基于水文地球化学模拟的昆特依盐湖杂卤石成矿流体来源初步研究

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖赋存大量杂卤石。研究结果显示,苏干湖湖水模拟蒸发析出的盐类矿物与研究区实际情况相符,但杂卤石析出量很少;油田卤水模拟析盐结果中没有发现杂卤石,且析出盐类矿物与实际情况差异很大。典型钻孔杂卤石饱和指数(SI)分析表明,卤水相对杂卤石而言是不饱和的。综合分析揭示,地表水应该是昆特依盐湖成盐物质的主要来源,而深部油田卤水对于杂卤石的形成具有重要作用,杂卤石的沉积是不同流体混合作用的结果。     

基于水文地球化学模拟的昆特依盐湖杂卤石成矿流体来源初步研究

摘 要: 柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖赋存大量杂卤石。研究结果显示,苏干湖湖水模拟蒸发析出的盐类矿物与研究区实际情况相符,但杂卤石析出量很少;油田卤水模拟析盐结果中没有发现杂卤石,且析出盐类矿物与实际情况差异很大。典型钻孔杂卤石饱和指数（SI）分析表明,卤水相对杂卤石而言是不饱和的。综合分析揭示,地表水应该是昆特依盐湖成盐物质的主要来源,而深部油田卤水对于杂卤石的形成具有重要作用,杂卤石的沉积是不同流体混合作用的结果。     

柴达木盆地盐湖锂矿床成矿过程及分布规律

柴达木盆地盐湖蕴藏230×10~4t锂,集中分布在别勒滩、东西台等4个盐湖,占我国卤水锂资源总量~80%,战略资源地位不言而喻。近年来提锂技术及工程化研究倍受重视,而对盐湖锂矿成因和分布规律的了解凸显不足,锂矿资源流失严重与之不无关联。研究查明,昆仑山高温热泉群含锂泉水长期注入洪—那河,流入终端盐湖,蒸发富集成矿;锂的年输入通量748.8 t,结合区内盐湖锂矿总储量保守估算,成矿期始于14 ka BP之后;洪—那河早期主要流向别勒滩,在山前冲积扇向北推进、扇前河改道北流后,方才形成含锂河水当前分配格局。据此,破解了别勒滩锂矿在研究区储量最大的原由。还查明了锂矿床仅存在于别勒滩,而在达布逊等3个区段不能成矿的原因。阐明了锂的来源与新生代火山喷发岩、深部岩浆房、昆仑大断裂活动有关,以及含锂热水持续远程输送至盐湖成矿的地貌和水文气候动因。企业应当根据锂的分布规律和矿床特征,迅速转变钾肥生产模式。     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖硼矿特征及成因研究

柴达木盆地是我国最大的盐湖产业基地,大柴旦盐湖为盆地内重要的固液相硼矿床,其卤水中富含硼、锂、钾、镁、钠、溴、碘等。通过勘查大柴旦地质背景和卤水储层地质特征,分析大柴旦湖水（地表卤水）、潜卤水、承压卤水水文地质特征、水化学特征,结果表明大柴旦地区硼、锂来源于地球深部,断裂构造为导卤构造,钾、钠、镁等盐类来源于周缘花岗岩,新构造运动形成大柴旦断陷盆地接受沉积,干旱的气候条件下沉积盐类地层,随着地下水补给增加,岩盐层溶解,形成高矿化度卤水,相应的硼、钾、锂等溶解于卤水之中,形成卤水（液体硼矿）。     

近22 ka以来吉兰泰盐湖的环境变化及成盐过程

 根据研究区及毗邻地区第四纪地层沉积特征资料,运用层序地层学的基本方法,对吉兰泰盐湖22 ka BP以来的环境变化和成盐过程进行初步分析。同时,将其划分为6个阶段:冷干期（22.0~14.0 ka BP）,淡水湖演化阶段;冷湿期（14.0~10.0 ka BP）,仙女木期气候颤动期,湖水开始咸水化;暖湿期（10.0~7.0 ka BP）,咸水湖阶段;暖湿转干期（7.0~6.0 ka BP）,咸水湖阶段,亦是湖泊“成盐事件”的预备阶段;冷干期（6.0~4.7 ka BP）,盐湖阶段气候干湿交替,也是盐湖的成盐发展期;凉干期（4.7 ka BP至今）,是盐湖的成盐旺期,盐湖湖水不断缩减,加之周围沙漠的不断吞噬,盐湖开始由干盐湖向沙下湖发展。吉兰泰地区距今22 ka以来的古环境变化及气候转型,不仅是对全球古气候变化的响应,而且对盐湖矿产资源的成盐事件及区域可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于矿物组成分析的昆特依盐湖杂卤石成因解析——以大盐滩矿区ZK3608孔为例

昆特依盐湖杂卤石储量丰富,是研究陆相成因杂卤石的良好载体。对研究区ZK3608钻孔剖面进行矿物学分析,尝试从矿物组成及组合变化的角度揭示杂卤石的形成过程和机制。XRD结果表明,剖面中主要盐类矿物为石盐、石膏和杂卤石,此外还检测到六水泻盐、芒硝、无水芒硝、钾石盐、钾芒硝、菱镁矿等矿物。矿物组合及其剖面变化特征揭示,盐层中的杂卤石以原生沉积为主,碎屑层中多数杂卤石可能为交代成因。沉积环境分析表明,盐类沉积为干冷的偏酸性氧化环境,碎屑沉积为相对温湿的偏碱性还原环境。     

库木库里盆地盐湖形成自然环境

根据野外考察和室内研究资料 ,总结了库木库里盆地盐湖分布 ,卤水化学成分 ,盐类矿物组成 ,盐湖沉积特征 ,盐湖地质地理背景和盐湖形成演化自然环境     

拉果错盐田中三方硼砂的发现及成因

拉果错盐湖位于西藏自治区阿里地区改则县麻米乡境内,盐湖水化学类型为硫酸钠亚型,氯化锂资源储量232×10⁴t,是西藏重要锂盐湖之一。前人对拉果错盐湖的研究集中在锂元素来源、成矿规律,不同温度下盐类矿物析出序列等,对盐湖中含硼盐类矿物并未开展相关研究。对拉果错盐田中采集的5件样品进行X射线衍射实验和扫描电镜分析,发现盐田中盐类矿物组合为三方硼砂、石盐、钾石盐、钾芒硝、无水芒硝、硫酸锂钾。三方硼砂呈他形—半自形的短柱状集合体,长约36 μm,宽约30 μm,含量在5.94%~84.51%,为硼砂脱水的次生成因,属硫酸盐型盐湖中首次发现。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究尚未见报道。对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的14C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了4次显著的成盐期。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。3)钻孔9.6 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)14C校正年代为23 333±255 cal a BP,24.8 m深处的年代为31 780±442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19 259±207 cal a BP)出现倒转。钻孔24.8 m和33.0 m深处的14C年龄可能被低估。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。而且,目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究未见报道。本文对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的₁₄C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了四次显著的成盐期。(2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。(3)钻孔24.8 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)₁₄C校正年代为31780 ± 442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19259 ± 207 cal a BP)出现倒转,表明钻孔下部的₁₄C年龄可能受到现代碳污染而接近饱和。     

Evolution of salt structures in the northern Paradox Basin: controls on evaporite deposition,salt wall growth and supra‐salt stratigraphic architecture

The northern Paradox Basin evolved during the Late Pennsylvanian–Permian as an immobile foreland basin, the result of flexural subsidence in the footwall of the growing Uncompahgre Ancestral Rocky Mountain thick‐skinned uplift. During the Atokan‐Desmoinesian (～313–306 Ma) fluctuating glacio‐eustatic sea levels deposited an ～2500 m thick sequence of evaporites (Paradox Formation) in the foreland basin, interfingering with coarse clastics in the foredeep and carbonates around the basin margins. The cyclic deposition of the evaporites produced a repetitive sequence of primarily halite, with minor clastics, organic shales and anhydrite. Sediment loading of the evaporites subsequently produced a series of salt walls and minibasins, through the process of passive diapirism or downbuilding. Faults at the top Mississippian level localised the development of linear salt walls (up to 4500 m high) along a NW–SE trend. A crosscutting NE–SW structural trend was also important in controlling the evaporite facies and the abrupt termination of the salt walls. Seismic, well and field data define the proximal Cutler Group (Permian) as a basinward prograding sequence derived from the growing Uncompahgre uplift that drove salt basinwards (towards the southwest), triggering the growth of the salt walls. Sequential structural restorations indicate that the most proximal salt walls evolved earlier than the more distal ones. The successive development of salt‐withdrawal minibasins associated with each growing salt wall implies that parts of the Cutler Group in one minibasin may have no chronostratigraphic equivalent in other minibasins. Localised changes in along‐strike salt wall growth and evolution were critical in the development of facies and thickness variations in the late Pennsylvanian to Triassic stratigraphic sequences in the flanking minibasins. Salt was probably at or very close to the surface during the downbuilding process leading to localised thinning, deposition of diapir‐derived detritus and rapid facies changes in sequences adjacent to the salt wall structures.     

不同初始盐分浓度下土壤盐结皮的形成过程及其对蒸发的影响机理

土壤盐结皮对土壤水文过程具有重要影响,初始盐分浓度（Initial salt concentration, ISC）的差异会对盐结皮的形成过程产生不同程度的影响,从而导致土壤蒸发的差异。但目前不同ISC下盐结皮形成过程对土壤蒸发的影响机理尚不明确。因此,通过试验模拟与理论分析相结合,动态监测及分析不同ISC下砂土的盐结皮形成、蒸发、土壤表面温度动态变化过程,以期阐明不同ISC下盐结皮形成过程及其对土壤蒸发的影响机理。结果表明：ISC越高,盐结皮在土壤表面出现的时间越早,覆盖率越大,且在同样光照强度和光照时间条件下土表温度增幅越小,蒸发量也越小;对数函数能较好地拟合不同ISC与累积蒸发量之间的关系（R²>0.90）;随着ISC的增加,盐结皮对土壤蒸发抑制效率从24.14%（10 g·L^-1）增大到71.99%（250 g·L^-1）。ISC会显著影响盐结皮形成的过程,并通过影响土表温度的变化进而导致土壤蒸发出现巨大差异。     

盐湖水文地质研究进展

盐湖水文地质学是揭示盐湖成因演化、资源开发利用及保护中不可缺少的一门学科。本文利用水文地质学的内容归纳国内外盐湖水文地质学的研究进展,并对我国盐湖水文地质研究提出扼要的展望。     

Enzymological classification of salt lakes in Romania

Sediments of 56 salt lakes from Romania were studied enzymologically. The following 7 enzymatic and nonenzymatic catalytic activities have been measured: phosphatase, H₂O₂-splitting in nonautoclaved (catalase) and autoclaved samples, TTC reduction in nonautoclaved (dehydrogenase) and autoclaved samples, without or with glucose addition. A formula is proposed for the evaluation of the enzymatic potential of salt lake sediments or other habitats. A hierarchy of the studied lakes has been established on the basis of the enzymatic potential of their sediments expressed as enzymatic indicator.     

Geology and tectonics of Neoproterozoic salt diapirs and salt sheets in the eastern Willouran Ranges,South Australia

Allochthonous salt structures and associated primary and secondary minibasins are exposed in Neoproterozoic strata of the eastern Willouran Ranges, South Australia. Detailed geologic mapping using high‐quality airborne hyperspectral remote‐sensing data and satellite imagery, combined with a qualitative structural restoration, are used to elucidate the evolution of this complex, long‐lived (>250 Myr) salt system. Field observations and interpretations at a resolution unobtainable from seismic or well data provide a means to test published models of allochthonous salt emplacement and associated salt‐sediment interaction derived from subsurface data in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Salt diapirs and sheets are represented by megabreccias of nonevaporite lithologies that were originally interbedded with evaporites that have been dissolved and/or altered. Passive diapirism began shortly after deposition of the Callanna Group layered evaporite sequence. A primary basin containing an expulsion‐rollover structure and megaflap is flanked by two vertical diapirs. Salt flowed laterally from the diapirs to form a complex, multi‐level canopy, now partly welded, containing an encapsulated minibasin and capped by suprasalt basins. Salt and minibasin geometries were modified during the Late Cambrian–Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny (ca. 500 Ma). Small‐scale structures such as subsalt shear zones, fractured or mixed ‘rubble zones’ and thrust imbricates are absent beneath allochthonous salt and welds in the eastern Willouran Ranges. Instead, either undeformed strata or halokinetic drape folds that include preserved diapir roof strata are found directly below the transition from steep diapirs to salt sheets. Allochthonous salt first broke through the diapir roofs and then flowed laterally, resulting in variable preservation of the subsalt drape folds. Lateral salt emplacement was presumably on roof‐edge thrusts or, because of the shallow depositional environment, via open‐toed advance or extrusive advance, but without associated subsalt deformation.     

A diatom-conductivity transfer function for Spanish salt lakes

Diatom-salinity transfer functions for interpretation of palaeosalinity and palaeoclimate change have been developed successfully for parts of North America and North and East Africa, but there is a need for data-sets in other saline lake regions of the world. A data-set of 74 modern diatom samples and associated water chemistry data is described from Spain. The influence of conductivity and other environmental variables on diatom distribution is explored using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and partial CCAs. A transfer function is derived for conductivity (70 samples) whose apparent predictive ability is high (apparent r² = 0.91). Performance under jackknifing is poor due to the heterogeneous nature of the data-set and poor coverage of the freshwater end of the salinity gradient. There is a lack of suitable low-salinity sites in Spain, and the accuracy of estimated salinity optima and tolerance ranges may be improved by merging this data-set with those of other regions. The Spanish transfer function has strong affinities with the African data-set and contributes important ecological data for diatom taxa which are absent or poorly represented in the modern flora of African lakes, and for which, in fossil material, there were previously no good modern analogues.     

Hydrobiology of some solar salt works in India

The hydrobiology of two Indian solar salt works was investigated. A salient feature was variability in physico-chemical and biological characteristics. The filamentous cyanophyceansLyngbya majuscula andOscillatoria salina and the chlorophyceanXenococcus aceervatus were the major primary producers. Significant fauna were protozoans, rotifers and copepods.Artemia was present in only one set of solar salt pans, where it was dominant. The study illustrates the importance ofArtemia in the biological management of solar salt works. This paper is dedicated to Thiru. K. Ayyaru Vandayar, Member, Governing body, A.V.V.M. Sri Pshpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, on his sixtieth birthday     

Invertebrates in salt lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano

Based upon a short reconnaissance (March 1991), the chemicalnature and principal invertebrate fauna of seven saline lakes on the Altiplano of southern Bolivia are discussed (Lago de Uru-uru, Pastos Grandes, Lago Ramiditas, Lago Hedionda, Lago Cañapa, Laguna Colorado, pool at L. Colorado). Salinities ranged between 4.4 and 156 g L^–1. The fauna was depauperate. Except at the lowest salinities (<5 gL^–1), rotifers were absent. At high salinities (>50 g L^–1), onlyArtemia, Boeckella poopoensis, ephydrids and a dolichopodid were present.     

Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes

Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what salinity means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter.     

A simplified stress analysis of rising salt domes

We use a simple analytical model to estimate the stress field in density‐driven, rising salt domes and adjacent sediments, and to describe the evolution of these domes. We show that the pressure exerted by the salt pushing out against its wall rocks (the salt pressure) decreases linearly up the flank of the dome, but is always greater than the overburden stress. In fact, the salt pressure normal to the dome boundary is everywhere the maximum principal stress, whereas the hoop stress parallel to the circumference of the dome is the minimum stress. In addition, we quantitatively describe the critical stages of salt dome evolution (initiation, upbuilding, and downbuilding), relating these stages to sedimentation rate and basin thickness. This analysis also shows that even the highest sedimentation rates are unlikely to accumulate enough sediments to bury downbuilding domes as long as the salt supply is unrestricted. Despite the simplicity of the model, its predictions are in good agreement with field observations near salt domes. Overall, our analytical model can provide critical insight into the stress field perturbation in and near rising salt domes and can be used to assess the accuracy of numerical models and field measurements near these domes.