海洋水文

P722.6,P731 2003042948东海初级生产力遥感反演及其时空演化机制二Estimation ofoeean prlmary Produetivlty by remote sensing and intr以Iuetio;、卞ospatio一tenlporal variation meehanism for the East China Sea‘李国胜,王芳…川地理学报一2003,58(4)一483一493 针对基于SeawiFs的海洋叶绿素浓度SeaBA入1模型反演结果,在中国东海海域分别建立了工、n类水体的修订模式,反演计算获得了我国东海海域1998年各月叶绿素浓度的分布,并根据真光层深度与海水漫射衰减系数之间的关系.利用SeawiFs的K寺,、遥感资料反演获得的1998年各月…     

中国近海初级生产力的遥感研究及其时空演化

利用分级初级生产力模式反演估算了2003~2005年0^o~41^oN,105^o~130^oE海域的初级生产力,并分析了它们的时空演化。同时还计算了该时段内渤海、北黄海和南黄海、东海北部和南部以及南海的平均初级生产力状况,结果得出它们的年平均初级生产力 (2003~2005年) 分别为564.39、363.08、536.47、413.88、195.77和100.09 gCm^-2a^-1。北黄海、南黄海及东海南部的初级生产力分别在春季 (4~6月) 和秋季 (10、11月) 出现两次峰值,且春季的峰值高于秋季。然而,南海的两个峰值则分别出现在冬季 (1月)和夏季 (8月),且冬季的峰值高于夏季。渤海和东海北部则呈现单峰 (6月) 分布。渤海和南黄海的初级生产力几乎在整年内都高于其它海域,而东海南部和南海的初级生产力则在整年内都低于其他海域。其中,南海的初级生产力最低,月平均全都低于400 mgCm^-2d^-1。除南海以外的其它5个海域,在春季时期 (东海南部为3~6月,其他海域为4~7月) 的初级生产力最高,平均约占年平均值的41%,其年际变化也最大,平均标准偏差为6.68;而秋季时期 (东海南部为10~1月,其他海域为8~11月) 对年平均的贡献也很大,平均约33%;其他月份 (东海南部为2月和7-9月,其他海域为12~3月) 的贡献则最小。南海的初级生产力则在冬季时期 (12~3月) 最高,约占年平均的42%,夏末秋季 (8~11月) 次之,约30%,春季时期 (4~7月) 最低。叶绿素-a、海表温度、光合有效辐射、季风活动、河流排放、上升流、黑潮以及沿岸流等物理-化学环境因子是造成中国近海初级生产力时空演化的主要原因。     

北冰洋叶绿素a及初级生产力遥感反演研究进展

海洋表层叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物初级生产力是海洋生态系统的基础参数,可有效评估海洋生态系统的初级生物量及其变化.阐明北冰洋浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的时空变化,对预测北极环境快速变化背景下的海洋生态系统潜在变化、科学指导北冰洋的生态管理具有重要意义.本文总结了基于卫星数据的海表叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的研究方法,整理归纳...     

晋江水体真光层深度遥感反演

通过2008年3月在晋江下游泉州河段对水体固有光学特性和光学活性物质浓度的测定,计算得到晋江水体在光合有效辐射（PAR）波段内的漫射衰减系数Kd（PAR）和水面下反射率R（0^-）等表观光学特性．应用统计方法分析了PAR真光层深度的影响因素．结果表明,PAR真光层深度主要受悬浮物浓度的影响．基于生物光学特性,悬浮物浓度可从Landsat TM影像上获取,进而依据PAR真光层深度与悬浮物浓度之间的关系推算真光层深度．反演结果表明,晋江的真光层深度均值为2．43m,其变化范围为0．43—8．41m．该技术有别于以往研究采用SeaWiFS数据对真光层深度的反演,是一种适合于河流水体的真光层深度遥感反演方法．     

海洋初级生产力遥感与GIS评估模型研究

本文探讨了利用遥感和地理信息系统技术获取海洋初级生产力的基本原理和方法。根据表层海水叶绿素遥感信息反演模型。介绍了三种基于表层海水中叶绿素浓度的海洋初级生产力算法。根据这三种算法,利用ＧＩＳ建模技术,推导了具有空间特征的海洋初级生产力的ＧＩＳ理论估算模型,以及这种模型的求解方法。     

1998/1999年南极夏季普里兹湾及北部海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

1998 /1 999年南极夏季 ,作者随“雪龙船”在南极普里兹湾及其北部海区 (63° - 69°1 2′S ,70°30′- 75°30′E) 3条断面 2 4个测站进行浮游生物现存量和初级生产力的现场观测 ,研究叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的分布特征。测区表层叶绿素a浓度为 0 .1 6 - 3 .99μg/dm3,普里兹湾内和湾西部四女士浅滩海域浓度在 3 .5μg/dm3以上 ;平面分布趋势从湾内向西北方向递减 ,深海区浓度在 0 .5μg/dm3以下。从垂向看叶绿素a浓度的最大值大多出现于 2 5m或 50m层 ,50m以下更深层的浓度随深度的增加而降低 ,2 0 0m层叶绿素a浓度分布范围为 0 .0 1 - 0 .95μg/dm3。粒径分级叶绿素a浓度以微小型浮游生物的贡献占优势 (56 % ) ,微型浮游生物的贡献占2 4 % ,微微型浮游生物的贡献占 2 0 %。测区潜在初级生产力为 0 .1 1～ 1 1 .67mgC/(m3·h) ,平均值为 2 .0 0± 2 .80mgC/(m3·h)。高生产力区位于普里兹湾 ,平均现场生产力达到 0 .86gC/(m2 ·d) ;依次为陆架区、陆坡区 ,深海区生产力较低 ,平均现场生产力为 0 .1 7gC/(m2 ·d)。光合作用同化数较低 (1 .53± 1 .1 1mgC/(mgChla·h) )。粒径分级初级生产力以微小型浮游生物的贡献占优势 (58% ) ,微型浮游生物的贡献占 2 6 % ,微微型浮游生物的贡献占 1 6 %。浮游植     

南极夏季普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物、粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布

１９９１／１９９２年夏季，在南极普里兹湾邻近海域现场观测浮游植物细胞丰度、优势种类组成、颗粒有机碳浓度、粒度分级叶绿素ａ浓度和初级生产力的分布。调查海域现存生物量和初级生产力以及颗粒有机碳浓度分布均具有较明显的时间和空间区域性特征。在普里兹湾邻近北部陆架和测区东部海区现存生物量、初级生产力和颗粒有机碳浓度均较高，西部海区上述生物参数均较低。测区微型和微微型浮游生物代谢生理活性高，能量转换速率快，在现存生物量和生产力中均占较高比重。其对初级生产力的贡献要高于对生物量的贡献。     

2002-2010年长江流域GRACE水储量时空变化特征

利用高斯平滑滤波对2002年4月-2010年12月逐月GRACE卫星的时变重力场数据反演得到长江流域大尺度陆地水储量变化,对其时空变化进行研究,并将结果与全球陆面同化数据(GLDAS)模拟结果进行比较。其结论为:根据GRACE数据反演与GGLDAS模拟得到的水储量结果在大多数区域变化趋势相同,两者具有一致性,相关性达到0.89(P<0.05)。GRACE水储量研究结果表明:①2002-2010年长江流域水储量呈增加趋势,平均增长速率为0.43mm/月,相当于约95.04亿m³/年。长江上游增长速率为0.53mm/月,相当于约67.13亿m³/年;中游增长速率为0.51mm/月,相当于25.73亿m³/年;下游增长速率为0.36mm/月,相当于9.14亿m³/年。近9年长江流域水储量共增加约855.33亿m³。②从多年平均水储量空间分布来看,长江流域冬季月份(12、1、2、3月)水储量处于亏损状态,7-9月水储量处于盈余状态,4-6月下游至上游地区由亏损向盈余状态过渡,而10-11月则从上游至下游地区由盈余向亏损状态过渡。③全流域、上游及中游水储量逐月增长速率最大值出现在9月,分别为1.01cm/a、1.37cm/a、1.05cm/a;而下游地区则出现在7月,增长速率为1.62cm/a。     

1999/2000年夏季环南极表层海水叶绿素a和初级生产力

中国第 1 6次南极考察期间 ,作者随雪龙船于 1 999年 1 1月 2 2日至 2 0 0 0年 1月 1 8日从澳洲西南部到达东南极普里兹湾 ,后经南印度洋 -南大西洋 -德雷克海峡 -南大西洋 -南印度洋返回普里兹湾。航渡中定时采集表层海水 ,进行水温、盐度、营养盐、浮游生物现存量和光合作用速率的现场观测 ,研究环绕南极海域表层水叶绿素 a和初级生产力的分布特征。结果表明 ,南大洋表层水营养物质、浮游生物现存量和初级生产力分布具明显的区域性特征 ,南极辐合带以南的南极水营养盐浓度高于亚南极水和亚热带水。叶绿素 a浓度与营养物质的分布趋势一致 ,南极水、亚南极水和亚热带水的平均叶绿素 a浓度分别为 1 .77、1 .40和 0 .2 1 μg/dm3。在环绕南极的大洋中 ,南大西洋海域营养物质丰富 ,海水最为肥沃 ,叶绿素 a浓度和初级生产力高于南印度洋和德雷克海峡。在短期往返东南极 -西南极 -东南极的航渡观测中 ,由于南极夏季水温的升高 ,陆缘冰融化 ,冰藻释放 ,长城湾至普里兹湾的西 -东向航渡中观测的初级生产力、浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素 a浓度和光合作用同化数分别比普里兹湾至长城湾的东 -西向航渡中高 1 45%、1 1 3%、68%和 1 8%。与 1 0年前的观测结果比较 ,南大西洋仍为高生物量和高生产力海区 ;1 999/2 0 0 0     

南极普里兹湾沉积生物标志物记录及浮游植物群落结构变化

本文利用浮游植物标志物（菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇和长链烯酮）作为重建单种浮游植物（硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻）的指标,对普里兹湾浮游植物群落结构的变化进行研究。结果表明研究海域表层沉积物和III-12柱样沉积物中的生物标志物记录具有明显的空间和时间变化特征。用生物标志物重建的浮游植物总量（菜子甾醇+甲藻甾醇+长链烯酮）变化范围在391.0~1470.6ng/g之间,在过去的大约100年时间里海洋初级生产力呈上升趋势,但近10年略有下降,这种分布趋势与区域气候变化密切相关。普里兹湾及其邻近海域表层沉积物中浮游植物标志物的总含量变化范围为215.2~1249.3 ng/g,重建的浮游植物生产量呈现湾内高、湾外低（陆坡、深海区最低）的特征,并与2005年现场调查资料表层海水叶绿素a、有机碳和生物硅含量分布趋势相符,最大值均出现在普里兹湾中心区域,这意味着底部被埋藏的浮游植物标志物总含量和硅藻植物群落有很高的一致性,反映出海洋底部对上层海洋过程的一致响应。     

Estimation of ocean primary productivity and its spatio-temporal variation mechanism for East China Sea based on VGPM model

According to calculation results of ocean chlorophyll concentration based on SeaWiFS data by SeaBAM model and synchronous ship-measured data, this research set up an improved model for CaseⅠand CaseⅡwater bodies respectively. The monthly chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in 1998 was obtained from this improved model on calculation results of SeaBAM. The euphotic depth distribution in 1998 in the East China Sea is calculated by using remote sensing data of K490 from SeaWiFS according to the relation between the euphotic depth and the oceanic diffuse attenuation coefficient. With data of ocean chlorophyll concentration, euphotic depth, ocean surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), daily photoperiod and optimal rate of daily carbon fixation within a water column, the monthly and annual primary productivity spatio-temporal distributions in the East China Sea in 1998 were obtained based on VGPM model. Based on analysis of those distributions, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a clear bimodality character of primary productivity in the monthly distribution in the East China Sea. In detail, the monthly distribution of primary productivity stays the lowest level in winter and rises rapidly to the peak in spring. It gets down a little in summer, and gets up a little in autumn. The daily average of primary productivity in the whole East China Sea is 560.03 mg/m2/d, which is far higher than the average of subtropical ocean areas. The annual average of primary productivity is 236.95 g/m2/a. The research on the seasonal variety mechanism of primary productivity shows that several factors that affect the spatio-temporal distribution may include the chlorophyll concentration distribution, temperature condition, the Yangtze River diluted water variety, the euphotic depth, ocean current variety, etc. But the main influencing factors may be different in each local sea area.     

东海初级生产力遥感反演及其时空演化机制

According to calculation results of ocean chlorophyll concentration based on SeaWiFS data by SeaBAM model and synchronous ship-measured data, this research set up an improved model for Case I and Case Ⅱ water bodies respectively. The monthly chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in 1998 was obtained from this improved model on calculation results of SeaBAM. The euphotic depth distribution in 1998 in the East China Sea is calculated by using remote sensing data of K490 from SeaWiFS according to the relation between the euphotic depth and the oceanic diffuse attenuation coefficient. With data of ocean chlorophyll concentration, euphotic depth, ocean surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), daily photoperiod and optimal rate of daily carbon fixation within a water column, the monthly and annual primary productivity spatio-temporal distributions in the East China Sea in 1998 were obtained based on VGPM model. Based on analysis of those distributions, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a clear bimodality character of primary productivity in the monthly distribution in the East China Sea. In detail, the monthly distribution of primary productivity stays the lowest level in winter and rises rapidly to the peak in spring. It gets down a little in summer, and gets up a little in autumn. The daily average of primary productivity in the whole East China Sea is 560.03 mg/m^2/d, which is far higher than the average of subtropical ocean areas. The annual average of primary productivity is 236.95 g/m^2/a. The research on the seasonal variety mechanism of primary productivity shows that several factors that affect the spatio-temporal distribution may include the chlorophyll concentration distribution, temperature condition, the Yangtze River diluted water variety, the euphotic depth, ocean current variety, etc. But the main influencing factors may be different in each local sea area.     

中国近海初级生产力的遥感研究及其时空演化

1 Introduction Ocean primary productivity controls the exchange of carbon dioxide at the air-sea interface and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. Most oceanographic research on primary productivity has focused on the ma…     

Satellite-derived primary productivity and its spatial and temporal variability in the China seas

The spatial and temporal variability of primary productivity in the China seas from 2003 to 2005 was estimated using a size-fractionated primary productivity model. Primary productivity estimated from satellite-derived data showed spatial and temporal variability. Annual averaged primary productivity levels were 564.39, 363.08, 536.47, 413.88, 195.77, and 100.09 gCm-2a-1 in the Bohai Sea, northern Yellow Sea (YS), southern YS, northern East China Sea (ECS), southern ECS, and South China Sea (SCS), respectively. Peaks of primary productivity appeared in spring (April–June) and fall (October and November) in the northern YS, southern YS, and southern ECS, while a single peak (June) appeared in the Bohai Sea and northern ECS. The SCS had two peaks in primary productivity, but these peaks occurred in winter (January) and summer (August), with the winter peak far higher than the summer peak. Monthly averaged primary productivity values from 2003 to 2005 in the Bohai Sea and southern YS were higher than those in the other four seas during most months, while those in the southern ECS and SCS were the lowest. Primary productivity in spring (March–June in the southern ECS and April–July in the other five areas) contributed approximately 41% on average to the annual primary productivity in all the study seas except the SCS. The largest interannual variability also occurred in spring (average standard deviation = 6.68), according to the satellite-derived estimates. The contribution during fall (October–January in the southern ECS and August–November in the other five areas) was approximately 33% on average; the primary productivity during this period also showed interannual variability. However, in the SCS, the winter (December–March) contribution was the highest (about 42%), while the spring (April–July) contribution was the lowest (28%). The SCS did share a feature with the other five areas: the larger the contribution, the larger the interannual variability. Spatial and temporal variability of satellite-derived ocean primary productivity may be influenced by physicochemical environmental conditions, such as the chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically available radiation, the seasonally reversed monsoon, river discharge, upwelling, and the Kuroshio and coastal currents.     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力

本文报道了 1 990 /1 991年夏季在南极普里兹湾及其毗连海域对浮游植物细胞丰度 ,优势种类组成 ,粒度分级生物量和初级生产力和颗粒有机碳浓度的分布及其与环境因子关系的研究。结果表明 ,调查海区具有显著的空间区域化特征 ,普里兹湾及其毗连陆架由于水体较为稳定 ,有利于浮游植物和冰藻的生长 ,其生物量、生产力和颗粒有机碳均较高 ;在普里兹湾北部毗连南印度洋的近南极大陆海域 ,由于水团沿陆坡的扭曲运动和上升流的出现 ,致使西冰架和谢克尔顿冰架之间的北部区域浮游植物生物量 ,生产力和颗粒有机碳均较高。由于浮游植物的大量繁殖 ,使该二区域营养盐浓度降低 ,溶解氧增加。在调查海区的东西两侧则相反。粒度分级结果表明 ,微型 (<2 0 μm)和微微型 (<2 .0 μm)浮游生物在浮游植物群落生物量和生产力中占有重要比重 ,它们对总生物量和总生产力的平均贡献分别为 5 3 %和 6 9%。     

The distribution feature of size-fractionated chlorophyll a and primary productivity in Prydz Bay and its north sea area during the austral summer

The investigation of size-fractionated chlorophyll a and primary productivity were carried out in three longitudinal sections (63°-69°12'S, 70°30'E, 73°E and 75(30'E) at December 18-26, 1998 and January 12-18, 1999 in Prydz Bay and its north sea area, Antarctica. The results showed that surface chlorophyll a concentration were 0. 16 -3. 99 μg dm-3. The high values of chlorophyll a concentration (more than 3.5 μg dm -3) were in Prydz Bay and in the west Ladies Bank. The average chlorophyll a concentration at sub-surface layer was higher than that at surface layer; its concentration at the deeper layers of 50 m decreased with increasing depth and that at 200 m depth was only 0. 01 -0. 95μg dm -3. The results of size-fractionated chlorophyll a showed that the contribution of the netplanktion to total chlorophyll a was 56% , those of the nanoplankton and the picoplankton were 24% and 20% respectively in the surveyed area. The potential primary productivity at the euphotic zone in the surveyed area wa     

南极普里兹湾碳循环研究进展

普里兹湾是南大洋碳循环研究典型代表海区,也是中国历次南大洋考察的重点调查区域。从初级生产力、营养盐、叶绿素、海-气CO₂通量、真光层颗粒有机碳（POC）输出通量,净群落生产力（NCP）等方面综合阐述了其碳循环特征。生物泵运转效率和海冰过程是碳吸收的主要控制因素。普里兹湾总体上可以从陆坡划界,分为湾内和湾外两大部分。两者碳循环特征差异显著。湾内碳循环过程活跃,是南大洋夏季的高生产力区域。湾外则表现出高营养盐、低叶绿素（HNLC）特征,初步认为存在Fe限制。总体上,溶解有机碳（DOC）、POC、营养盐、叶绿素、二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）等存在从湾内向湾外随纬度递增或递减的规律。海冰消长对碳循环过程影响剧烈。夏季融冰造成的冰藻释放、水体垂直稳定性增加是提高生物生产力的首要原因。总体上普里兹湾的碳循环受各种生物、物理过程及其耦合作用控制,对南大洋碳循环机制研究有重要意义。     

南极普里兹湾的海水化学特征

本文利用 1 989/1 990年度中国第六次南极考察期间所获得的调查资料 ,探讨了普里兹湾营养盐分布及其与生物生产力间的相互关系。结果表明 ,在艾默里冰架外侧存在大片温暖高盐水域 ,该水域真光层内营养盐含量较低 ,溶解氧饱和度高达 1 2 0 %,叶绿素 A含量大于 1 .0 0 mg/m3 ,表明了普里兹湾是南极高生产力区。化学要素垂直分布如温度一样出现了强跃层 ,并于3 5 0 m层出现了异常的营养盐垂直分布 ,但盐度无明显跃层存在。最后讨论了引起异常分布的原因。