山东临朐、昌乐地区晚第三纪火山地貌

山东临朐、昌乐地区是渤海盆地南缘,郯庐断裂带中段西侧晚第三纪火山地貌集中分布的地区之一。本文对区内火山地貌类型和地貌发育过程作了重点探讨。     

海口羊山湿地区的多用途管理区规划

羊山湿地区是由一万年前火山喷发形成的火山熔岩地貌区。该区所涵养的地下水在低洼处以涌泉形式流出,形成了独特的火山熔岩湿地。该区原居民的生产和生活方式都体现出与火山熔岩地貌区自然环境的高度适应性,是人与湿地和谐共生的典范。羊山湿地是海口市重要的水源涵养地和绿色屏障,被誉为"海口之肾"。在羊山湿地区,根据湿地呈多片分布及其与当地文化结合紧密的特点,提出构建羊山湿地多用途管理区的设想,深入分析资源现状,进行总体布局和专项规划,以期为湿地多用途管理区的规划建设提供借鉴。     

封面照片:南宫山

正南宫山又称笔架山,系北大巴山北坡华龙山支脉余脉,位于陕西省安康市岚皋县东南部,地处秦岭以南,大巴山北麓,主峰金顶海拔2 267.4 m,属于中山地貌。南宫山有4.2亿年前古生代志留纪火山多次喷发遗留形成的众多火山岩地质遗迹,其中火山砂砾岩、火山凝灰岩、火山角砾岩等类型丰富、结构典型,火山岩石峰林、峰丛地貌景观特色明显。     

西南极纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛火山岩地质特征初论

纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛被玄武质、玄武安山质熔岩和火山碎屑岩以及沉积火山碎屑岩所覆盖。区域火山岩地层对比证明其是在形成长城站地区火山岩的同一火山作用下发育起来的。据地质接触关系和岩石组合特点,初步认为该半岛火山岩地层可以进一步划分为三个岩性段,分别形成于两期火山作用。该半岛的主要构造线方向平行于菲尔德斯海峡,这在地貌特征及次火山岩的分布上得到了证实。     

浙江黄岩富山地区古崩塌地貌发育机制

利用野外综合考察和岩石样品的室内分析资料,对浙江黄岩富山地区古崩塌地貌发育机制进行了研究。结果表明研究区自晚侏罗世以来经历了火山沉积和岩浆侵入阶段,形成花岗斑岩。新构造运动使本区发生间歇性抬升,岩石受构造应力和风化剥蚀的共同影响,形成多组垂直节理和水平节理。本区特定的地貌、岩性和节理裂隙以及丰富的降水和风化作用等条件,形成了一线天、陡崖壁、嶂谷、峡谷、巷谷、瀑布、巨石川、崩塌岩洞等古崩塌地貌。     

深圳大鹏半岛中生代火山岩地质地貌特征——以大鹏半岛国家地质公园为例

以大鹏半岛国家地质公园为调查对象,通过野外重点地质路线观察测制火山地层剖面,结合卫星遥感图像解译,进行锆石同位素激光定年测试及微量元素LA-ICP-MS分析、火山岩石显微镜薄片鉴定、岩石主量元素分析和微量元素ICP-MS分析,结果发现:该区火山活动的分带明显受区域性北东向及北西向断裂构造所控制,公园内中生代火山岩相基本为陆相喷发,岩石基本分为酸性及中酸性两类,多属钙碱性岩,部分为弱碱性岩。新发现七娘山火山穹丘、三角山-大燕顶火山穹丘,雷公打石山峰、鸡公秃等12处火山锥,摇摆石等6个火山柱及鸡公秃火山锥南西侧的火山针,大燕顶古火山口等火山机构。特征火山岩方面,有隐爆火山集块(角砾)岩、崩积火山集块岩、基浪堆积层-"火山-沉积碎屑岩"。公园内古火山地貌景观有一级地貌景观点3处、二级5处、三级7处。认为该区中生代以来,至少经历过3期5次火山喷发活动,反映了库拉-太平洋板块与欧亚大陆板块相互作用的动力过程及我国东南沿海浙闽粤港巨型火山活动带的部分特征,是亚洲大陆边缘大规模火山喷发(岩)带侏罗纪-白垩纪火山岩系较有代表性的地段,是研究我国东南沿海侏罗纪-白垩纪火山活动的天然博物馆。     

基于地理实践力培养的高中地理研学旅行活动设计——以乌兰哈达火山地貌研学实践为例

研学旅行活动作为综合实践育人的有效途径,不仅有助于培养学生的地理实践能力,而且能使学生在真实情境中感悟人地关系,促进学生综合素质的提升。本文以地理课程标准为依据,结合乌兰哈达火山地貌实况,从资源概况、研学活动设计及研学评价三个方面,设计了火山地貌研学旅行活动方案,以促进学生地理实践力的发展,落实地理学科核心素养的培养,并为当地开展研学旅行活动提供参考。     

基于地理实践力培养的高中地理研学旅行活动设计——以乌兰哈达火山地貌研学实践为例

研学旅行活动作为综合实践育人的有效途径,不仅有助于培养学生的地理实践能力,而且能使学生在真实情境中感悟人地关系,促进学生综合素质的提升。本文以地理课程标准为依据,结合乌兰哈达火山地貌实况,从资源概况、研学活动设计及研学评价三个方面,设计了火山地貌研学旅行活动方案,以促进学生地理实践力的发展,落实地理学科核心素养的培养,并为当地开展研学旅行活动提供参考。     

陕西南宫山南坡火山岩崩塌景观地貌形成演化

南宫山国家地质公园景观地貌是研究崩塌地貌形态、成因和动力机制的典型野外实例。该地貌呈现出火山沉积砂砾岩的岩性特征及后期营力作用,属于典型基岩崩塌地貌。按照地貌各类要素的表现形态及分布特征,划分出崩塌母岩地貌、崩塌残存地貌、崩塌垮落地貌和崩塌堆积地貌四种类型,崩塌体典型运动方式为"解体→位移→崩落→堆积",其演化阶段可划分为解体、崩离、垮落、堆积及崩滑五个阶段。重力崩塌地貌易诱发地质灾害,应进行详细勘查,采取野外监测、设牌警示和工程治理等防治措施,保护人员及财产安全。     

火山海岸与环境反馈——以海南岛火山海岸为例

海南岛火山海岸以沿小火山口形成的海蚀地貌以及全新世火山爆发使局部海湾抬升为海岸阶地、河口堵流并形成深切海湾以及促进了珊瑚礁发育为特征，火山活动改变了海岸带的地势、坡度、动力条件、沉积特征以及海岸演变趋势，海岸发育具有构造内动力、波浪、水流等外动力以及生物活动等多项作用影响。火山岩岩性与时代反映出北部湾湾底现代拉张构造活动。夏威夷火山造陆与板块移动形成岛链，近期熔岩流喷溢改变地貌与大气质量等为其特征     

A study on neogene volcanic landforms of the middle Tanlu fault belt

Neogene volcanic group (also called Linchang volcanic group) in Shandong is mainly distributed in the fault basins of Linqu and Changle area, the west block of the Middle belt of Tanlu fault belt. Its formation is related to the huge strike-slip activities of Tanlu fault belt and the shrinkage of Bohai Sea basin[1]. It is the famous protected area of Shanwang paleontologic fossil in the world, and also the famous mining area of sappire and diatomite in the country. It is of important impli…     

Lyttelton Volcano, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: Primary volcanic landforms and eruptive centre identification

Lyttelton Volcano, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, has historically been viewed as a simple volcanic cone. This paper uses digital terrain models (DTM) and primary volcanic landforms to reinterpret Lyttelton Volcano as having multiple eruptive centres. Primary volcanic landforms are features produced during active volcanism, classified as constructional, hypabyssal, and erosional volcanic features. Constructional volcanic features are lava flows, scoria cones and domes; hypabyssal volcanic features are dykes and sills; and erosional volcanic features are valley and ridge patterns and orientations. Lava flow trends are recognised from aerial photograph analysis and supported by field observations, highlighting radiating lava trends around specific locations within Lyttelton Harbour. Scoria cones and domes occur on the outer flanks of volcanic cones, and are used as such in the identification of remnant cone surfaces. Dyke orientations are plotted and then projected to the interior of the volcano, defining 13 zones of convergence. The projected arrays of these orientations highlight defined regions along the erosional crater rim, each indicating a radial dyke swarm, from which the projected trends of the associated dykes indicate an eruptive centre. Valley and ridge orientations are projected from the longest valley or ridge segment, towards the inner harbour. Radiating erosive patterns are incepted during the growth and degradation of a volcanic cone, with the resulting trends orienting to the summit. Zones of convergence/eruptive centres are identified from lava flow orientations, onlapping lava sequences, scoria cones, and intrusive locations. The summit of a volcanic edifice can be identified from the orientations of valleys and ridges, while radial dyke systems determine whether this summit was a volcanic centre or simply a local topographic high. Volcanic landforms are used to identify cone sectors, the preserved sector associated with a particular eruptive centre. Cone sector limits are defined by a basal footprint and an erosional crater rim, with similar arcuate features (remnant cone features) being exposed in the interior of the volcano. Lyttelton Volcano comprises fifteen volcanic cones, with vent locations controlled by underlying fault lineaments. The growth and erosion of each volcanic cone is reflected in primary volcanic landforms, with the preserved features of cones confined to cone sectors and cone artefacts.     

Geomorphology of the Sub-Antarctic Australian Territory of Heard Island-McDonald Island

The geomorphology of Heard Island-McDonald Island is primarily the product of close interplay between volcanism, glaciation, and vigorous marine processes in a stormy sub-Antarctic environment. The dominant landform is the strato-volcano Big Ben (2745m), which is the highest mountain on Australian territory outside Antarctica. Other volcanic landforms include scoria cones, domes, open vertical volcanic conduits, lava flows and lava tubes. Volcanic activity is ongoing from the summit of Big Ben, and from Samarang Hill on McDonald Island. Early, but unproven, glacial sediments may exist within the Late Miocene - Early Pliocene Drygalski Formation, which forms a 300m high plateau along the northern coast of Heard Island. Growth of the present glaciers, some of which reach sea level, has been a response to progressive growth of the volcanoes. A variety of erosional and depositional glacial landforms is present, including major lateral moraines and extensive hummocky moraines. Vigorous longshore drift and an abundant sediment supply have produced a large spit at the downdrift end of the island, and formed bars from reworked glacigenic sediment that now impound proglacial estuarine lagoons, some of which have grown rapidly over recent decades as tidewater glaciers have retreated. Integrated study of the volcanic, glacial and coastal sequences offers the possibility of constructing a well-dated record of climate change. Research into the geomorphology, surficial sediments, and contemporary geomorphological processes, including glaciofluvial sediment flux, is also important as an aid to environmental management on land, and to management of the adjacent marine environment.     

Origin of glacial–fluvial landforms in the Azas Plateau volcanic field, the Tuva Republic, Russia: Role of ice–magma interaction

The basaltic Azas Plateau volcanic field is located in the Tuva Republic of the Russian Federation. The area was glaciated multiple times, and the field is characterized by the formation of subglacial volcanoes called tuyas, but subaerial volcanoes and lava fields also exist. A combined study of remote sensing and field observations in the vicinity of the tuyas in the southeastern Azas Plateau volcanic field identified landforms that are best explained by the jökulhlaup hypothesis. The landforms include elongated hills, paleochannels, and butte and basin topography. These landforms are hypothesized to have formed by both erosion and deposition caused by high-energy water streams. The triggering for the hypothesized jökulhlaups was either melting of ice by subglacial volcanism and/or destabilization of ice-dammed/subglacial reservoirs. The age estimation of the flood events is difficult, but they probably occurred during the ice ages of the Quaternary, as late as in the Middle-Late Pleistocene.     

陇东合水县塬梁峁地貌分类及演化

黄土地貌是按独特的演化模式形成当今复杂多样且有序分异的地貌形态组合。基于数学形态法将合水县地区黄土地貌分类并计算得出塬梁峁地貌单元的分类指标,再通过黄土地貌单元的形态特征及分类指标,对黄土塬梁峁地貌演化模式作出定量化和可视化表达,并预测塬即将消失的区域。研究发现：① 似圆度是界定黄土地貌单元演化进程的重要指标,黄土地貌单元在演化过程中,其形状规律程度逐渐增加;可用周长面积比和平均坡度界定塬梁的分界,可用边界临接指数界定梁峁的分界。② 塬向梁演化实质就是残塬向树杈梁演化。残塬是人类赖以生存的地貌单元,是固沟保塬工程的重点实施对象。     

中昆仑山阿什库勒盆地地貌与第四纪环境问题

本文论述了阿什库勒盆地的地貌和沉积物的发育等问题。认为:(1)阿什库勒盆地的火山锥至少有11座,1号火山1951年不可能有岩浆喷发,火山泥石流体是不存在的;(2)黄土物质是全新世风积物,戈壁荒漠是其物源区;(3)阿什库勒湖与乌鲁克库勒湖均是火山堰塞湖,前者是18kaB.P.前熔岩流阻塞盆地东部出口而成;后者则是6.5kaB.P.新期火山喷发物拦截阿什库勒湖的部分水域所致。     

西樵山地质公园旅游景观形成、分类及其综合评价

西樵山是广东的名山、国家级风景名胜区,最近被批准建设国家地质公园.西樵山位于华夏板块新生代北东向伸展盆地--三水盆地的西南端,是新生代盆地内粗面质火山,火山机构保存完整.经后期的构造切割和各种侵蚀风化作用,西樵山火山形成了诸多俊秀的山峰,幽深的峡谷、瀑布.西樵山古石器制造场是省级重点文物保护单位,反映了悠久的历史文化,被考古学家誉为"珠江文明的灯塔".总体判断,遗迹具有极高的科考价值,西樵山地质旅游景观具有优美的观赏价值,可以建成具有重要影响力的珠江三角洲地区国家地质公园.     

西南极利文斯顿岛百耳斯半岛火山岩的同位素年龄

以Ｋ－Ａｒ稀释法和４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ阶段加热法对利文斯顿岛百尔斯半岛的熔岩和次火山岩测定了同位素年龄。新的年龄数据表明,该区火山活动在晚侏罗纪末即已开始,一直持续到晚白垩世,存在着三期火山活动的产物。侏罗纪末～早白垩世初的火山活动除有熔岩（１４６Ｍａ,１３７Ｍａ）喷出外,还发育有辉长岩侵入体（１３５Ｍａ）和辉绿岩岩墙（１２９Ｍａ）等次火山岩。安山岩（１１４Ｍａ）和石英斑岩（９４Ｍａ）则是早白垩世火山活动的结果。半岛东部具沉积夹层的玄武岩（７１Ｍａ）是区域上晚白垩世～早第三纪火山活动的代表。     

华东喀斯特地貌发育过程与古地理背景

本文探讨古地理环境与喀斯特发育的关系。认为本区喀斯特地貌发育过程的特点是:从行星风型到季风型喀斯特,具有不同强度的多期性,造成南北方喀斯特形态归并与兼容,以及南北过渡性与区域分异。