长江口最大浑浊带悬沙浓度变化趋势及成因

基于长江河口1959-2011 年实测悬沙浓度数据,通过对河口最大浑浊带外围海域泥沙要素分析的基础上,研究了近期流域人类活动和河口整治工程对最大浑浊带悬沙浓度的影响。研究表明:① 流域人类活动对入海水量影响较小,无明显趋势变化,而沙量和含沙量呈现锐减趋势,也使得进入河口区域的泥沙量呈现一致锐减;② 长江口外海域和南部杭州湾海域悬沙浓度变化不大,北部苏北沿岸略有减小,因数值较长江口海滨区小约1 个数量级,对浑浊带影响较小;③ 最大浑浊带位置受径流和潮流控制,面积变化与入海沙量多寡关系密切;④ 整个浑浊带区域悬沙浓度受入海沙量锐减决定,2000-2009 年较1959-1999 年悬沙浓度减小约为24.73%,向海延伸减幅降低,且峰值区域向口内移动,泥沙再悬浮作用对维持最大浑浊带悬沙浓度起调节作用,但不能决定其锐减趋势;⑤ 北槽航槽最大浑浊带的悬沙浓度向海为低—高—低变化特点,受入海沙量锐减、北槽分流分沙比减少及床沙粗化等影响,使其上段和下段悬沙浓度减小趋势,而中段受南导堤越堤沙量的影响悬沙浓度呈增加趋势。     

长江口悬沙浓度变化的同步性和差异性

近年来长江流域入海沙量呈现阶梯性减小趋势,三峡水库蓄水后加剧了这一减小趋势,并通过传递效应影响河口悬沙浓度变化。基于长江口1950-2013年悬沙浓度数据,结果表明：① 长江口南支河段及口外海域悬沙浓度为减小趋势,且越向海域减幅越小,同时与流域入海沙量减幅差距加大;② 北支优势流变化不大,但悬沙浓度为减小趋势,主要为南支和海域大环境悬沙浓度减小所致;③ 拦门沙河段悬沙浓度的峰值区域因径流减小、潮流相对增强,2003-2012年较1984-2002年期间峰值位置向口内上溯约1/6经度,上溯距离洪季 > 年均 > 枯季;④ 1999-2009年南槽进口悬沙浓度减小,主要是再悬浮和滩槽交换引起的悬沙浓度增量小于流域和海域悬沙浓度锐减引起的减量,中段该作用相反,悬沙浓度为增加趋势;⑤ 北槽进口由于分流分沙比减小、流域和海域悬沙浓度减小及再悬浮量减小等综合影响下,1999-2012年逐年的8月份悬沙浓度呈减小趋势,中段越堤沙量作用明显高于外部坏境引起的减小量,为增加趋势。     

黄河入海泥沙输运及沉积过程的数值模拟

以利津站代表的黄河入海径流和泥沙数据驱动ECOMSED模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移输运过程的逐月时空变化、输送通量以及海底沉积效应进行了数值模拟实验。分析结果表明,在忽略再悬浮作用条件下,黄河入海泥沙的输运扩散过程具有明显的季节变化规律,且这种变化具有年际相似性。黄河泥沙入渤海后总体朝向辽东湾西侧海岸扩散,而主要沉降区域是黄河口附近,且随着距离的增大,沉积通量迅速降低。模拟沉积速率一般在0.5~0.1 mm/年左右,与实际调查结果非常接近。海底地形等高线向渤海海盆西部、渤海湾南部,以及渤海海峡方向突出,也反映了泥沙通量的输送方向。从黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散过程的季节变化特征及其海底沉积效应来看,渤海海域泥沙悬移输运过程受潮汐动力、余流和和底层流场等因子的制约。除了黄河河口地区以外,各月悬浮泥沙高浓度区基本一致,集中分布在潮流能量最强的海域,潮流水平动能的大小与悬沙浓度大小分布基本一致。泥沙悬移输运方向与模拟获得的渤海三维风驱-潮致Lagrange余流的方向具有明显的相关关系,泥沙扩散的方向和强度明显受余流方向和强度的控制。     

黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验

以三维斜压动力—悬沙模型ECOMSED联合第三代海浪模型SWAN及Grant-Madsen浪流耦合底边界层模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散的时空变化过程进行了数值模拟。通过5项控制试验,初步揭示了不同动力因子对黄河入海泥沙悬移输送的贡献和影响。研究结果表明,单纯潮流作用下黄河入海悬沙不能形成长距离输送。风海流作用下,绝大部分悬沙直接沉降在黄河三角洲的附近,只有非常小的部分发生长距离输送。风场作用下,黄河入海悬沙主要向北－西北方向输送,部分输往莱州湾的悬沙继续向北输送。环流作用下,悬沙输送具有明显的三维结构,分层结构与环流结构基本一致,而深度平均的悬沙输送通量与环流结构有较大的差别。浪流联合作用下的悬沙浓度变化与底剪切应力都呈现为10天左右的变化周期,表明其变化主要是由风应力所控制。     

近50年来长江河口分汊型河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程

根据1958-2013各年代长江河口河槽海图水深资料,利用Arcmap地图分析软件建立不同时期的水深数据库,以河口河槽水体和泥沙容量为研究对象,结合典型潮汐过程和典型年代水沙同步实测资料,计算长江口各分汊河槽最大理论进潮量和悬沙含量,探讨近50年来长江分汊型河口河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程和影响因素.结果表明:①北港河槽总体稳定,南港河槽仍处于发育阶段,南港河槽发育中心在南港下段,北港河槽上段区域略有萎缩;②目前,南、北槽河槽由于工程影响仍处于持续调整过程中,进潮量主增区域在南港和南槽,北槽发育模式已经被固定和限制.③近30年来,由于流域来水来沙减少,同时北槽深水航道工程的建设,使南、北槽进潮量和悬沙通量及其比例均发生了显著变化;④南北港水道悬沙量主要集中于北港下段及南北槽区域,其洪枯季悬沙含量的变化主要受冬夏季风和海洋动力条件的影响.     

ADCP在长江口悬沙输运观测中的应用

声学多普勒流速剖面仪 (ADCP)是近年来发展起来的一种用于测量流速的声学仪器 ,同时还可以通过建立回声强度和现场取得水样的回归关系式而获得悬沙浓度的数据。本文利用在长江口两个站位的高频观测数据 ,对现场取得的悬沙作粒度分析 ,在此基础上对枯季长江口地区悬沙输送机制和悬沙粒度对水动力的响应进行了分析和探讨。结果表明 :平均流输运在整个悬沙输送中占主导地位 ,同时潮扩散和垂向扩散作用也是引起两站悬沙输运的重要因子 ;不同层次和不同时刻的悬沙粒度参数的变化 ,既和海 陆转换有关 ,也和潮相变化密切相关。     

琼州海峡水沙输运特征研究

根据1995年2～3月在琼州海峡两岸12个站点的同步观测资料,本文集中分析研究了海峡的水沙输运特征。琼州海峡潮流作用活跃,流速平均在015～074ms^-1(大潮)和012～051ms^-1(小潮)之间。海峡悬沙浓度大小潮十分接近(分别为0028kgm^-3、0026kgm^-3),并具有明显的时间性和地域性。周日单宽悬沙输运量在30～11000kg之间。潮流和波浪产生的泥沙再悬浮对海峡含沙量有较大影响,潮流作用还造成底质沉积物的运动,海峡周日单宽推移质输运率最大可达16400kg。受潮波系统和地形地貌影响,海峡北岸输水、输沙方向以西向为主,南岸以东北、东南向为主,流速、余流、悬沙输运通量皆具有大潮强于小潮,北岸强于南岸的特点     

长江河口最大浑浊带的泥沙特性和输移规律*

本文通过对不同河段的泥沙特性和输移规律的对比分析,确认长江河口来沙丰富,在河口潮流不对称和重力环流的作用下,大量泥沙向滞流点辐聚,形成最大浑浊带。最大浑浊带含沙量高,泥沙絮凝沉速快。潮流强劲,引起床沙再悬浮,输沙能力强。长江河口最大浑浊带活动区与河口拦门沙位置基本一致。本研究成果对于加深认识河口拦门沙的成因和变化,以及航槽治理具有重大的现实间义。     

长江口外海滨悬沙分布及扩散特征

长江口外海滨地区是陆海相互作用显著的区域,该区域复杂的水流等动力因素和地形条件决定了悬沙分布和扩散的特点。本文利用大量实测资料,对口外海滨地区悬沙的分布特征进行了综合分析,研究结果表明,平面分布不均,西高东低,南高北低,高低相差悬殊是长江口外水域悬沙平面分布的主要特点。枯季自西向东含沙量均匀减小,等值线分布较为稀疏。垂向涨落潮含沙量也表现出不同的分布特征,在口外的中西部水域垂向扩散系数较大,水体垂向混合程度均匀;垂向混合程度加强,水体含沙量也随之显著增加,这也造就了口外的南北两个高含沙区。     

我国沿海近岸带水域的悬沙分布特征

本文根据实测悬沙资料,阐述了我国沿海近岸带水域的悬沙浓度由黄河口和长江口-杭州湾为中心,分别向南、北递减,高低相间,构成波状起伏的分布特征,同时分析了径流输沙、潮流、波浪、海岸类型诸要素在悬沙浓度时空变化中的不同作用.     

Temporal and spatial changes of suspended sediment concentration and resuspension in the Yangtze River estuary

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls spatial distribution of SSC.     

长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls soatial distribution of SSC.     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

长江河口悬浮泥沙的混合过程

根据准同步观测的悬浮泥沙及表层沉积物粒度、流速、含沙量资料, 分析了长江口及临近海域悬浮泥沙在河口的混合过程。长江河口-陆架系统悬浮泥沙中值粒径呈现“细-粗-细”的变化规律, 河口上段悬浮泥沙中值粒径为8.9 μm, 拦门沙海域为10.5 μm, 陆架区为4.5 μm, 北支为9.9 μm, 杭州湾口为5.6 μm, 泥沙类型为粘土质粉砂。河口上段和陆架区悬浮泥沙与表层沉积物的垂向混合作用较弱, 拦门沙区域二者发生强烈的混合和交换, 悬浮泥沙在由长江河口向陆架系统输移过程中仅有表层泥沙保留了流域输入的泥沙粒度特征。长江口悬浮泥沙中值粒径与含沙量呈良好的正相关关系, 水流的剪切作用是引起拦门沙海域泥沙再悬浮、近底高含沙量和悬浮泥沙粒径增加的主要原因, 悬浮泥沙粒径和含沙量的增加主要由粉砂组分的增加引起。2007 年长江河口区范围内悬浮泥沙中值粒径比2003 年普遍减小11％, 含沙量比2003 年减小22%, 河口上段含沙量对流域来沙减少的响应最为敏感, 而拦门沙区的泥沙粒径对流域来沙减少的响应最敏感。在长江流域来沙量减少的背景下, 河口拦门沙区域仍能维持较高的含沙量, 主要缘于河口系统内部的供沙     

长江口潮滩有机质稳定碳同位素时空分布与来源分析

通过测定长江口潮滩悬浮颗粒有机质和表层沉积有机质在枯水季节 (2006年2月 )和洪水季节 (2006年8月 )的稳定碳同位素值,对有机质潜在来源及局部岸段改造作用进行了分析。结果显示,悬浮颗粒有机质稳定碳同位素值在2月明显低于8月,变化范围分别在-25.8‰~-23.4‰和-25.1‰~-22.9‰,主要是受径流量枯洪季变化和浮游生物生长季节变化两种因素的叠加作用。表层沉积有机质2月和8月的稳定碳同位素分别为-25.0‰~-20.4‰和-24.7‰~-19.5‰,季节变化不明显,主要来自悬浮颗粒物的沉降。除受大背景环境因素影响,局部环境对潮滩有机质也有一定的改造作用,污水、支流河水的输入对悬浮颗粒有机质碳同位素有一定的影响,埋藏的潮滩植物和底栖微藻则对沉积有机质有部分贡献。     

瓯江河口输沙模式与应用研究*

本文从河口塑造与输沙关系、流域泄沙与输移模式,以及口外来沙与潮流输移特征等三方面,探讨河口区的泥沙运移规律和补给来源。并在此基础上,提出粗细不同粒级的造床泥沙按不同方式治理的设想。     

长江河口河槽近期沉积特征及影响因子分析

随着流域和河口水利工程建设,长江河槽沉积环境发生了巨大改变,对河势演变和河槽冲淤均产生重要影响。依据长江河口河槽大面积表层沉积物采样和各河槽定点水文观测资料,分析各河槽沉积特征,探讨其影响因子及作用机制。结果表明：河槽沉积物类型以砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂分布最广,粒径分布纵向上呈自西向东减小、横向上自北向南减小趋势,河槽总体主槽粗、边滩细。涨落潮泥沙输运和沉降过程影响河槽纵向沉积分布特征,风浪作用强化了口门段河槽南北沉积环境的差异,北支、北港口门段河槽受到偏北方向风浪作用强烈,沉积物粗化明显。不同泥沙来源是造成河槽整体沉积环境差异的主导因素,南支、南港上段表现为流域来沙的沉积特征,北港、南槽、北槽则表现为流域与海域来沙的混合沉积特征,口外沉积物对口内河槽的影响主要是为口内河槽提供细颗粒物质来源。     

Suspended sediment load in the turbidity maximum zone at the Yangtze River Estuary:The trends and causes简

Based on the analysis of suspended sediment elements at estuaries, influence of human activities and estuarine regulation projects on the turbidity maximum zone was studied according to the measurement data between 1959 and 2011. It was found that human activi- ties had little effect on the seaward water while the sharp decrease of sediment volume and concentration in runoff led to the sharp decrease of turbidity maximum zone in the estuary. The concentration at outside sea and Hangzhou Bay did not change, and that along the Subei coast also decreased a little, which had no influence on the turbidity maximum zone. Com- pared with the concentration between 1959 and 1999, the peak of concentration moved up- stream in the estuary, and the concentration in 2000-2009 decreased by about 24.73% with a narrower variation range along the river to the sea. The suspended sediment concentration in North Passage was low in upstream and downstream because of the decrease of seaward sediment and coarsening of bed material, while it was relatively high in the middle due to the influence of sediment cross the north jetty.