黄土高原大南沟流域非耕地中土壤养分变化

选取黄土高原区大南沟流域非耕地中灌木林地、摞荒地、荒草地、林地土壤养分数据,利用常规数据处理软件进行分析,得出如下结论:(1)水土流失造成摞荒地中土壤养分最低,需要把摞荒地改为灌木林地或林地;(2)磷含量从生长季开始随着时间推移一般呈现逐渐降低趋势,主要是水土流失造成的;(3)改变非耕地土地利用结构,增加地表植被覆盖率;占黄土高原一半以上的非耕地区是环境脆弱区之一,非耕地区土壤养分变化对环境产生重要影响,为土地利用结构的改变和当地的可持续发展提供理论支持.     

影响我国南方集体林区的林业主要政策问题与建议

<正> 南方集体林区包括南方十省区,为我国森林资源重要地区,根据全国(1994～1998)森林资源清查结果,南方集体林区森林覆盖率为38.02％,林业用地占全国林业用地的31％;森林面积为5900万公顷,占全国森林面积的37％;森林蓄积17.9亿立方米,占全国森林蓄积的15.9％。加之自然环境条件优越,水热条件好,林木种类多,林木生长快,当     

俄罗斯林业发展经验与加强中俄林业合作的建议

<正> 一、俄罗斯林业概况 1.森林资源:俄罗斯森林总面积为7.64亿公顷,约占全球森林面积的22％,林木总蓄积量807亿立方米,占全球森林总蓄积量的22％左右。国土森林覆盖率为45.2％,人均森林面积5.2公顷,是世界上森林资源第一大国。俄罗斯林务局管辖的森林中,针叶林面积为50800万公顷,软阔叶林面积11300万公顷,硬阔叶林面积1700万公顷。针叶林的     

华南地区漓江上游3种典型森林不同层次土壤湿度比较研究（英文）

不同森林植被改变了林下穿透雨、树干径流、蒸发散和地表入渗,进而对林下不同层次土壤湿度产生重要影响。以华南地区漓江上游3种典型森林,包括毛竹林(Phyllostachyspubescens)、荷木林(Schimasuperba)和杉木林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为研究对象,比较其不同层次土壤湿度及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林3种典型植被林下凋落物层和土壤层存在明显差异,荷木林林下土壤入渗强于毛竹林和杉木林;(2)由于森林植被垂直结构差异,从0–20cm表层土壤到50–80 cm深层土壤,3种典型植被不同层次土壤湿度存在较大的时空差异;(3)荷木林各层次土壤湿度都明显高于毛竹林和杉木林;(4)各层次土壤含水量与年降雨关系密切,随雨旱两季变化,毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林不同层次土壤湿度随降雨变化趋势基本一致;(5)在0–20 cm表层土壤,土壤湿度主要受地表凋落物性质的影响,而在深层土壤,土壤湿度主要受植物根系分布和土壤物理性质的影响。本研究为深入了解漓江上游森林植被对降水产流的调节作用,客观评估漓江上游水资源和科学管理水源涵养林提供理论依据。     

日本林业发展对我国林业建设的几点借鉴之处

一、日本林业基本情况1 森林覆盖率高,分布均匀。日本森林(不含经济林)全部是乔木林,从南到北分布均匀,面积为2 5 15万公顷,覆盖率为6 7%,居世界前列。平均每公顷蓄积为15 6 .3立方米,是我国的两倍多。2 林种的划分具有明显的国情特征。林种划分为循环利用林(类似于我国的用材林)占总面积的30 %、共生林(类似于休闲风景林)占2 0 %、安全林(防护林)占5 0 %。这种划分既体现了日本珍视自然资源的理念,也体现了森林防护自然灾害的重要作用,同时也反映了国民对森林的需求。3 森林地位独特。在二战后的五年间,曾因前期滥伐森林导致山洪泥石流爆…     

伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态

以野外调查资料和1983~1999年森林资源分布图为主要信息源,用ARC/INFO作为空间信息处理工具,采用斑块数、平均斑块面积、破碎化指数、斑块伸长指数、分数维、稳定度等指标分析了近20年来伊洛河流域中部典型地区的森林景观格局动态。结果表明,(1) 研究区内森林总面积在增加,斑块数量迅速增大,由556块增至1 494块。其中以刺槐林、经济林和杨树林斑块数量增加最多。景观破碎化程度明显加大。(2) 森林景观要素中灌木林、刺槐林、经济林、杨树林、栎林等斑块的面积有所增加,而非林地、荒草地、疏林、油松林等斑块的面积有所减小;除杨树林外,各森林类型斑块的平均面积都在减小。 (3) 研究区内沟谷植被覆盖面积共减少了220 827.9 hm²;丘陵森林覆被面积由1983年的161 870.4 hm²增加到1999年的312 599.7 hm²,增加了93.1%;斑块数目由79块增加到758块,增加了860%。而丘陵地区斑块平均面积却大大减小;山地森林覆被面积有所减少,由1983年的375 348.6 hm²减小到1999年的338 733.9 hm²,而斑块数却大幅度增加,由1983年的432块增加到1999年的1 127块,增加了695块。(4) 研究区南北山坡森林景观格局变化明显不同,这与南北坡土地类型不同、人类活动方式不同和地形地势的差别有关。     

天山北坡中段云杉林地表水氮磷含量特征

森林的结构对地表水的化学成分具有强烈的影响,量化分析森林结构与水质变化的关系很有必要。为探究天山云杉森林地表水的氮磷含量特征及其影响因素,本文在天山北坡中段的板房沟林场按林地类型、林龄、郁闭度、抚育方式的不同分别设置坡面径流观测场共13处,在雨后测定各径流观测场地表水中总氮和总磷含量并分析比较。结果表明:(1)林地类型对天山云杉森林地表水氮磷含量有重要的影响,人工林、灌木林、天然林三种样地的地表水氮磷含量均显著低于裸地(P0.05);(2)群落发育阶段对地表水氮磷含量也有重要的影响。在天然林系列样地中,郁闭度相同(均为0.6)时,中龄林总氮含量显著高于幼龄林(P0.05),总磷含量在不同林龄之间差异不显著;林龄相同(中龄林)时,郁闭度为0.6的样地显著高于郁闭度为0.4样地中氮磷含量(P0.05);(3)人工干扰强度(修枝和间伐两种不同抚育方式)对林地地表水氮磷含量也会有一定的影响但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。综上可知,云杉森林地表径流中氮磷含量主要来源于土壤,有无植被覆盖对地表水氮磷含量影响显著,森林郁闭度是地表水中氮磷含量关键影响因素。     

南北盘江森林生态系统水源涵养功能评价

森林生态系统水源涵养功能是植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层对降雨进行再分配的复杂过程。运用综合蓄水能力法,基于森林资源二类调查数据,估算了贵州省南北盘江流域不同类型森林生态系统的林冠层截留降水量、枯落物持水量和土壤蓄水量,分析了流域尺度森林生态系统的水源涵养能力及其时空变化。结果表明：① 南北盘江流域森林涵养水源总量约6.13×10⁸m³,单位面积水源涵养量629.85 t/hm²,森林水源涵养能力空间分布呈现东高西低的趋势;② 不同类型森林来说,阔叶林和灌木林对区域水源涵养总量的贡献率最大,而混交林的单位面积水源涵养量最高;③ 不同林龄比较,幼龄林对区域水源涵养贡献率最高,达45.95%,但其单位面积水源涵养能力最差,过熟林的单位面积水源涵养能力最高;④ 就坡位而言,平地和中坡森林对区域水源涵养总量的贡献率最大,山谷森林单位面积水源涵养能力最高,山脊森林单位面积涵养水源能力最低;⑤ 近35 a来,随着生态工程的实施,森林生态系统水源涵养总能力以1 447.89×10⁴m³/a速度持续提升,单位面积水源涵养量以每年5.33 t/hm²的速度稳步提高。     

江西泰和县森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估

森林生态系统综合水源涵养能力是林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层蓄水能力的总和。本文根据江西泰和县 2003 年森林资源二类调查,结合文献收集,从3 个作用层评估了泰和县森林生态系统的水源涵养量及其空间分布格局,比较了不同森林类型、林龄、海拔、坡度下的林冠降雨截留能力,枯落物最大持水量和土壤蓄水能力。结果表明,林冠层平均截留率为16.31%,枯落物层持水率为2.14%,土壤层蓄水率为81.55%,3 个层次总截留和蓄水量为1.41 亿m³。各种森林类型水源涵养量由大到小依次为：杉木林>马尾松林>湿地松林>阔叶林>毛竹林>灌木林> 混交林>经济林。幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林水源涵养贡献率分别为17.58%、65.39%、14.18%、 2.48%和0.37%,涵养水源能力随林龄的增加而增加。空间上,泰和县森林生态系统的综合水源涵养力表现出从东西两侧向中部递减的分布。不同立地条件下林分的合理经营与管理对于整个森林生态系统水源涵养功能的发挥具有重要的作用。     

南京幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建研究

在大量野外工作的基础上,借助AutoCAD技术,运用植被生态学、恢复生态学的原理与方法,对幕燕山地森林植被的恢复与重建进行了研究。建立了幕燕山地植被分类系统,包括3个植被型组、5个植被型、5个植被亚型、8个群系组、12个群系,绘制了幕燕山地1∶5000植被群系图,计算了幕燕山地各群系的面积。分析了南京地区山地森林植被10个主要群系(青冈+栓皮栎林,枫香林,白栎林,栓皮栎林,麻栎林,黄连木+黄檀林,朴树+构树林,刺槐林,马尾松林,黑松林)间的演替关系,构建了南京地区森林植被次生演替模式。根据上述研究结果,提出了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建的关键措施,预测了上述措施实施后幕燕山地植被类型构成的变化,并绘制了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建规划图(1∶5000)。     

Spatial pattern and compositive structure of forests in Guizhou

Remote-sensing and field data of Guizhou forest resources in 2000 are processed using ArcGIS, with the production of forest resource distribution map, forest age class structure map, and forest canopy distribution map. Analysis of these data shows that: (1) though there are multiple types of forest resources, forest coverage is low (only 25.27%, excluding sparse woodland, shrub and underage-forest); (2) the geographical distribution of forests is quite uneven, mainly in the southeast of the province and in Zunyi prefecture; (3) the zonal evergreen broad-leaved forests have been seriously destroyed, with striking secondary features, i.e., coniferous forest and shrubbery account for the greatest proportion of Guizhou forests; (4) the timber-forest is much larger in area than shelter-forest and economic forest; (5) young-and-middle aged forests are more widely distributed than near-and-over matured forest; and (6) the forest of Guizhou is not enough to effectively protect the environment of karst mountain areas of the province.     

Spatial pattern and compositive structure of forests in Guizhou

Remote-sensing and field data of Guizhou forest resources in 2000 are processed using ArcGIS, with the production of forest resource distribution map, forest age class structure map, and forest canopy distribution map. Analysis of these data shows that: (1) though there are multiple types of forest resources, forest coverage is low (only 25.27%, excluding sparse woodland, shrub and underage-forest); (2) the geographical distribution of forests is quite uneven, mainly in the southeast of the province and in Zunyi prefecture; (3) the zonal evergreen broad-leaved forests have been seriously destroyed, with striking secondary features, i.e., coniferous forest and shrubbery account for the greatest proportion of Guizhou forests; (4) the timber-forest is much larger in area than shelter-forest and economic forest; (5) young-and-middle aged forests are more widely distributed than near-and-over matured forest; and (6) the forest of Guizhou is not enough to effectively protect the environment of karst mountain areas of the province.     

贵州省森林资源动态变化

依据贵州省林业调查规划院1979、1984、1990、1995、2000年5次森林资源连续清查资料,从森林资源面积、蓄积量、组成结构等方面总结了该省近20年间森林资源动态变化的详细资料,并对变化的原因进行了分析。结果表明,20世纪70年代末至80年代末,林业用地面积、天然林面积与蓄积量均呈下降趋势;其后,由于贵州省政府及林业部门的高度重视,实施一系列林业生态保护与可持续发展工程,如国家“长江防护林工程”、“珠江防护林工程”等,贵州森林资源自1990年以来持续稳定增长,促进了生态环境改善     

贵州不同规模等级坝子空间分布特征研究

以1∶5万地形图和高清遥感影像为数据源,系统研究了贵州省面积在1 hm ²以上坝子的空间分布规律。研究发现：① 贵州省1 hm ²以上的坝子,仅占贵州省国土面积的3.99%,低于山间坝子占全省总面积7.51%的传统认识;② 以10~20 hm ²的坝子个数占比最高,随坝子面积增加,坝子个数占比也逐渐降低;③ 贵州坝子集中于贵州省中部,沿东北到西南一线;④ 贵州坝子体系等级结构较松散,相互之间等级规模差异存在差异。     

基于GIS与地理探测器的旅游地空间分布格局及驱动力分析——以贵州为例

以贵州旅游地空间数据为基础,运用平均最邻近、地理探测器等方法,研究贵州1990—2018年4个时间截面旅游地空间格局,分析该时期旅游重心演化进程,探讨旅游地与地理环境、社会经济要素间关系并开展驱动力分析。结果表明：① 4个时期旅游地均为凝聚状态分布,总体呈现点、团向面状、带状聚集转变;② 全省旅游收入演化比客流量演化更为敏感和剧烈,二者均以经向变幅为主导,且呈现西部比重大于东部的态势;③ 旅游地在海拔高程垂向上表现为近似正态分布,碳酸盐岩类区旅游地资源多为自然类景点、碎屑岩类区主要表现为民族文化类景点的聚集分布,断层线5 km缓冲区范围内分布90%左右的旅游地、其空间展布总体与断层线走向吻合,三叠、寒武及二叠地层是旅游地的主要分布区,旅游地沿省道特征分布明显;④ 全省旅游地分布主要受旅游地到河流沟谷距离、县级行政中心距离、高速公路直线距离、陆上交通路网密度、高速公路路网密度、断层线距离、河流沟谷密度等7项因子驱动;而距河流沟谷、距县级行政中心、距高速公路直线距离以及交通路网密度水平等因子的组合效应集中控制了当前贵州旅游地空间分布的总体格局。     

福建宁德市红树林资源现状与保护

2005年8-10月,我们对宁德市滨海湿地及红树林资源进行了全面系统的调查。调查表明:宁德市滨海湿地及红树林资源较为丰富,现有秋茄林面积为93.2hm2,是福建省红树林资源的重要分布区;但同时亦存在红树林面积逐年下降,天然林比重下降、人工林比重上升,林分质量,郁闭度等级、树高等级、集约度、树龄等都有所下降的现象,红树林仅为上世纪70年代末的13%左右。为此,制定湿地及红树林保护法规,拟订和实施红树林保护恢复与发展规划,提高造林和管护成效,实施抢救性保护已是当务之急。     

Spatial Differentiation Characteristics and Driving Forces of Forest Transition: A Case Study of Zunyi City,Guizhou

Spatial differentiation in forest transition was measured in terms of space transition and function transition using the exploratory spatial data analysis method (ESDA) and data from 2004—2014 for Zunyi city, Guizhou province, China. The validity of factors affecting forest transition was analyzed by constructing radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) based on the data processing system (DPS). Our results will provide references for scientific understanding of the potential mechanism underlying forest transition in mountainous areas. We found that Global Moran’s I of space transition and function transition of forest land was 0.0336 and 0.2323, respectively. This suggests a significant positive correlation in spatial distribution of space transition and function transition of forest land, and significant spatial aggregation. The Global Moran’s I of function transition was higher than that of space transition, and the spatial aggregation characteristics of function transition were more significant than for space transition. The Global Moran’s I at each time period tended to increase, and the spatial aggregation degree of the function transition and space transition was further enhanced. Hot and cold spots of space transition of forest land stably evolved, suggesting a minor spatial difference in forest land among different administrative units at the county level. The number of hot spots at the county level in function transition increased. Hot spots were intensively distributed at the western edge and continuously distributed in the northeast. The space transition and function transition of forest land were both greatly influenced by urbanization rate and second and third industries. The development of urbanization and industrialization was the main factor driving forest transition, suggesting a positive role of economic growth on forest transition in mountainous areas. The development of urbanization and industrialization is an effective approach to forest transition in mountainous areas.     

典型喀斯特地貌空间配置的洪水资源化机理——以贵州省为例

洪水资源化是解决喀斯特地区水资源严重缺乏的有效途径。文章在贵州省喀斯特地区选取40个流域作为研究样区,利用面向对象技术的监督分类型方法,提取典型喀斯特地貌类型;分析流域样区特征,利用系统聚类法,将其划分为6种流域类型,即是：喀斯特低中山型（Ⅰ）、峰丛谷地型（Ⅱ）、混合型（Ⅲ）、峰林盆地（溶原）型（Ⅳ）、峰丛洼地型（Ⅴ）和峰林地貌型（Ⅵ）;利用相关分析方法,分析不同地貌空间配置对洪水径流特征的影响,探索地貌空间配置对洪水的分配与承载规律,从流域结构角度研究地貌空间配置对洪水资源化的实现。研究表明：1）洪水径流模数、径流系数及其C_v值曲线呈现“双峰型”分布,且分别在峰丛谷地型流域（Ⅱ）和峰丛洼地型流域（Ⅴ）达极大值;2）不同流域类型实现洪水资源利用总量,从大到小排序为：Ⅴ（6.22×10⁸ m³）>Ⅰ（2.88×10⁸ m³）>Ⅵ（1.49×10⁸ m³）>Ⅱ（1.34×10⁸ m³）>Ⅳ（1.25×10⁸ m³）>Ⅲ（0.55×10⁸ m³）;3）除峰丛谷地型（Ⅱ）和混合型（Ⅲ）流域外,所有流域类型的地下洪水资源总量大于地表洪水资源总量。喀斯特流域的洪水资源化,深受喀斯特地表的起伏及其流域侵蚀基准面和溶蚀基准面的控制。     

Ecotourism Resources Assessment and Development Strategy for Guizhou Province,China

The aim of this study is to understand ecotourism resources, taking into considering their quality and the comparative advantages of districts in order to develop effective strategy. Ecotourism is an important developmental model for those undeveloped regions that have superior landscape resources in ecologically fragile environments. This article has identified 181 ecotourism sites in Guizhou province, based on field work in the province. A quantitative assessment using 18 indicators was performed and, based on the results, these resources were divided into five levels. The paper also analyzed the comparative advantage of districts to reflect the developmental potential of different districts. Results show that ecotourism resources in Guihzhou province are numerous, varied in type and high quality; among them, six sites ranked level 5 represented the essence of Guizhou province. Moreover, there are four districts that are high superiority — Anshun, Qiannan and Qianxinan and Zunyi - one that is average and four that are low. According to our analysis, ecotourism development models for Guizhou province can be classified into four types; effective strategies were proposed for each.     

Combining conventional and volunteered geographic information to identify and model forest recreational resources

It is now common for researchers in natural resource management and economics to develop spatial models of recreation demand for the purposes of valuation and planning. Such an approach has significant advantages but requires access to relatively detailed spatial data. In the absence of official data concerning resources, researchers may benefit from employing increasingly available volunteered geographic information (VGI) as a central source of data or to complement more traditional data sources. This paper describes the development of a map of forest recreational resources in Ireland by combining conventional forest cover data and VGI of recreational trails. As an extension the new map is combined with household survey data to explore respondent's ability to identify local recreational forests and models the impact of the characteristics of the closest forest on their annual visitation. The results suggest that VGI can be a useful resource to researchers in both the identification and characterisation of recreational resources. In addition, this paper finds that the distance to and characteristics of the nearest recreational forest has a significant impact on total annual visitation by members of the public.