埋藏深度对梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同沙埋深度对于梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种子萌发和幼苗生长、存活的影响,判断梭梭种子萌发后,幼苗能否成活以实现梭梭种群的更新。在自然条件下设置0、1、2、3、4、5cm深度沙埋处理,每个处理5个重复,对梭梭种子萌发和幼苗生长进行了全生长季观测。结果表明:梭梭种子为喜光种子,种子萌发率随着沙埋深度的增加呈减小趋势,萌发最佳沙埋深度为1cm,萌发率为39.2%,4cm已是萌发的最大沙埋深度;幼苗存活率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加,4cm沙埋深度出土幼苗存活率为100%,而0cm萌发出土的幼苗成活率为0;综合考虑种子萌发率和幼苗存活率,2cm为最佳沙埋深度,这个沙埋深度出土的幼苗对于梭梭种群更新贡献最大。幼苗生长高度受沙埋深度的影响显著,在1~4cm沙埋深度范围内,浅层沙埋出苗快但生长慢,而深层沙埋出苗慢而生长快,幼苗最大生长高度在4cm沙埋,第一年生长季最大生长高度为21.5cm,幼苗最小生长高度在0cm,第一年生长季最大生长高度仅为2.76cm。     

不同沙埋深度对当年生柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在自然条件下设置1、2、3、4、5 cm和6 cm 6个沙埋深度处理,对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发和幼苗生长进行了全生长季观测,以说明种子成熟当年不同沙埋深度下柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发,幼苗存活情况以阐述实现种群更新的机理。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发率随着沙埋深度的增加呈减小趋势,萌发最佳沙埋深度为1 cm,萌发率为55%,当沙埋深度增加到4~6 cm,萌发率降低到4%~6%;种子萌发天数随着沙埋深度的增加而增加;幼苗存活率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加,1~4 cm沙埋深度出土幼苗存活率为50%~58%,而6 cm柠条锦鸡儿出土幼苗存活率为100%。对于当年生柠条锦鸡儿种子,1 cm沙埋深度下种子产生的自然更新最大,25%的种子可以萌发并成功产生更新,而随着沙埋深度增加,大部分当年生种子不能萌发而进入土壤种子库,当沙埋深度达到6 cm时,96%的种子进入土壤种子库,这对于种群更新和土壤种子库补给有重要的作用。     

水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响

通过室内试验研究了土壤水分和沙埋深度对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明:草本雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发和幼苗出土喜好水分,水分含量越高,种子发芽率越高;半灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、灌木沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）种子在含水量为15%~20%的土壤中发芽率高,干旱或水分含量过高会导致种子发芽率降低。沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗,雾冰藜种子在无沙埋时发芽率最高,黑沙蒿适宜沙埋深度为0.5 cm,沙冬青和沙棘适宜沙埋深度1.0 cm。     

沙埋对六种沙生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

分别对6种植物的种子进行0 cm、0.5 cm、1 cm、2 cm、3 cm、4 cm、6 cm、8 cm、12 cm 九个深度的沙埋处理。结果表明：①对于所有的植物种子,0 cm沙埋较浅层沙埋有较低的出苗率;②沙埋对所有植物种子的幼苗出土均有显著的影响(P<0.05),随着埋沙深度的增加,植物幼苗的出土均显著的下降;③植物种子幼苗出土的最大深度与繁殖体的大小呈现显著的正相关性,繁殖体大的植物种能从更深的沙层中出苗。     

不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的一个重要因素。砂生槐是西藏特有的沙生植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河、年楚河等主要支流宽谷区。对砂生槐幼苗进行了控制沙埋试验,研究了不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,温度和沙埋深度显著影响砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率。在15～30 ℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,种子萌发率显著下降,15 ℃时,其种子萌发率达到最高值;砂生槐种子能在深度≤10 cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8 cm的沙埋中出苗,在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低。沙埋深度在植株高度的33％时,砂生槐幼苗能够存活,且总生物量大于未沙埋幼苗;当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66％时,砂生槐幼苗存活率降至43％,生长受到抑制;而当沙埋深度增至植株高度的100％和133％时,没有砂生槐幼苗存活。可见砂生槐植株在适应沙埋环境方面主要采用调整生物量分配模式的生态对策。     

干旱胁迫对唐古特白刺(Nitrariatangutorum)种子吸胀萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以生长在荒漠地区的唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)种子为材料,采用PEG-6000模拟干旱条件,研究了6种渗透势(-0.05、-0.148、-0.295、-0.490、-0.734、-1.032 MPa)下种子吸水特性、萌发特性和幼苗生长特性.结果显示:唐古特白刺吸水速度快,效率高,3 h吸水量随水势的降低而增高;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,唐古特白刺种子的萌发率、发芽指数、活力指数降低,萌发起始天数推迟,初生芽高度和幼苗生长量表现出降低的趋势,而幼苗干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降的趋势,表明唐古特白刺种子在适当的干旱胁迫下可以提高幼苗的抗旱性,有利于培育壮苗;唐古特白刺种子萌发对水势变化既敏感又抗旱,种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值为-0.490 MPa;因干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率较高.唐古特白刺种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对幼苗的成功定植和避旱具有重要生态学意义,但在人工栽培时保证土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施.     

土壤质地与埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物出苗的影响研究

在田间条件下,研究了3种土壤质地与5个埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物苦豆子、黄花矶松、沙蒿、油蒿和红砂出苗的影响,为白刺群落恢复、优良植物的筛选及其种群扩展提供理论依据与技术支撑。试验研究表明,尽管白刺群落主要伴生植物在田间的出苗率均较低,但各植物的出苗能力明显不同。土壤质地仅对伴生植物苦豆子、沙蒿和黄花矶松出苗有显著影响,而埋深处理对伴生植物出苗均有显著影响。不同土壤质地与埋深处理的平均出苗率以苦豆子最高,红砂、沙蒿和黄花矶松次之,油蒿最低;不同土壤质地的最高出苗率,沙土以沙蒿最大,沙壤土以黄花矶松最大,黏土以红砂最大;出苗适宜埋深,苦豆子为1.0~2.0 cm,沙蒿、黄花矶松、油蒿和红砂为0.5 cm。研究结果表明,选择适宜的植物及其人工促进技术对退化白刺固沙植被的恢复至关重要。     

不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物种子萌发的影响

研究不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物（骆驼蓬 Pegannum harmala、唐古特白刺Nitrari tangutorum、泡泡刺Nitraria sphaerocarpa、驼蹄瓣 Zygophyllum fabago 和多裂骆驼蓬Peganum multisectum)种子萌发的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏对这5种植物的种子萌发有显著影响,并且种子萌发对光、暗的响应随贮藏条件和贮藏时间的变化而变化。根据这5种植物在不同条件组合下的最大萌发率,拟定出了种子萌发的最佳贮藏条件和萌发条件：①湿-冷贮藏能使骆驼蓬种子具有较高的萌发率,此时对光照没有明显的要求;②多裂骆驼蓬种子经过80 d湿-冷贮藏后在光下能达到很高的萌发率,同时,其80 d干-冷贮藏后在暗条件下的萌发率接近同样的效果;③唐古特白刺种子更适合光下萌发,在湿+低温+光照处理下,种子经过三个贮藏期后均具有较高的萌发率,而干-冷贮藏种子只有冷藏80 d后才能达到较高萌发率;④泡泡刺种子适合干-冷贮藏,对光照没有要求;⑤驼蹄瓣种子在干、湿贮藏后,其萌发率无明显差异,但在暗条件下萌发率略高于光条件下,并且达到最大萌发率所需要的冷藏时间短（20 d）,而在光下则需要较长的冷藏（80 d 以上）才能达到较高萌发率。     

种子预处理对唐古特白刺出苗和幼苗生长的影响

 采用不同方法对唐古特白刺种子预处理,以不处理为对照,再行60 ℃浸种24 h后育苗,通过测定出苗动态和生长指标,探寻促进白刺种子出苗和幼苗生长的技术途径。结果表明,唐古特白刺种子出苗率变化动态均呈“S”型曲线,符合Logistic曲线方程,出苗质量随种子处理不同而异,出苗期为38～55 d,极限出苗率为30.2%～57.8%。沙搓和沙碾均可显著提高白刺种子出苗质量,为培育壮苗奠定良好基础,出苗率较对照分别提高15.6%和13.4%,出苗势分别提高60.1%和6.9%,出苗指数分别提高35.2%和13.2%,活力指数分别提高41.5%和23.3%。尤其沙搓种子出苗集中,较对照缩短5 d。而掐尖、20%醋酸和5%碱水浸泡均抑制发芽。将种子与沙子混合后手搓和棍碾压均可破坏白刺种子坚硬致密的内果皮结构,破除休眠,促进出苗和幼苗生长,但需注意的是沙碾操作不当会造成种子内部结构被破坏。     

供水量及沙埋厚度对两种梭梭出苗的影响

 在自然条件下,研究了沙埋和单次供水对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,在试验期内（30 d）,梭梭、白梭梭出苗率随沙埋厚度和供水量的增加出现先增加后减少的趋势;出苗速率（除无沙埋）也呈现出相同趋势;死亡率和死亡速率为减少的趋势。在供水量为20～40 mm时梭梭、白梭梭种子适宜出苗,适宜供水量接近当地冬季平均降雪量;沙埋厚度为 0.5～1.0 cm的条件下出苗率较高,反映了梭梭、白梭梭对沙区环境的生态适应。根据古尔班通古特沙漠气候特点与本次试验结果,梭梭与白梭梭的人工播种辅助恢复应在早春融雪之前进行。     

Effect of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Calligonum L. species

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on seed germination and seedling emergence of ten Calligonum L. species. The results suggested that the deeper the seeds in sand, the lower and slower their germination and seedling emergence. Seedling emergence occurred from a maximum depth of 12 cm with most seedlings emerging from 2 and 4 cm depths. The percent seedling emergence, number of days of first emergence, percent seed germination and percent of dormant seeds were significantly affected by different species and burial depth. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of days to first emergence and burial depth. Both mean percent germination and percent seedling emergence were negatively correlated with depth significantly for each species.     

Study on Seed Bank Composition and Seedling Emergence Regularity in Placer Iron Ore Soil

The mining of placer iron ore greatly influences the surrounding desert grassland. In Agdala Town, Qinghe County, Xinjiang, the soil seed bank is severely damaged, and the utilization and productivity of desert grasslands are almost zero, which seriously affects the safety of the ecological environment and the development of local animal husbandry. It is very important to supplement soil seed banks to enhance the species composition of desert grasslands after ecological restoration. In this study, the effects of the seed bank, species composition, and seed burial depth on the seedling emergence rate at placer iron ore site before and after artificial seed bank replenishment were compared using the germination tray method. The original soil seed bank in the study area contained only four species, which were all annual plants. The dominant species were Salsola ruthenica and Corispermum orientale, and the soil seed bank density was very small. The emergence regularity of the soil seed bank was closely related to water content, and the emergence of annual vegetation was explosive. Seed burial depth affected the emergence rate of perennial grass, and we determined that a burial depth of 0-5 cm was the most effective for emergence. This indicates that seedling emergence of artificially supplemented soil seed bank can be completed within 7 days if the sowing depth is appropriate; sowing depths greater than 5 cm affect seed germination. These findings provide a basis for selecting species to populate large areas.     

Effects of sand burial on dune plants: a review

Burial of different growth stages of plants （e.g., adult plants, seedlings and seeds） is frequent in dune ecosystems. The soil micro-environment, which differs from surface conditions, influences the survival and growth of dune plants. To sum up knowledge about the survival mechanisms of plants under sand burial and to promote practical rehabilitation of dune vegetation, we reviewed relevant published literature and concluded that： （1） Focus in recent years has been on impacts of sand burial on seed germination and seedling emergence. Generally, shallow burial increased seed germination and seedling emergence, but deeper burial was negative. Buried at the same depth, large seeds showed higher germination and seedling emergence rates, attributed to larger energy reserves. （2） Survival, growth and reproduction rates of dune plants show plasticity in response to sand burial. Long-term deep burial is fatal because it creates a physical barrier which overcomes the vertical growth of plants, reduces photosynthetic leaf area, and limits oxygen availability to roots. Modest burial, on the other hand, is advantageous for growth and reproduction of many dune plants, due to protection from excessive temperature and drought. （3） There are few reports concerning effects of sand burial on plant physiology, but a limited number of studies indicate that partial burial increases water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rates. The antioxidant protective enzyme system and osmolyte balance were reported to be involved in the mechanisms of dune plant resistance to burial.     

胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应

为探讨胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应,对其进行0 cm、0.2 cm、0.3 cm、0.5 cm 4个沙埋深度和4.4 mm、8.8 mm、17.6 mm、22.1 mm、26.5 mm 5个供水处理。结果表明:①沙埋深度、供水量及两者的交互作用对出苗率的影响均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;②供水条件一致时,种子出苗的适宜埋深为0～0.3 cm,埋深为0.5 cm时出苗率为0;③埋深0 cm和0.3 cm时,每天供水量17.6 mm和每两天供水量22.1 mm下的出苗率均显著高于其他处理;埋深为0.2 cm时,每天供水量8.8 mm和每两天供水量26.5 mm下的出苗率显著高于其他供水量（P<0.05）;④胡杨种子出苗较为适宜的沙埋深度和供水量条件是埋深0.3 cm、每天供水量17.6 mm或每两天供水量22.1 mm。     

沙埋对河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物的影响

一年生草本植物是荒漠绿洲过渡带人工固沙植物群落草本层的优势植物类群,由于风沙活动剧烈,风蚀和沙埋成为一年生草本植物生存的关键选择动力因素。以河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、虎尾草（Chloris virgata）、白茎盐生草（Halogeton arachnoideus）和雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）为研究对象,通过0（对照）、1、2、3、5、10、15 cm深度沙埋试验,探寻沙埋对一年生草本植物的影响。结果表明：（1）4种一年生草本植物在0—1 cm埋深出苗率最高,狗尾草最大出苗深度为10 cm,虎尾草和雾冰藜为5 cm,白茎盐生草为3 cm;（2）不同沙埋深度下,4种一年生草本植物的生长（株高和总生物量）和繁殖（种子数量和百粒重）高值区位于2—3 cm埋深,3 cm往下虎尾草和雾冰藜存活率显著下降,而狗尾草仍保持较高存活率;（3）不同沙埋深度下,4种一年生草本植物的渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸）含量在2—3 cm埋深达到最高,丙二醛（MDA）含量高值主要位于3—5 cm埋深,叶绿素含量在1—2 cm埋深最高,2 cm往下开始降低;（4）一年生草本植物的生长存活与游离脯氨酸和叶绿素含量呈极显著相关关系,表明二者对保持植物叶片水分平衡和保证光合作用、维持植物正常生长起着更关键的作用。研究可为荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物恢复提供科学依据。     

Factors influencing seed germination of Cyperus capitatus, inhabiting the moving sand dunes in southern Europe

Cyperus capitatus Vandelli (Cyperaceae) is distributed in coastal sandy habitats and mobile dunes of south Europe. Its seed germination ecology is not known, despite its potential to be used in re-vegetation projects. Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the effects of salinity, light regime, cold stratification and burial on seed germination of this species. Overall, increasing salinity delayed germination, increased seed dormancy and mean time to germination (MTG), and reduced final germination percentage, inhibiting it completely above 1% of salinity; although it did not affect seed viability. C. capitatus seeds exhibited their greatest germination at levels between 0 and 1% in non-stratified seeds, and between 0 and 0.5% for stratified seeds. Thus, the effect of salt was greater for stratified seeds at 5 °C. Germination in light/darkness conditions was similar to that in full darkness. Finally, burial in sand of C. capitatus seeds appeared to have a significant effect on cumulative percentage of germination. Seeds buried at depths greater than 2 and 3 cm showed a lower germination success than those on sand surface or buried at shallower depths. Burial also affected the beginning and speed of seed germination.