本的问卷调查显示,丰富的历史文化遗产、周边高等级的艺术和演出机构提供了创意活动的有力支持,有形的历史文化空间则形成创意过程的催化剂;而酒吧和咖啡店等的出现使创意人才得以聚集,其中的创意交流活动则促进创意成果的产生。本文认为,打造文化创意园区并非唯一的发展之路。是否能吸引具有创意潜质的人才,将其有机地组织并提升集体创造力,进而促进创意活动更密集地发生才是关键。     

Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship

Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.     

Geography,Race, and Quantification

This article reviews how race, quantification, and raced quantification have been used and written about in geography. Its two primary arguments are that race should be more central in the discipline and that a reluctance to address ontological and epistemological issues has left quantitative geography methodologically impoverished. These two issues merge in an examination of two cases where race is employed as a variable in quantitative models. The critique of these cases is not meant as a condemnation of quantitative geography but as an instructive example on which to construct a critical quantitative geography. The article ends by stressing the importance of quantification in geography and by presenting exemplars of race-critical quantification.     

Geographers in Business,Government, and Nonprofit Organizations: Skills,Challenges, and Professional Identities

This study examines the experiences of geography graduates who work in business, government, and nonprofit organizations. We analyzed 352 logs from eighty-two professionals detailing professional activities, challenges, and opportunities during one work week each month, over a period of six months. Our analysis explores interpersonal relationships and working conditions affecting participants’ progress toward work goals, workplace climate, and professional identity. Geographic information systems and technology accounted for more than half of the geographic skills respondents reported using on the job, and administrative and leadership factors were the most commonly cited types of transferable skills. Professional geographers value collaborative workplaces as well as opportunities to work independently with the confidence of their supervisors, and their sense of a professional identity is enhanced when they feel valued and are recognized for their work. Professional development activities are important because they reinforce geographers’ sense of positively contributing to their organizations, enhance interpersonal interactions, facilitate work on specific projects, and expand individuals’ knowledge and skills. Moreover, our findings suggest that nearly half of the reported workplace difficulties could potentially be reduced or eliminated as a result of more and better professional development. Nonetheless, many employers do not consistently provide opportunities for professional development to their employees. Based on our analysis, we contend that professional development is a beneficial investment for lifelong learning, from undergraduate and graduate education throughout the entire course of a professional career.     

Zoogeography and paleozoology of leeches,molluscs, and amphibians in Western Bonneville Basin,Utah, USA

The artesian springs of Tule Valley are similar to those of adjacent Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat based on conductivity and temperature. All three valleys support Ranidae amphibians and the leechErpobdella punctata. The artesian springs in Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat contain six and two species of fish and contained up to 18 and 12 species of mollusk respectively, whereas Tule Valley artesian springs contain neither fish nor mollusks. The leechesHelobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia complanata, andHaemopis grandis were found in Snake Valley whereasHelobdella triserialis, Theromyzon rude, andHaemopis marmorata were found in Tule Valley. These springs which were covered by Lake Bonneville to a depth of several hundred meters, 16 000 BP., became isolated after the paleolake desiccated 13 000 years BP. The marsh snailCatinella is found above the paleolake level in Snake and Tule Valley and has not penetrated to the valley floor habitats once covered by the paleolake, whereas another marsh snailOxyloma has penetrated into these habitats in Snake Valley. The leech and molluscan distributions in Tule, Snake and Fish Springs Valleys suggest that the paleolake did not allow for much movement among the valleys, and successful passive aerial transport has not occurred after the paleolake desiccation 13 000 years BP. Paleozoological models are proposed to explain the presence and absence of these species in Tule Valley. Both lateral movement (along paleolake shorelines) and vertical movement (to new habitats formed after the desiccation of the paleolake) by amphibians, mollusks and leeches is restricted in large terminal lakes and is species dependent in both spatial and temporal scales of the hydrological cycle.     

Subjectivity,Power, and the IRB

A substantial literature in social sciences, including law and society, examines the intersections of research ethics and institutional review board (IRB) frameworks. Although geographers have engaged this literature, we argue that further involvement in ethical and regulatory discussions will advance opportunities for better understanding and negotiating the complex subjectivities produced in the IRB structure. Drawing on illustrative experiences of researchers, we focus specifically on the institutions convening IRBs, the researchers, and the human “subjects” produced in the IRB process. We conclude with a call for greater open discussion of the power dynamics, subjectivities, and challenges of formal ethical research structures.