汉江上游郧西段全新世古洪水事件研究

古洪水水文学是全球变化科学领域的前沿课题。通过对汉江上游的深入调查研究,在郧西段基岩峡谷发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积地层。通过沉积学观察研究,采样分析和与2010年汉江洪水滞流沉积物的粒度、磁化率特征对比,判定为典型的全新世洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)。通过全新世地层对比和光释光(OSL) 测年,确定其记录了全新世时期3200-2800 a BP的特大古洪水事件。在确定了古洪水洪峰水位和相关参数的基础上,采用比降法水文模型推算出该期洪水洪峰流量在48830~51710 m³/s 之间。同时在该断面观测了汉江上游1983 年、2005 年和2010 年洪水洪痕水位,采用相同水文参数和模型,恢复了其洪峰流量,与白河水文站实测流量比较,误差在1.99%~4.21%之间,说明我们对于古洪水水文参数选择与洪峰流量计算结果是合理的。从而将古洪水数据加入洪水频率序列中,建立了万年尺度洪水流量与频率关系。该研究成果为汉江上游水资源水能源开发利用和防洪减灾等,提供了重要的水文资料。     

黄河壶口段全新世古洪水事件及其水文学研究

通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段的考察,在多个地点发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积层。选择壶口段左岸岩棚内典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面进行沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO₃含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,记录了全新世两个时期的特大洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL测年,确定其分别发生在全新世早期-中期转折阶段,和中期-晚期转折阶段。利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复古洪水水位,计算出第一组古洪水洪峰流量为27490m³/s、27830 m³/s、28570 m³/s,第二组为40920m³/s。本文的研究发现全新世特大洪水事件,并且恢复了其水文特征数据,对于揭示黄河水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义,对于水利工程建设具有重要的现实意义。     

旬阳东段汉江全新世古洪水研究

通过对汉江上游河谷的考察, 在旬阳县东段构元－棕溪乡河段发现的典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面, 进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究。在野外考察的基础上, 对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品, 进行粒度成分和磁化率等分析测试, 从沉积角度揭示了这些沉积层是古洪水在高水位滞流环境中悬移质泥沙的沉积物。通过地层对比分析确定由其记录的古洪水事件分别发生全新世早期9000~8500 a B.P.和全新世晚期3200~2800 aB.P.。利用古水文学原理恢复其洪峰水位, 计算出古洪水洪峰流量介于45630~50220 m³/s 之间。结合现代洪水洪痕洪峰计算、洪峰流量与流域面积关系分析多种方法, 对古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证, 从而建立了更加可靠的万年尺度洪峰流量与频率关系。本文的研究成果, 对汉江上游水资源开发、防洪减灾、水土保持和深入理解汉江上游水文过程对全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义。     

黄河上游靖远金坪段全新世古洪水沉积物特征

通过对黄河上游靖远-景泰峡谷段进行系统地全新世古洪水沉积学和水文学考察,确定金坪村剖面含有一组14层古洪水滞流沉积层。同时在该河段多处发现2012年大洪水洪痕和滞流沉积物的尖灭点。对两种沉积物进行采样和分析测试,结果表明古洪水滞流沉积物粒度成分分类为粘土质粉沙和细沙质粉沙。其粒度分布集中,分选性良好,与现代大洪水滞流沉积物完全相同,明显不同于晚更新世马兰黄土和全新世中期古土壤。这些特征表面他们是黄河上游古洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下缓慢沉积的产物,记录了黄河上游靖远-景泰峡谷段一期14次特大古洪水事件。该剖面全新世古洪水滞流沉积物的磁化率很低、烧失量小、Ca CO3含量低,与现代洪水滞流沉积物对应指标相似。说明这组古洪水滞流沉积物在沉积之后很快被坡积石渣土覆盖保存,没有受到地表风化成壤作用的影响。并且经过OSL测年,本期特大古洪水事件发生在3 200—3 000 a B.P.,这些研究结果对于揭示黄河上游特大洪水沉积物性质和泥沙来源、开展黄河流域全新世古洪水水文学研究,揭示黄河上游洪水水文泥沙过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的意义。     

淮河上游卢庄段全新世古洪水水文恢复研究

通过沿淮河上游野外考察,在毛集河口卢庄找到了一典型全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面,进行了系统采样和沉积学粒度分析及水文学恢复的研究工作。粒度分析表明,古洪水滞流沉积物（SWD）与上下层黄土-古土壤区别明显,粒度参数Q型聚类层次分明,其粒级组分以砂质为主,而黄土古土壤粒度以粗粉砂为主,SWD其粒度分形维数明显偏低,各沉积单元粒级组分端元特征明显,通过粒度特征能够很好地鉴别古洪水滞流沉积物层。水文学研究结果表明,自8 500 a以来,在淮和上游至少发生了6次特大洪水,根据各层SWD的厚度和产状关系推求出了其最大可能的洪峰水位,高于水平位10.03~14.36 m之间,据滞流回水环境状态下淮河河道相应的洪峰水位,采用恒定均匀流比降-面积法求得各期洪峰流量介于7 062.18~16 040.94 m³·s^-1之间。研究结果对古洪水滞流沉积物鉴别和古洪水洪峰水位的恢复提供新的思路和方法,同时有效地延长了淮河上游洪水数据序列,可为淮河上游卢庄段全新世时间尺度上洪水流量-频率关系的建立提供参考数据。这对于淮河上游水利水电工程洪水设计和洪水资源化开发管理具有重要的现实意义。     

渭河天水峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究

古洪水水文学是全球变化科学领域的新兴学科.通过对渭河上游天水段基岩峡谷的详细考察,对在杜家坪村附近发现的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面进行了深入研究.沉积学观察和分析结果表明这些沉积物为洪水悬移质泥沙沉积形成,因而其主要成分为粉沙,分选良好.其磁化率值很低,表明它们是全新世晚期的沉积物,还没有受到风化成壤作用的改造.通过与其下游宝鸡峡全新世古洪水沉积剖面的地层学和考古年代学对比,确定其发生的时代在3200～3000a BP之间,即全新世大暖期结束之时.利用古洪水水文学方法,求出该组古洪水沉积层所记录的特大洪水的洪峰流量介于23460～25480m3/s之间.同时,通过进一步分析验证,表明对于古洪水洪峰流量计算结果是可靠的.本研究获得了渭河万年尺度特大洪水的水文学数据,延长了洪水水文数据序列,在工程水文领域有重要应用性价值,对于揭示全球变化的水文响应具有重要的科学意义.     

汉江上游郧西郧县段古洪水事件光释光测年及其对气候变化的响应

通过对汉江上游的野外考察,发现汉江上游郧西-郧县段第一级阶地前沿全新世土壤剖面中夹有多层古洪水滞流沉积物,选择该河段的归仙河口（GXH）剖面进行了详细野外观察,结合粒度成分和磁化率指标分析,证明它们是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。采用石英的单片再生剂量法（SAR）获得了该剖面中9 个样品的光释光年龄值。基于测定的光释光年龄、考古断代和地层对比结果,确定这四期洪水事件分别发生在距今12500-12000 a、7500-7200 a、3100-2800 a,1000-900 a。通过与汉江上游地区、国内和世界各地的多种指标气候变化记录的对比分析,进一步探讨了汉江上游郧西郧县段全新世以来发生的多期古洪水事件发生的气候背景,这一认识有助于深入理解区域洪涝灾害对全球气候变化的响应规律。     

黄河永和关段全新世古洪水研究

通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段进行系统地考察, 在多个地点发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积物。选择永和关段YHG剖面进行了沉积学和水文学研究。根据野外宏观沉积学特征, 确定YHG 剖面含有一组五层古洪水滞流沉积层。采样分析测试表明其磁化率低、烧失量小、CaCO₃含量低, 粒度成分分类为粉沙质细沙和细沙质粉沙。它们是黄河洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流情况下的沉积物, 记录了黄河晋陕峡谷段一期五次特大古洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL 测年断代, 确定这五次洪水发生在全新世中期-晚期转折阶段, 即3200-3000 aBP。这也是我国历史上商末-西周初年的气候恶化转折阶段。利用“古洪水SWD厚度与含沙量关系法”恢复古洪水洪峰水位, 采用面积-比降法计算出5 次古洪水事件洪峰流量介于28380~48590 m³/s 之间。该结果有效地延长了黄河中游洪水数据序列, 为万年尺度洪水流量-频率关系的计算提供了基础数据。这对于黄河中下游水利水电工程洪水设计和洪水资源化开发管理具有重要的现实意义, 对于揭示黄河中游水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义。     

马莲河全新世古洪水沉积学和水文学研究

通过对马莲河中下游的深入考察,在甘肃省合水县河段发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面,对采集的沉积物样品进行粒度成分、石英砂表面结构等分析,证明为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。通过地层学年代对比分析,确定马莲河在全新世中晚期发生特大洪水,年代大致为4200-4000a B．R之间。根据该组古洪水滞流沉积物所指示的洪峰水位,采用比降法恢复洪峰流量在16400～16900m^3／s之间。同时对该断面2003年和2005年洪水的洪痕进行了流量恢复计算,计算结果与实测洪水误差小于5％,证明古洪水水文学计算结果合理可靠,从而为马莲河水利工程建设及沿岸城镇的防洪减灾提供了科学依据。     

丹江上游全新世早期古洪水滞流沉积物粒度特征研究

通过对丹江流域广泛的野外考察,在丹江上游竹林关峡谷段右岸发现典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积层剖面。根据野外宏观特征及沉积环境,鉴别出该剖面夹有四层古洪水滞流沉积物,均匀致密,分选良好,各层界面自然开裂,具有波状-水平状平行层理。室内粒度成分分析表明,沉积物以粉沙为主,粘粒含量次之,细沙含量很少,沉积学分类属粉沙和粘土质粉沙。粒度自然分布频率曲线为正偏,主峰高且尖锐,分选良好。粒度概率累积分布曲线为典型的两段式,沉积物投影在CM图的Ⅶ区(SWD1和SWD3)和Ⅷ区(SWD2和SWD4)。将四层古洪水SWD与2010年洪水SWD进行对比分析,粒度组成成分、粒度参数、自然分布频率曲线都呈现相似形态。综合分析说明四层古洪水SWD是丹江洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下的沉积物,为丹江上游开展古洪水水文学研究奠定了基础,对于丹江洪水水文泥沙特性、水资源开发利用具有重要意义。     

黄河马头关段全新世古洪水水文恢复及气候背景研究

通过野外观察研究,在黄河中游晋陕峡谷永和县佛堂村（FTC）支沟口的回水湾内发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积物。结合沉积学分析,判定它们是典型的全新世古洪水悬移质泥砂颗粒在高水位滞流环境中的沉积物。利用“古洪水SWD厚度含沙量法”恢复古洪水洪峰水位,借助HEC-RAS模型估算出4次古洪水事件洪峰流量在25 200～51 500 m³·s^-1之间。OSL测年结果显示,FTC地点的古洪水发生在1 900～1 700 a BP、3 400～3 000 a BP。全新世气候变化研究表明,这两个时期气候恶化,旱涝灾害多有发生。FTC地点的两期四次洪水反映了这两个时期的气候异常变化成果,表明了黄河中游水文系统对气候变化作出的响应,也印证了季风区河流对气候突变的响应规律,为黄河中下游地区防洪减灾和水资源开发提供了基础数据。     

汉江上游郧县五峰段史前大洪水水文学恢复研究

通过深入的野外考察,在汉江上游郧县五峰段多个地点发现全新世古洪水事件的沉积学记录,为恢复史前特大洪水事件的洪峰水位和洪峰流量提供了物质基础。在系统获取河道水文参数的基础上,采用ArcGIS 耦合HEC-RAS模型,推算出其洪峰流量介于42 220~63 400m³/s 之间。对于河槽糙率的灵敏度检验表明,给定糙率变化±25%,模型模拟得到的洪峰流量误差在-10.6%~6.3%之间。这个误差范围远小于采用比降-面积法获得的结果。同时,采用该模型和同样的参数,依据该河段现代大洪水洪痕高程,恢复推算其洪峰流量,其结果与实测数据误差在-3.9%~1.0%之间。与其它方法相比较,这种新方法有效地提高了水文参数选取准确性,使得古洪水水文恢复计算结果更为可靠。本研究为超长尺度大洪水水文学恢复提供了新的途径,也获得了汉江上游万年尺度特大洪水的水文学数据资料,对汉江上游水利水电枢纽工程建设、水资源调度和防洪减灾具有重要的现实意义。     

Reconstructing the extraordinary palaeoflood events during 3200-2800 a BP in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River Valley,China

Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWD) were found in the bedrock gorges of the Yunxi reach. The results of field observation, laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility, and comparison with modern flood deposits, the SWD were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits of the Hanjiang River. By using stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating method, the palaeoflood event was dated to be 3200-2800 a BP at the turn from the middle to late Holocene. According to the palaeoflood peak stage and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges of the palaeoflood were reconstructed as 48,830-51,710 m3/s by using the slope-area method. At same time, the flood peak discharges of 1983, 2005 and 2010 severe floods were reconstructed with the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross section. The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%-4.21%. This showed that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge-frequency relationship at 10,000-year time scale was established by a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data. These results are very important for hydraulic engineering and flood mitigation on the Hanjiang River.     

汉江上游3200-2800aBP特大古洪水重建研究(英文)

Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits(SWD) were found in the bedrock gorges of the Yunxi reach. The results of field observation, laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility, and comparison with modern flood deposits, the SWD were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits of the Hanjiang River. By using stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating method, the palaeoflood event was dated to be 3200–2800 a BP at the turn from the middle to late Holocene. According to the palaeoflood peak stage and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges of the palaeoflood were reconstructed as 48,830–51,710 m3/s by using the slope-area method. At same time, the flood peak discharges of 1983, 2005 and 2010 severe floods were reconstructed with the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross section. The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%–4.21%. This showed that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge-frequency relationship at 10,000-year time scale was established by a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data. These results are very important for hydraulic engineering and flood mitigation on the Hanjiang River.     

黄河中游马莲河历史与现代洪痕沉积与水文学研究

通过对马莲河流域深入调查研究,在马莲河下游峡谷峭壁发现了一组4个显著的洪痕。洪痕沉积物分析看出,马莲河洪水悬移质泥沙以粉沙为主,粘粒和沙粒含量都较低,磁化率值也很低。将这些数据与流域内马家原剖面黄土土壤的的分析结果对比,可知马莲河现代洪痕沉积物是暴雨洪水对于流域内黄土和土壤侵蚀、搬运沉积形成。采用面积－比降法对该组洪痕所记录的4次洪水事件进行了洪峰流量恢复计算。表明高于常水位3.3 m、5.5 m、6.7 m洪痕洪峰流量分别为1 170m³/s、4 060 m³/s、5 690 m³/s。它们与雨落坪水文站观测2005、2003、1977年的洪水洪峰流量值相当,误差小于5 %。最高洪痕高出常水位10～12 m,计算恢复其洪峰流量为13 980 m³/s,洪水发生年代为1841年（清代道光21年）。这些研究结果对于马莲河流域的防洪减灾、水利水电工程设计和水土流失防治具有重要科学意义。     

Extracting Holocene paleohydrology and paleoclimatology information from modern extreme flood events: An example from southern California

The extraction of paleohydrological and paleoclimatological information from a modern hydrological system, shown to represent unique and extreme hydroclimatological conditions, is illustrated by an example from the Mojave River drainage basin in southern California. The Mojave River allows only the most extreme floods to reach its terminal basin in the Silver Lake playa and to form ephemeral lakes. All the other floods are lost by transmission into the alluvial aquifer along its 200 km channel. This filtering out of regular floods by the river provides an essential tool in establishing a physical link between atmospheric and hydrologic conditions. We demonstrate such a link between anomalous, present-day atmospheric circulation patterns over the North Pacific Ocean, extreme storms in southern California that produced the heaviest precipitation on record, the largest floods of record in the Mojave River watershed, and ephemeral lakes in its terminal playa. This physical link determines the possible cause of the formations of perennial, short-duration, shallow lakes in Silver Lake playa during the late Holocene and characterizes the hydroclimatic conditions that prevailed during these lacustrine episodes. Hydrological simulations of this river and its filtering character demonstrate that these lakes could have formed only if the most extreme modern storms and floods were more frequent in at least an order of magnitude during specific time episodes. We conclude that such extreme hydroclimatic conditions occurred more frequent in past episodes during which the Holocene lakes formed. In turn, this conclusion indicates that the cause of these storms and floods, i.e. the anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern, must have been more frequent. This research outlines a way to extract information on Holocene climates in hydrologic settings that demonstrate a unique cause and effect relationship.     

黄河中游漆水河古洪水与环境演变

Palaeoflood hydrological study is a frontal subject of global change study. Using sedimentology, geomorphology and OSL dating methods, the typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits were studied in the Qishuihe River valley. The results showed that five flooding episodes with 21 palaeoflood events occurred during 4300–4250 a B.P., 4250–4190 a B.P., 4190–4100 a B.P., 4100–4000 a B.P. and 3100–3010 a B.P., respectively, during the Holocene period. The palaeoflood peak discharges were calculated with hydrological models. With a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data, the archives of flood events were extended to over 10,000 years in the Qishuihe River valley, and the flood frequency-peak discharge relationship curve was established accurately. These research results played important roles in mitigating flood hazard, hydraulic engineering and also the development of water resources in the semiarid Weihe River basin.