基于球面剖分格网的矢量数据组织模型研究

针对球面剖分格网系统的优势和目前矢量数据存储方式存在的缺陷,提出基于球面剖分格网系统的矢量数据组织模型,以期更有效地存储和管理大范围多模式的矢量数据.主要讨论了矢量对象在不同格网层次下的剖分组织方法及其重构表达问题,并创新性地提出了球面矢量交换文件格式(SVE).同时,基于球面剖分格网系统设计了矢量数据的空间拓扑关系构建模式及多层次表达方式,为球面的矢量对象空间分析奠定了理论基础.     

菱形三十面体六边形全球离散格网系统构建算法

全球离散格网系统是递归剖分整个地球空间形成的多分辨率离散地球参考模型,有助于建立以空间位置为主键的多源数据关联融合新模式。正二十面体的三角面不利于建立格网单元行列索引,且生成的球面格网单元存在较大形状差异,对此,该文采用面数更多、结构更优的菱形三十面体构建六边形全球离散格网系统。首先,在单个菱形面上建立离散斜坐标系描述多种孔径六边形剖分产生的多分辨率格网;其次,根据菱形三十面体的几何属性确定跨面单元归属,据此拼接各面上的多分辨率单元,构成封闭三十面体上的格网系统;最后,通过Snyder等积多面体投影将封闭菱形三十面体上的格网系统映射至球面。实验结果表明,相比二十面体的同类成果,菱形三十面体六边形全球离散格网系统的几何属性和应用潜力更好,有助于建立地球空间信息数据的高精度承载模型。     

一种基于模糊相似度的球面格网几何变形评价指标

全球离散格网模型的不确定性,包括格网单元的几何变形及空间分布问题,是制约其广泛应用的主要因素之一。该文从三角形相似的角度出发,构造了球面三角格网的模糊相似度评价指标,以此对球面四元三角格网模型的几何变形特征及其收敛性进行分析评价,并给出了格网单元变形在八面体单元和全球区域的位置分布规律。最后,与传统评价指标进行对比实验,结果表明:该指标不但能够反映剖分模型的几何变形分布,而且还具有两大优势:1)能够同时反映剖分单元的几何形状和面积变形,可作为格网形状和面积变形的综合评价指标;2)该指标是相对于不同递归层次上理想剖分单元的绝对变形量,相比其他统计量,更便于表达不同层次间的格网几何变形。     

全球空间数据剖分模型分析

随着数字地球发展,全球空间信息多尺度表达和管理使得传统平面格网系统的局限性越来越明显,建立全球数据多尺度剖分模型已成为国内外学者关注的热点。该文介绍并分析全球剖分系统,根据剖分单元的形状和最终投影曲面的性质对球面剖分系统进行分类。总结出球面剖分系统具有连续性、稳定性、层次性和近似均匀性等优点,既有效避免了传统平面格网表达全球数据时存在的数据冗余问题,又克服了不规则球面剖分系统无法进行层次关联的缺陷,在管理全球、多层次和海量的空间数据时具有优势。     

球面格网系统特征分析及比较

球面格网系统是一种新型栅格数据模型。在全面检索和分析前人相关研究成果的基础上,将球面格网系统分成4种类型:基于经纬线划分的格网系统、基于正多面体划分的格网系统、基于Voronoi划分的格网系统和混合格网系统;并针对各种不同类型的格网,分析了同级格网单元的空间几何特征及不同级别格网之间的层次嵌套等特性。通过对比分析,给出不同格网系统的优缺点及其适用领域,认为不存在满足所有需求的通用的格网系统,相关应用只能针对具体情况,选用最适宜的格网系统。     

球面元胞自动机框架的比较与选择

在球面构建基本的元胞自动机框架是球面元胞自动机研究的基础.该文从球面空间特性出发,分析比较了四边形、三角形和六边形网格的不同几何特性和元胞运动机制,提出了基于六边形网格的元胞自动机框架模型,描述了其基本定义、运动机制和坐标系统,并构建了球面六边形元胞自动机原型系统进行模拟实验,结果表明,该元胞自动机框架能有效支持球面元胞自动机的深入研究.     

球面退化四叉树格网的剖分及变形分析

为有效解决经纬度格网与四元三角网(QTM)在全球空间数据管理与操作中存在的不足,提出一种新的全球离散格网剖分方法——球面退化四叉树格网(DQG),给出该格网的剖分原理与编码规则,并对其进行几何变形计算与分析。结果表明:DQG既具有经纬度格网结构简单的特征,又具有QTM几何变形稳定等优点。     

球面菱形网格递归剖分方法研究

提出一种结合经纬线并且用正多面体逐级递归的思想对球面直接剖分的方法,该方法无需内接多面体和投影,剖分单元采用近似菱形,可以实现球面任意分辨率的无缝、无重叠剖分.每个剖分单元的顶点和中心点对应的地理坐标都容易求得,从而使剖分单元的编码与地理坐标之间的转换相对简单.     

一种基于球面QTM格网的面要素边界跟踪填充算法

为实现四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)对球面面状要素矢量数据的离散化及可视化,该文将基于栅格单元的"边界代数法"扩展到球面三角格网单元,提出了一种基于QTM格网的边界跟踪填充算法,主要内容包括:通过ETP投影实现球面QTM格网与平面三角格网的相互转换,建立矢量线角度与三角格元邻近搜索的对应关系;"边界跟踪"并记录边界格元进行分类处理;最终给出"边界跟踪"下两种不同的填充模式。实验表明,该算法实现了球面矢量多边形在QTM格网中的填充。     

大数据量遥感影像快速显示剖分组织方法研究

提出了基于全球剖分格网的大数据量遥感影像快速显示方法,并基于VC平台实现.测试表明,它具有LOD技术优点,兼有影像金字塔的长处,并且利用剖分面片无缝铺盖球面的性质和地址码的关联性,可解决图像的重叠问题,能实现遥感影像的快速搜索与显示,具有局部图像快速更新、图像无缝连接等优点.     

A discrete global grid system for earth system modeling

To support Earth system modeling, we propose a discrete global grid system that expresses multi-resolution spatial data. Specifically, a unified coding model that expresses a grid of nodes, edges, and cells is constructed for a triangular discrete global grid system. To fulfill the requirements of practical applications, we design a code-based topological query method for this grid system and an algorithm to transform between grid codes and geographic coordinates. We evaluate the Global Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (Global-FVCOM) on the triangular discrete global grid system in the proposed uniform coding model. The ocean tidal waves simulated by the Global-FVCOM running on the coded grid are then compared with results obtained using a traditional irregular spherical grid system, and the results display comparable accuracy. The uniform coding model proposed in this paper provides a triangular discrete global grid system that can represent multi-resolution spatial data and can be used in Earth system models. This unified coding model can also be applied to the geographic coordinate system made up of latitudes and longitudes, as well as diamond and hexagonal grids.     

球面DQG地址码与经纬度坐标的快速转换算法

为了解决传统球面格网与经纬度坐标在转换效率或精度上存在的问题,提出一种新的转换算法.在分析球面退化四叉树格网(DQG)的剖分原理及其编码规则的基础上,给出DQG单元的行列定义规则,并设计了一套地址码与经纬度之间快速坐标转换的详细算法;将该算法与QTM行列逼近法、ZOT投影法及ETP投影法进行效率对比实验,结果表明:对于100万个DQG格网单元,其转换算法的平均耗时量为上述传统算法的53%、39%和7%,且避免了QTM行列逼近法出现的半格网误差现象,精度较高.     

A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths

Planners who are involved in locational decision-making often use raster-based geographic information systems to quantify the value of land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From a computational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformation of one or more sets of values associated with a grid of cells into another set of such values through a function reflecting one or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that different transformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has been known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). The paper attempts to answer this question in the context of path planning through a series of computational experiments using a number of random landscape grids with a variety of spatial and nonspatial structures. In the experiments, we generated least-cost paths on a number of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids using a variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locations and (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscape grid and that the variation among those paths is affected by how given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well as by how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Most significantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscape grid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attracting or distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains a smaller number of low-cost cells.     

Efficient encoding and spatial operation scheme for aperture 4 hexagonal discrete global grid system

Discrete global grid systems (DGGSs) are considered to be promising structures for global geospatial information representation. Square and triangular DGGSs have had the advantage over hexagonal ones in geospatial data processing over the past few decades. Despite a significant body of research supporting hexagonal grids as the superior alternative, the application thereof has been hindered partly owing to the lack of a hierarchy. This study presents an original perspective to combine two types of aperture 4 hexagonal discrete grid systems into a hierarchy. Each cell of the hierarchy is assigned a unique code using a linear quadtree that constructs the hexagonal quaternary balanced structure (HQBS). The mathematical system described by HQBS addressing and the vector operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are defined. Essential spatial operations for HQBS cell retrieval, transformation between HQBS codes and other coordinate systems, and arrangement of HQBS cells on spherical surfaces were studied and implemented. The accuracy and efficiency of algorithms were validated through experiments. The results indicate that the average efficiency of cell retrieval using the HQBS is higher than that using other schemes, thus proving it to be more efficient.     

分布式时变增益流域水循环模拟

针对分布式水文模拟的问题,结合河西走廊黑河流域实际资料条件,提出将水文循环空间数字化信息与水文系统理论相结合的分布式时变增益水循环模型 (DTVGM)。DTVGM将单元时变增益水文非线性模型(TVGM)拓广到由DEM划分的流域单元网格上建立非线性地表水产流模型,基于水量平衡方程和蓄泄方程建立土壤水产流模型,并应用运动波方法建立分级网格汇流模型。最后,以黑河干流山区流域为例应用DTVGM开展了实例研究,设计开发了模型系统。研究区域被划分为38 277个网格单元 (网格大小为500 m×500 m),在此基础上将流域划分为456级带状汇流区域。考虑到黑河干流山区的寒区特点,模型耦合了融雪径流模型。模拟结果表明,DTVGM既有分布式水文概念性模拟的特征,同时具有水文系统分析适应能力强的优点,能够在水文资料信息不完全或者有不确定性干扰条件获得比较好的分布式水文模拟效率,在黑河干流山区的应用能够较好地满足水资源管理的要求。     

面向集聚分布空间数据的混合式索引方法研究

空间数据索引技术可以有效地提高空间数据在存储、处理、分析以及地图可视化中的效率,其性能优劣直接影响GIS的整体性能。该文针对格网索引和四叉树索引存在的问题,提出将四叉树嵌入格网形成一种混合式空间索引结构,并分析其原理、数据结构与影响参数。理论分析及实验证明,对于空间集聚分布状态的海量地理数据而言,混合式索引方法以略高的存储代价换取了更高的检索、插入和删除效率,是一种有效的空间索引方案。     

中国地震发生频率与烈度的空间分布

考虑不同区域地震记录具有时间长度不等的特点,对“震中分布分震级网格点密集值”算法进行改进,结合 GIS 的空间分析方法将地震目录中的点数据空间化为能反映地震发生频率的栅格数据;依据地震震级和烈度的关 系以及地震烈度在空间上的椭圆衰减模型,选择逼近和近似的计算手段,并结合空间插值方法得到中国地震烈度 分布的栅格图。从地震频率分布结果上看,大致以宁夏、甘肃、四川和云南为界,中国西部地区3 级以上的地震发生 频率要高于东部地区;从地震烈度分布结果看,中国甘肃、陕西、宁夏、山西、河北、四川、云南等位于地震带内的区 域在发生地震时产生的烈度较高。     

Mountain Glacier Flow Velocities Analyzed from Satellite Optical Images

Mountain glaciers are sensitive to environment. It is important to acquire ice flow velocities over time for glacier research and hazard forecast. For this paper, cross-correlating of optical images is used to monitor ice flow velocities, and an improvement, which is called ＂moving grid,＂ is made to this method. For this research, two remote-sensing images in a certain glacier area, dur-ing different times are selected. The first image is divided into grids, and we calculated the correlation coefficient of each window in the grid with the window on the second image. The window with the highest correlation coefficient is considered the counter-part one on the first image. The displacement of the two corresponding windows is the movement of the glacier, and it is used to calculate glacier surface velocity. Compared to the traditional way of dividing an image with ascertain grid, this method uses small steps to move the grid from one location to another adjacent location until the whole glacier area is covered in the image, thus in-creasing corresponding point density. We selected a glacier in the Tianshan Mountains for this experiment and used two re-mote-sensing images with a 10-year interval to determine this method.     

Adaptive unstructured grid finite element simulation of two-dimensional magnetotelluric fields for arbitrary surface and seafloor topography

We present an adaptive unstructured triangular grid finite element approach for effectively simulating plane-wave diffusive electromagnetic fields in 2-D conductivity structures.
The most striking advantage of irregular grids is their potential to incorporate arbitrary geometries including surface and seafloor topography. Adaptive mesh refinement strategies using an a posteriori error estimator yield most efficient numerical solutions since meshes are only refined where required.
We demonstrate the robustness of this approach by comparison with analytical solutions and previously published numerical simulations. Maximum errors may systematically be reduced to, for example, 0.8 per cent for the apparent resistivity and 0.2° in the phase.
An additional accuracy study of the thickness of the air layer in E-polarization suggests to keep a minimum thickness depending on lateral conductivity contrasts within the earth.
Furthermore, we point out the new quality and flexibility of our simulation technique by addressing two marine magnetotelluric applications. In the first case, we discuss topographic effects associated with a synthetic sinusoidal sea bottom model and in the second case, we show a close-to-reality scenario using real bathymetry data from the East Pacific Rise at 17°S.     

分布式水文模拟汇流方法及应用

对于必须考虑汇流过程的分布式水文模型而言 ,其汇流模型可以分解为三个层次来讨论 :第一个层次是单元划分 ;第二个层次为汇流路径 ;第三个层次则是基于该汇流路径的汇流演算模型。基于栅格的分级运动波汇流模型是根据栅格DEM的网格单元水流流向来划分栅格等级 (汇流带 ) ,然后应用运动波模型进行逐级汇流演算。文中从可操作性的角度对栅格分级方法和运动波汇流模型进行了分析讨论 ,最后根据潮白河流域 1 981～ 1 990年资料进行了日径流过程模拟分析 ,说明该方法在理论上是合理的 ,并在应用中取得良好的模拟效果。