黄河源地区草地退化空间特征

利用黄河源地区1985年和2000年1：100000土地利用／覆被数据，结合1：250000DEM、道路和居民点数据与野外调查资料，分析草地退化与坡向、海拔及距道路和居民点距离之间的关系．探讨黄河源区15年间土地覆被变化特征与规律。结果表明，退化草地占源区总面积的8．24％，冬春季牧场退化率显著高于夏季牧场：草地退化是黄河源区研究时段内土地利用／覆被变化最主要的特征。草地退化表现为：①阳坡退化率高于阴坡；②受人口密度影响，草地退化率与海拔高度成反比，相关系数为．0．925；③距离居民点越近。退化率越高。尤其当与居民点距离≤12km时，草地退化率与其相关系数高达-0．996；④在距道路4km以内．草地退化率与道路距离成反比．相关系数高达-0．978。1985年以来，源区的草地退化有自然因素的影响．但人类活动的影响仍起主导作用。科学地减少当地居民对草地的过分依赖是解决脆弱的江河源区环境退化的根本。     

秦巴山区MODISLST时序数据重建及特征分析

地表温度(LST)是大气—地表水热平衡的重要参数,但受云等大气状况影响,MODIS LST时间序列产品存在大量缺失数据,限制了LST数据使用。该文以陕南秦巴山区为研究区,从LST与高程、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、经度和纬度的相关性特征出发,首先,针对不同的相关性特征自适应确定重建因子;然后,设计了以时点重建模型为主算法、总重建模型为备用算法的LST时间序列重建流程;最后,对研究区的地温特征进行分析。结果表明,高程与LST呈较为稳定的负相关关系,NDVI随植被的物候期变化与LST的相关性呈周期性变化,纬度与LST白天时点以正相关为主,夜晚则呈负相关特征;白天重建数据的平均绝对误差(MAE)变化范围较大,夜晚的变化范围小且平均值较低;71.8%的白天重建数据和78.2%的夜晚重建数据的误差可控制在3℃以内;研究区内平均地温随着高程的升高而下降,海拔1~2km区域的年均地温比海拔低于1km区域低2.0℃,海拔大于2km区域的年均地温比海拔1~2km区域低2.6℃。     

长三角地区沿海低地及其人口的时空变化分析

利用我国1∶25万DEM、人口密度格网数据库GPWv3和Land Scan,分析长三角沿海低地的空间分布及其人口的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:长三角沿海低地分布在距离海岸180 km以内,面积为67 339 km2,占长三角总面积的32.2%;超过1/3的沿海低地海拔低于4 m,其中60%分布在距海岸60 km范围内。2010年,长三角沿海低地人口占长三角总人口的45.52%,其中,2/5以上低地人口分布在海拔4 m以下区域,2/3的低地人口分布在距海岸60 km范围内。1990—2010年,长三角沿海低地人口总体呈上升趋势,并表现出人口由内陆向沿海、由农村向城市迁移的态势。     

1990—2020年天山北坡地下水储量估算及其时空演变规律

天山北坡位于中国新疆,地处亚欧桥的国门,社会经济发展迅速,其绿洲经济和灌溉农业对地下水资源的依赖程度高。揭示1990—2020年地下水储量的演变规律对维持区域可持续发展具有重要意义。但由于长时序和较高分辨率的区域地下水观测数据匮乏,使得该任务又极具挑战性。本文基于重建的陆地水储量（TWS）变化数据、ERA5-Land再分析数据和其他相关的土壤质地、海拔高程、植被指数和冰川分布等辅助数据,建立了随机森林降尺度模型,据此估算了天山北坡1990—2020年的8 km分辨率地下水储量（GWS）变化,分析了天山北坡GWS的时空演变规律。估算的GWS变化与实测地下水位序列的时间变化具有较高的一致性,二者的相关系数最高达到0.68。天山北坡GWS具有明显的年内变化和年际变化。GWS在夏季和春季较高,在秋季和冬季较低,峰值出现在6月,最低值出现在10月。1990—2020年天山北坡有85%以上的地区GWS发生了显著下降,全区平均的变化趋势为-0.38 cm/a。其中,艾比湖水系和中段诸河区GWS下降最剧烈,额敏河流域下降速率最小;耕地下降速率最大,草地次之,裸地下降速率最小。日益增强的农业耗水活动是1...     

干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析

基于1987年、2002年、2013年三期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感影像提取研究区农村居民点时空分布信息,利用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析及多元线性回归分析干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观演化特征及驱动机制。研究表明：① 农村居民点集中分布在绿洲内部平原区,其中城市周边及沿河道、道路是居民点空间聚集较明显的区域。② 1987-2013年农村居民点面积增长较形状变化更为显著。新建居民点和旧居民点边界扩张是导致研究区农村居民点面积显著增长主要原因,且在不同时空区域表现出不同的增长方式;居民点形状以矩形和近圆形居多,条带型较少。③ 通过对居民点景观演变机制进行分析,发现城市辐射距离、水源地远近及距离道路远近是影响农村居民点景观变化的首要因素,其次是人口规模,最后才是区域经济的发展。     

黑河下游尾闾区植物群落物种多样性与稳定性格局

黑河下游尾闾区作为西北干旱区典型的脆弱生态系统,其植物群落物种多样性与稳定性对维持该地区生态安全和可持续发展具有重要意义。以黑河下游尾闾区荒漠植被为研究对象,采用K-Means聚类,基于距河道距离及其对应的土壤含水量数据,将黑河下游尾闾区垂直于河道0—4 km区域可分为距河0—0.3 km（T_0-0.3）、0.3—1.7 km（T_0.3-1.7）和1.7—4.0 km（T_1.7-4.0）3个距离梯度,研究不同距离梯度下植物群落物种组成、多样性和稳定性特征,并进一步探讨了黑河下游尾闾区主要植物最适宜土壤水分需求。结果表明：（1）近河0—0.3 km区域以耐湿耐盐碱的草本为主,优势种为芦苇（Phragmites communis）、盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）和冰草（Agropyron cristatum）;距河道0.3—1.7 km区域出现的植物种类数目最多,以乔木为主,兼有灌木和草本,优势种为柽柳和胡杨;距河道1.7—4.0 km区域出现的植物种类数目最少,以极耐旱的灌木和亚灌木等荒漠植被为主,优势种为红砂（Reaumuria songarica）和梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）。（2）3个距离梯度下Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度指数R均表现为距河0.3—1.7 km>0—0.3 km>1.7—4.0 km,而植物群落稳定性与物种多样性间呈现出相反的变化趋势,即群落稳定性表现为距河1.7—4.0 km>0—0.3 km>0.3—1.7 km。（3）当黑河下游尾闾区距河0—0.3、0.3—1.7 km和1.7—4.0 km区域植被最适宜土壤含水量分别为27%—31%、15%—22%和4%—7%,有利于维持该区域植物群落物种多样性与稳定性。     

2000～2007年辉河湿地面积变化及其与局地气候的关系研究

辉河湿地作为内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区的主体,在维护区域生态平衡方面发挥着极其重要的作用。以辉河湿地为研究区,利用2000～2007年每一年的第97天至第289天的250m分辨率16天合成的MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,以及90m分辨率的研究区DEM数据,根据典型地物第97天至第289天期间的NDVI变化曲线特征,构建典型湿地地物信息提取模型,对辉河湿地面积进行提取。利用距研究区最近的鄂温克旗气象站2000～2007年的气温、降水量和蒸发量数据,用灰关联分析法分析了湿地面积变化与气候因子的关系。研究结果表明,2000～2007年期间,辉河湿地面积波动变化,2000年辉河湿地面积最大,为651．75km2,2006年面积最小,为441．19km2;5—9月降水量对辉河湿地面积影响最大,它们之间的灰关联度为0．82,即当地植物生长期的降水量是影响辉河湿地面积变化的主导因子。     

基于logistic回归模型的农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析——以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例

本文以农牧交错带的典型区域——内蒙古翁牛特旗为例,考虑土地利用变化过程的空间变量,建立了不同土地利用变化过程的logistic回归模型。结果表明:模型中转为耕地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和农业气候区;转为草地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离、土壤表层有机质含量和到乡镇中心的距离;转为林地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和海拔;空间异质性和土地利用变化过程的时间变量共同影响着使用logistic回归模型来解释土地利用变化驱动力的能力;通过对草地logistic回归模型的检验,得出空间统计模型能较好地揭示不同土地利用变化过程的主要驱动力及其作用机理。     

滇西南地区NDVI变化及其对不同时间尺度干湿变化的响应

利用2001—2013年MODIS/NDVI归一化植被指数时间序列,采用变异系数、一元线性趋势变化等多项指标,结合SPEI指数和DEM分级数据提取不同高程地区的NDVI变化信息,分析滇西南地区不同海拔梯度NDVI时空变化规律及对不同时间尺度干湿变化的响应,结果表明:(1)研究区不同海拔梯度四季和年NDVI波动变化较小,NDVI变化趋势随海拔梯度变化存在一定的差异性,但总体上升趋势明显,四季和年NDVI改善区域占研究区46.9%~74.0%。(2)各海拔梯度NDVI变化百分率多集中在-10%~10%范围;以1500 m为界,变化百分率超过(小于)10%(-10%)的区域在高于(低于)1500 m的3个海拔梯度上。(3)各海拔梯度NDVI与2~8个月时间尺度SPEI指数相关性最为密切,表明研究区NDVI对降水及蒸散发导致的水分盈亏的响应具有滞后效应和累积效应;1—5月及春、冬季NDVI对SPEI指数的响应较强,7—9月和夏季NDVI与SPEI指数呈负相关。(4)2个典型干旱年中,NDVI负距平像元主要分布在1000~1750 m的3个海拔梯度上,受干旱影响较小的植被集中于NDVI≥0.6的高植被区。     

青海省柴达尔-木里地区道路沿线多年冻土分布模拟

以青海省柴达尔-木里铁路、热水-江仓公路沿线两侧约10 km缓冲区为研究区域,以冻土钻孔实测数据为基础,定量分析和评价了经度、纬度、高程、太阳辐射、坡度、坡向、地面曲率等地形-候因子对沿线区域多年冻土分布的影响,建立了以经度、高程、坡度为自变量、多年冻土发生概率为因变量的Logistic模型.借助于GIS软件和DEM数据,完成了道路沿线区域多年冻土分布概率图的绘制和多年冻土分布概率的特征分析.结果表明,极可能多年冻土(概率值为0.75～1)的分布面积为1983 km2,占整个研究区域面积的65%;可能多年冻土(概率值为0.5～0.75)的分布区面积为192 km2,占研究区域面积的6%;季节冻土(概率值＜0.5)的分布区面积为894 km2,占沿线区域面积的29%.     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

长江黄河源区高寒植被变化的NDVI记录

使用8 km分辨率Pathdfinder NOAA-AVHRR/NDVI时间序列数据, 对青藏高原长江、黄河源区1982~2001年地表植被覆盖的空间分布和时间序列变化进行了分析, 并在典型区NDVI与气温、降水量和浅层地温单相关关系分析的基础上, 在不考虑地温作用和考虑地温作用两种条件下, 构建了NDVI与气温、降水量和浅层地温的统计模型。结果表明：近20年来江河源区的植被覆盖总体上保持原状,　局部继续退化。黄河源区的扎陵湖、鄂陵湖周边及其北东部地区、巴颜喀拉山北麓的多曲源头地区、长江源区的曲麻莱和治多一带、托托河沿至伍道梁之间的青藏公路两侧一定范围、格拉丹冬局部地区年NDVI减少显著,　幅度在0%~20%之间,　植被退化严重。江河源区年NDVI的变化, 即植被覆盖状况的好坏主要受温度, 尤其是40 cm附近地温的影响, NDVI对40 cm的地温变化极为敏感。在江河源多年冻土区, 冻土冻融过程不仅与地温变化息息相关, 而且影响土壤含水量的多少, 冻土的退化将会直接影响该区植被的生长。     

江河源区生态环境范围的探讨

The Tibetan Plateau, as the origin of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, is the region of climate variation and is very sensitive to climate change in China (Feng etal., 1998). The runoff in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been decreasing at a rate of 9.8 m3/s per decade due to rapid climate warming in the Tibetan Plateau since the mid- and late 1980s (Zhang etal., 2000). Eco-environmental change is also extremely substantial in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. T…     

2000-2011 年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 数据,辅以线性趋势分析、Hurst 指数及偏相关系数等方法,本文从三个尺度分析了近12 年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征、未来趋势及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1) 近12 年三江源区植被覆盖呈现增加趋势,增速为1.2%/10a,其中长江源区、黄河源区植被均呈增加趋势,而澜沧江源区植被呈下降趋势。(2) 三江源区植被覆盖具有显著的区域差异,且NDVI频度呈现“双峰”结构。(3) 近12 年三江源区植被覆盖呈增加趋势和减少趋势的面积分别占64.06%和35.94%,且表现为源区北部增加、南部减少的空间格局。(4) 三江源区植被变化的反向特征显著,植被变化由改善趋势转为退化趋势的区域主要分布在长江源区和黄河源区的北部,而由退化趋势转为改善趋势的区域主要分布在澜沧江源区。(5) 三江源区植被对降水和潜在蒸散的响应存在时滞现象,而对气温的响应不存在时滞现象。(6) 三江源区植被覆盖的增加主要归因于气候暖湿化以及生态保护工程的实施。     

长江黄河源区生态环境脆弱性评价初探

基于综合性原则、主导因子原则和可操作性原则, 确定了长江黄河源区生态环境脆弱性的评价指标。依据县一级行政单位将长江黄河源区分为八大地区, 使用主成分分析法对各地区的生态环境进行综合评价, 基本可把源区的生态环境脆弱度分为五级: 极脆弱型、强脆弱型、中脆弱型、轻脆弱型和微脆弱型。 黄河源区的达日和玛沁县脆弱程度最高, 为极脆弱地区; 称多县为强脆弱地区; 玛多和杂多县脆弱程度中等, 为中脆弱地区; 治多和曲麻莱县属于轻脆弱地区, 长江源区西南部的唐古拉山乡脆弱度最小, 属于微脆弱地区。     

Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters Region during 2000-2011

The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR),which is the source area of the Yangtze River,Yellow River,and Lancang River,is of key importance to the ecological security of China. Because of climate changes and human activities,ecological degradation occurred in this region. Therefore,"The nature reserve of Three-River Source Regions" was established,and "The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwaters Nature Reserve" was implemented by the Chinese government. This study,based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data,aims to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the TRHR between 2000 and 2011,from three dimensions. Linear regression,Hurst index analysis,and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed the following:(1) In the past 12 years (2000-2011),the NDVI of the study area increased,with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a,of which the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions presented an increasing trend,while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend. (2) Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the TRHR,and the NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure. (3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area,being 64.06% and 35.94%,respectively during the study period,and presented an increasing trend in the north and a decreasing trend in the south. (4) The reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change are significant. In the future,degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and to the north of the Yellow River,while areas with improving trends are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin. (5) The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has a time lag,while there is no such lag in the case of temperature. (6) The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.     

Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters Region during 2000–2011简

The Three-River Headwaters Region （TRHR）, which is the source area of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River, is of key importance to the ecological secu- rity of China. Because of climate changes and human activities, ecological degradation oc- curred in this region. Therefore, ＂The nature reserve of Three-River Sou,＇ce Regions＂ was established, and ＂The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwaters Nature Reserve＂ was implemented by the Chinese government. This study, based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data, aims to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the TRHR between 2000 and 2011, from three dimensions. Linear regression, Hurst index analysis, and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed the following： （1） In the past 12 years （2000-2011）, the NDVI of the study area increased, with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a, of which the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions presented an increasing trend, while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend. （2） Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the TRHR, and the NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure. （3） The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 64.06% and 35.94%, respectively during the study period, and presented an increasing trend in the north and a decreasing trend in the south. （4） The reverse characteristics of vegetation cov- erage change are significant. In the future, degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and to the north of the Yellow River, while areas with improving trends are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin. （5） The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has a time lag, while there is no such lag in the case of temperature. （6） The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.     

江河源区NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are important water conservation areas of China. In recent years, ecological deterioration trend of the source regions caused by global climate change and unreasonable resource development increased gradually. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of vegetation cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are analyzed in recent 10 years based on 1-km resolution multitemporal SPOTVGT-DN data from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, the correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation, shallow ground temperature and NDVI, which is 3×3 pixel at the center of Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe, Qumalai, Maduo, and Dari meteorological stations were analyzed. The results show that the NDVI values in these two source regions are increasing in recent 10 years. Spatial distribution of NDVI which was consistent with hydrothermal condition decreased from southeast to northwest of the source regions. NDVI with a value over 0.54 was mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River, and most NDVI values in the northwestern source region of the Yangtze River were less than 0.22. Spatial changing trend of NDVI has great difference and most parts in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers witnessed indistinct change. The regions with marked increasing trend were mainly distributed on the south side of the Tongtian River, some part of Keqianqu, Tongtian, Chumaer, and Tuotuo rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River and Xingsuhai, and southern Dari county in the source region of the Yellow River. The regions with very marked increasing tendency were mainly distributed on the south side of Tongtian Rriver and sporadically distributed in hinterland of the source region of the Yangtze River. The north side of Tangula Range in the source region of the Yangtze River and Dari and Maduo counties in the source region of the Yellow River were areas in which NDVI changed with marked decreasing tendency. The NDVI change was980 Journal of Geographical Sciences positively correlated with average temperature, precipitation and shallow ground temperature. Shallow ground temperature had the greatest effect on NDVI change, and the second greatest factor influencing NDVI was average temperature. The correlation between NDVI and shallow ground temperature in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers increased significantly with the depth of soil layer.     

生态保护工程和气候变化对长江源区植被变化的影响量化

分析长江源区生态保护工程和气候变化对植被变化的影响程度,对于长江源区生态工程的生态效益评估,以及区域植被适应性生态管理政策的制定具有重要意义。因此,本文基于1982-2015年的归一化植被指数数据（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）和气象数据,分析长江源区植被NDVI的时空变化规律,构建预测植被NDVI对气候因子响应的人工神经网络模型,在此基础上,在年和季节尺度上量化气候变化和生态保护工程对长江源区植被变化的影响程度。结果表明：① 在长江源区气候条件变化和生态保护工程影响下,长江源区植被退化得到遏制,植被生长呈好转趋势;② 海拔相对较低的通天河附近植被NDVI增加幅度较大,高海拔的沱沱河和当曲流域的植被NDVI增加幅度相对较小;③ 长江源区植被NDVI对气候因子响应存在1~2月的滞后性。构建的人工神经网络模型的拟合优度参数人工神经网模型具有较高的预测精度,可以用来模拟植被NDVI对气候因子的响应;④ 年尺度的植被NDVI增加受到生态保护工程的影响程度（58.5%）大于气候变化的影响程度（41.5%）。生长季生态保护工程对NDVI的影响程度（63.3%）大于气候变化对NDVI的影响程度（36.7%）,而非生长季气候变化是影响长江源区植被生长的关键要素（52.8%）。研究结果有助于为长江源区植被生态系统恢复、管理和利用战略的科学制定提供决策依据。     

长江黄河源区生态环境范围的探讨

在江河源区地理学与水文学界定的基础上,在明确界定源区范围四大原则与依据的前提下,文章综合分析了长江黄河源区的地貌特征、气候条件、植被分布以及水文水系特征,并在此基础上综合确定了长江黄河源区生态环境研究的范围。以达日水文站为界,以上区域为黄河流域生态环境研究的源区范围,流域控制面积约4.49×104 km², 源区为高原湖泊沼泽地貌,地形平缓, 高寒半干旱气候, 受水热条件控制植被主要为草原化草甸;长江流域生态环境研究的源区以聂恰曲汇口为界,流域控制面积约12.24×104 km²。长江源区为高平原丘陵地貌,地形变化和缓,气候为高寒干旱半干旱气候,因范围广阔,分布高寒草原和高寒草甸植被。