基于地名词典和叙词表的地名本体概念语义关系研究

地名词典和叙词表不同程度上都包含了某些概念语义关系,这些语义关系对开展地名本体研究有着积极的意义,可以吸收到地名本体中作为地名本体语义关系的有机组成部分。本文正是基于这种考虑,分别从地名词典包含的地名空间关联与词典功能、测绘叙词表的词间语义关系、地名本体要素类型与概念间语义关系等方面加以分析,总结出等价关系、互斥关系、上下义关系、部分整体关系、属性关系五种主要语义关系,为全面、清晰描述地理概念奠定良好的基础。     

浅谈地理信息技术在地名查询中的应用

地名信息系统是近些年数字城市的新产品,通过地名信息系统可以方便地进行地名查询,免除琐碎的工作。本文论述了地理信息系统在地名查询中的作用,介绍了一般地名信息系统所具有的功能。     

广义地名及其本体研究

提出广义地名的概念(指可以与地球表面特定位置或范围相关联的一段文本),基于广义地名组织的文本形式的空间信息通常更符合人们对于地理空间知识的表达。探讨广义地名的本体,并给出相应的概念模型和逻辑模型,从而有助于广义地名数据库以及智能化广义地名服务的实现。该研究主要从广义地名的发生学、描述对象、地理范围、信息团体和语境引起的二义性等方面描述广义地名本体,并用UML语言建立便于在信息系统中实现的逻辑模型。     

南宁市六城区村级地名特征研究

基于所设计的定性与定量相结合的探索性研究方法,以南宁市六城区村级地名为例,从地名数量、地名结构、地名类型、命名特征4个层面研究了村级地名特征和命名规律。结果发现：南宁市六城区的专名、通名以含有2个汉字字符的地名为主,其次是3个汉字字符的地名;地名结构类型有8种,以＂1＋1＂结构为主,其次是＂2＋1＂结构,地名字数类型和结构类型普遍较多样且均匀;聚落类和新旧老幼类地名在各区各种字数地名中普遍出现,字数为＂2＂的地名涵盖了大部分地名类型,其余类地名散布于各地区各字数类型的地名中;村级地名命名方式共有17种。     

基于XML Schema的多源地名词典集成方法

目前,我国已经构建大量不同级别、面向不同应用的地名词典,网络大众化地名服务成为地名词典的必然发展趋势。该文提出一种基于XML Schema的多源异构地名词典集成方法,以XML Schema对地名词典进行数据描述,采用XSLT数据转换方法,运用MapForce软件,快速进行地名词典的数据结构映射,能够有效解决地名词典的跨平台及数据类型不统一问题。     

《新疆地名大词典》首发式在乌鲁木齐举行

5月8日,《新疆地名大词典》首发式在乌鲁木齐举行,新疆维吾尔自治区党委常委肖开提.依明出席首发式。《新疆地名大词典》是新疆规模最大、资料最新、材料最全的首部大型地名工具书,通过解释地名的渊源展现新疆的悠久历史和多民族的地名文化。该词典由自治区民政厅组织,自治区地名标准化中心具体组织实施     

汉语地名时空信息的一体化表达

地名信息中蕴含着丰富的地名时空信息,而目前已建立的大部分地名数据库,从信息内容看,描述了历史地名信息,但忽略了时空信息;从信息结构看,存在描述的范围、完备性和丰富性等方面的差异,缺乏统一的数据结构.该文通过分析地名及其相关信息内容,设计了能够较为完善地表达地名实体、时间信息、空间信息、属性信息和地名空间关系等时空一体化的地名数据库规范,包括地名数据库的结构和数据组织.该研究成果有助于拓展地名数据库在公共卫生、数据信息管理、文化历史和基于文本的地理参考自动化等领域的应用服务.     

盐池县地名资源管理规划与开发初探

一、地名管理的基本原则(一)规范地名的专名与通名。一般来说,地名是由专名和通名构成的,习惯上将地名的专名称为名,将通名叫称,这就是通常所说的地理名称;地名通名是表示地名所代表的地理实体的类型、隶属关系、形态和性质的规定称呼,专名只有与通名联系起来,     

基于聚落地名的盐池县人地关系状况研究

采用统计法、分类法对盐池县聚落地名要素进行处理,提取主要地名类型,分析各地名类型所反映的人地关系。盐池县自然类聚落地名反映了聚落的选址与地形、水文密切相关;人文聚落地名方面,移民、经济、军事、政治地名综合反映人们生产、生活所处的人文环境。盐池县聚落地名是动态发展的,与人、地理环境构成地理环境-人-聚落地名系统,通过定性分析,这一地名系统揭示了盐池人地关系以稳定为主,但也存在人地关系紧张现象,北部风沙区人地矛盾还很突出。     

武汉市以地名规划和数字地名为两翼牵动全面推进城乡地名标志建设

2005年以来,武汉市紧密结合实际,本着紧扣四个专项事务,紧抓关键环节,科学规划、分步实施、稳步推进的原则,以地名标志设置为龙头,以地名规划和数字地名工作为两翼,以地名规范工作为牵动,全面开展地名公共服务工程建设,完成了僦汉市地名规划》编制、建立起了含有52000条地名的武汉市地名数据库,尤其是提前两年完成地名标志设置工作,建立起了城区、乡（镇）、村“三位一体”的地名标志服务体系,实现了地名标志的全覆盖,取得了令人瞩目的成绩,成为全国地名工作的典范。     

A natural language processing and geospatial clustering framework for harvesting local place names from geotagged housing advertisements

Local place names are frequently used by residents living in a geographic region. Such place names may not be recorded in existing gazetteers, due to their vernacular nature, relative insignificance to a gazetteer covering a large area (e.g. the entire world), recent establishment (e.g. the name of a newly-opened shopping center) or other reasons. While not always recorded, local place names play important roles in many applications, from supporting public participation in urban planning to locating victims in disaster response. In this paper, we propose a computational framework for harvesting local place names from geotagged housing advertisements. We make use of those advertisements posted on local-oriented websites, such as Craigslist, where local place names are often mentioned. The proposed framework consists of two stages: natural language processing (NLP) and geospatial clustering. The NLP stage examines the textual content of housing advertisements and extracts place name candidates. The geospatial stage focuses on the coordinates associated with the extracted place name candidates and performs multiscale geospatial clustering to filter out the non-place names. We evaluate our framework by comparing its performance with those of six baselines. We also compare our result with four existing gazetteers to demonstrate the not-yet-recorded local place names discovered by our framework.     

Named entity recognition goes to old regime France: geographic text analysis for early modern French corpora

ABSTRACT

Geographic text analysis (GTA) research in the digital humanities has focused on projects analyzing modern English-language corpora. These projects depend on temporally specific lexicons and gazetteers that enable place name identification and georesolution. Scholars working on the early modern period (1400–1800) lack temporally appropriate geoparsers and gazetteers and have been reliant on general purpose linked open data services like Geonames. These anachronistic resources introduce significant information retrieval and ethical challenges for early modernists. Using the geography entries of the canonical eighteenth-century Encyclopédie, we evaluate rule-based named entity recognition (NER) systems to pinpoint areas where they would benefit from adjustments for processing historical corpora. As we demonstrate, annotating nested and extended place information is one way to improve early modern GTA. Working with Enlightenment sources also motivates a critique of the landscape of digital geospatial data.     

GIS for Water Resources and Watershed Management. Edited by JOHN G. LYON (London: Taylor & Francis, 2002). [Pp. vii+266]. ISBN: 0-415-28607-7. Price £45. Hardback

Nowadays, a huge quantity of information is stored in digital format. A great portion of this information is constituted by textual and unstructured documents, where geographical references are usually given by means of place names. A common problem with textual information retrieval is represented by polysemous words, that is, words can have more than one sense. This problem is present also in the geographical domain: place names may refer to different locations in the world. In this paper we investigate the use of our word sense disambiguation technique in the geographical domain, with the aim of resolving ambiguous place names. Our technique is based on WordNet conceptual density. Due to the lack of a reference corpus tagged with WordNet senses, we carried out the experiments over a set of 1,210 place names extracted from the SemCor corpus that we named GeoSemCor and made publicly available. We compared our method with the most‐frequent baseline and the enhanced‐Lesk method, which previously has not been tested in large contexts. The results show that a better precision can be achieved by using a small context (phrase level), whereas a greater coverage can be obtained by using large contexts (document level). The proposed method should be tested with other corpora, due to the fact that our experiments evidenced the excessive bias towards the most‐frequent sense of the GeoSemCor.     

Thematic signatures for cleansing and enriching place-related linked data

There has been significant progress transforming semi-structured data about places into knowledge graphs that can be used in a wide variety of geographic information systems such as digital gazetteers or geographic information retrieval systems. For instance, in addition to information about events, actors, and objects, DBpedia contains data about hundreds of thousands of places from Wikipedia and publishes it as Linked Data. Repositories that store data about places are among the most interlinked hubs on the Linked Data cloud. However, most content about places resides in unstructured natural language text, and therefore it is not captured in these knowledge graphs. Instead, place representations are limited to facts such as their population counts, geographic locations, and relations to other entities, for example, headquarters of companies or historical figures. In this paper, we present a novel method to enrich the information stored about places in knowledge graphs using thematic signatures that are derived from unstructured text through the process of topic modeling. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that this enables the automatic categorization of articles into place types defined in the DBpedia ontology (e.g., mountain) and also provides a mechanism to infer relationships between place types that are not captured in existing ontologies. This method can also be used to uncover miscategorized places, which is a common problem arising from the automatic lifting of unstructured and semi-structured data.     

茂名市地名与地形关系

地形是自然环境中影响地名的一个重要地理要素,通过对茂名市88个镇和其下辖1 513个村地名的统计,结合地名志等文献资料中的地名来源,发现茂名市地名与地形的关系密切,且山地地区地名与地形关联性最强,丘陵地区次之,平原台地地区最小。地形影响地名的产生,地名也反映着居住地选择的趋向,显示了茂名的地名文化。通过对茂名市地名与地形各个要素之间关系的分析,得出了山区的聚落多选择建立在山谷中比较低平的区域;丘陵地区的居住地常选择在山坡和山谷、山间的低地;平原台地地区有较多地名与单座山有关。     

西沙群岛和南沙群岛土地名源流及其历史文化价值

中国海南渔民在长期的渔业生产和航海实践过程中,以海南方言命名了西沙群岛和南沙群岛及其附近海域内的岛礁,这些土地名多以书面或口头形式记载于《更路簿》及相关图籍中。文章分析了西沙群岛和南沙群岛土地名产生的文化背景,阐述土地名是海南渔民对西沙群岛和南沙群岛岛礁的称谓,厘清了西沙群岛和南沙群岛具体岛屿、沙洲、暗礁、暗沙和暗滩等141处土地名的来源,从土地名与古地名的历史渊源论证了土地名起源于明朝初期。详细阐明了西沙群岛和南沙群岛土地名具有历史悠久、全面系统、乡土气息浓郁、分类科学和方便实用等特点。最后指出,土地名是由海南渔民创造的,保存了大量历代海南渔民耕耘和管理西沙、南沙群岛及其附近海域的文化信息,是西沙、南沙群岛及其附近海域主权属于中国的铁证。     

长三角地区地名通名文化景观空间格局及影响因素北大核心CSCDCSSCI

地名通名是不同地方地名具有共性特点的通用部分,表征人类社会对自然环境和行政区划变迁的认知。梳理多学科视域研究进展诠释地名通名文化景观解析逻辑,基于EOF模型、地理探测器等方法构建地名通名文化景观解析模型,探究长三角地区地名通名文化景观格局及成因。研究发现:①长三角地名通名文化景观用字比例受河网水系影响最大,地名通名文化景观用字类型丰富度在41个单元中总体呈现内陆到沿海且沿东北-西南方向递减趋势。②长三角地名通名文化景观分布异质性显著,呈现典型非均衡集聚,空间上形成皖中、苏南、浙北和上海等东西条带状的一级中心位于长三角中部,两个团块状次级中心分列南北;长三角地名通名文化景观分布呈显著空间正相关,空间集聚特征较为明显,热点区为双中心格局且分布于安徽西部和浙江南部等地,冷点区为单中心格局且分布在东部沿海呈纵向连续带状分布。③长三角地名通名文化景观分布受自然环境和社会经济综合影响明显,主要分布在海拔0~200 m、地形起伏度小于20 m、坡度小于5°的平原地带,人口集聚、经济发展水平和交通便捷性对地名通名传承影响深远。地名通名文化景观解析模型研究有助于提升地名命名科学性和规划管理协调度,为推动地名文化遗产保护提供有益参考。