荒漠生态系统健康评价的探索

生态系统健康是生态系统可持续的基础,也是人类环境健康与可持续发展的基础。荒漠生态系统是荒漠区的典型生态系统,是荒漠区人类环境和社会发展的基础。本文在生态系统健康分析的基础上,对荒漠生态系统健康的定义、特征、指标和标准及评价方法进行了一些定性探索,对我国荒漠生态系统的健康状况做了简要评价。     

熵视角下的广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力分析

通过对城市生态系统的结构和功能分析, 以及城市作为耗散结构系统的熵变分析, 构建广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力评价指标体系;运用信息熵构建了广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力评价模型;将熵权与指标时间序列变化相结合, 分析指标时间序列变化对广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力的影响, 从而提出广州城市生态系统可持续发展的针对性措施。研究结果显示:在2004-2010 年间, (1) 广州市社会经济生态系统对自然生态系统的需求不断增大, 城市环境污染问题得到有效控制, 城市生态系统内部不断朝着有序、健康的方向发展;(2) 自然生态系统对社会经济系统的支持能力总体逐渐上升, 生态环境的改善使广州城市生态系统的协调性和活力得到增强, 城市生态系统可持续发展能力总体呈上升趋势。该研究方法能反映出城市作为复合生态系统的结构、功能和演化机制, 能有效地弥补城市可持续发展研究中所存在的可持续发展对策比较笼统、缺乏针对性的不足。     

生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。近年来很多研究对不同尺度和类型的生态系统服务价值进行了评估, 有效地增强了人类对生态系统服务及其与人类福祉关系的认识。但其中一些研究的生态系统服务价值评估结果偏离实际较多, 对生态补偿等生态系统管理实践作用有限。因此需要继续深入探讨生态系统服务价值评估的理论框架, 为客观认识生态系统服务价值提供科学的理论依据。基于上述考虑, 本文在已有研究基础上, 综合考虑了各框架的优点, 总结出完整的生态系统服务价值评估理论框架, 并强调了评估的经济学基础、研究尺度及利益相关者问题。该理论框架要求以人类的支付意愿(Wish To Pay, WTP)为基本原则对生态系统服务进行合理估价, 并将各项服务的具体价值分配到不同尺度的利益相关者。这可以增强价值评估结果的应用价值和可操作性, 为生态补偿标准及对象的确定提供指导性帮助。     

A Review on the Supply-Demand Relationship and Spatial Flows of Ecosystem Services

Research on spatial flow as it relates to the relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services supports a significant connection between the supply of ecosystem services and human well-being. Understanding the entire process of the production and flow, as well as the use of ecosystem services, accurately assessing the balance of supply and demand of ecosystem services, and establishing a two-way feedback relationship between supply and demand are vital for the scientific management of the ecosystem and ensuring the sustainable development of regional resources. Based on a large number of relevant publications, this paper comprehensively summarizes the concepts and assessment methods of ecosystem service supply and demand from the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand, and discusses the impacts of land use and climate change on the temporal and spatial changes of ecosystem services under the background of global change. Then, an analysis of the research progress in the ecosystem services spatial flow indicated that there are still deficiencies in the quantification of cultural services, the dynamics of ecosystem service flow and the driving mechanism of ecosystem services. We also propose that clarifying the driving mechanism and transfer process of ecosystem services, and realizing the mutual conversion between different spatial-temporal scales of ecosystem services, is an important approach for improving the application of ecosystem services research in practice in the future.     

Mechanisms for Realizing the Economic Values of Ecosystem Services

The fact that ecosystem services have values that can be quantified has been widely accepted in recent years. Part of the economic values of ecosystem services have been realized partly by ecological compensation of fiscal transfer payments at different levels, trade and consumption of leisure tourism and ecological products, and carbon sequestration forest funds sponsored by non-governmental capital. However, it remains difficult to realize the economic value of ecosystem services as industrial products and support the coordinated and sustainable development of nature, economy and society. To reveal the role of ecological compensation, consumption of biological products, leisure tourism and ecosystem services trading in realizing the economic values of ecosystem services, we analyzed the composition, transfer and consumption pattern of ecosystem services. In order to provide theoretical and technological support for inter-regional ecological compensation, ecosystem service industry development and ecosystem services trade, the concept of ecosystem services credit and key problems with ecosystem services trading are proposed.     

生态系统服务供给安全阈值视域下喀斯特地区生态安全演变

以贵州省为研究对象,基于生态系统服务价值构建供给安全阈值与生态安全评价模型,研究生态脆弱区生态安全时空演变。结果表明,2005—2018年：① 贵州省生态系统服务总价值从7875.38亿元增加到18 072.89亿元,年均增长6.60%,集聚高值区主要分布在黔东南州、黔南州和黔西南州等。② 贵阳市生态系统服务供给价值低于供给安全阈值,生态系统提供服务无法满足人们最低生存保障需求;其余地区生态系统服务价值仅比供给安全阈值略高,且呈减少变化。③ 贵阳市生态安全指数小于1,生态系统处于不安全状态;其余地市生态安全指数与生态安全度均呈降低变化。④ 各地市人类活动强度指数与生态安全指数、人均生态系统服务价值呈显著负相关。     

熵视角下的中国海洋生态系统可持续发展能力分析

通过对海洋生态系统特征的分析,构建了海洋生态系统可持续发展能力评价指标体系;运用信息熵构建了海洋生态系统可持续发展能力评价模型,分析各个指标对海洋生态系统可持续发展能力的影响,从而提出提高海洋生态系统可持续发展能力的相关性的措施。研究结果显示：2004~2011年,人类对海洋自然生态系统的需求日益加大;在国家和政府的重视下,海洋污染问题得到了改善,海洋生态系统内部朝着有序健康方向发展,自然生态系统的支撑能力不断提高,中国海洋生态系统可持续发展能力总体呈上升趋势。     

生态系统服务变化的驱动机制研究进展

近年来,全球及区域生态系统服务均呈现出快速变化趋势,分析研究生态系统服务变化的驱动机制有助于精准模拟未来生态系统服务情景,进而服务于生态系统管理决策的科学制定。虽然已有部分研究探讨了土地利用或气候变化对生态系统服务的影响,但生态系统服务变化的驱动机理与应对策略亟待全面揭示。为此,该文回顾总结了国内外关于生态系统服务变化驱动机制的研究成果,并分析归纳了生态系统服务变化的主要驱动因子与未来模拟技术,结果发现:(1)土地利用与气候变化是造成生态系统服务变化的主要因素,且相互作用共同驱动生态系统服务的变化;(2)生态系统服务变化的单影响因子识别取得较大进展,但多种影响因子的交互作用及其在生态服务变化中贡献亟需清晰分解;(3)基于遥感与气候模型的多情景模拟是预测未来生态系统服务变化的主要手段,但需要科学模拟多因素交互作用下的综合影响及其应对途径;(4)未来研究应加强人类活动对生态系统服务影响的分解与模拟,研发区域生态系统服务对重大生态工程的时空响应与探测技术,以科学指导区域生态保护建设与规划布局。     

荒漠生态系统服务价值评估研究进展

荒漠生态系统是中国西北地区的代表性生态系统,具有不同于其他生态系统的独特结构和功能。开展荒漠生态系统服务价值评估,对干旱区的生态恢复与重建以及区域环境保护具有重要意义,有助于促进干旱区的可持续发展。把荒漠生态系统服务划分为防风固沙、土壤保育、固碳释氧、水资源调控、生物多样性保育、旅游文化等6类。在此基础上回顾与评述了相关研究,简要概括了已有研究中存在的主要问题,最后建议加强荒漠生态系统提供的独特服务的价值评估和针对特定地区开展小区域的荒漠生态系统服务价值评估等方面的研究,以及科学选取与调整价格参数。     

1975—2015年甘肃省白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值及其时空差异

利用1975—2015年7期遥感数据重建甘肃省白龙江流域8个野生动物自然保护区的生态系统时空变化特征，并在对该研究区各类生态系统服务价值当量修订的基础上，采用生态系统服务价值评估模型和敏感性指数，对不同时期的生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明：（1）白龙江流域自然保护区以森林生态系统为主，研究期内生态系统格局总体稳定，农田和裸地生态系统面积减少，而森林、草地、水域和人工表面生态系统呈增加趋势，且在2000年后变化最活跃。（2）研究区生态系统服务价值由1975年的239.68×10⁸元上升到2015年的243.58×10⁸元，净增加3.90×10⁸元，农田和裸地生态系统服务价值持续减少，而森林、草地和水域生态系统服务价值则呈增加趋势。（3）整体上，研究区南部生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势，而中北部地区则处于阶段性变化状态，文县大鲵自然保护区单位面积生态系统服务价值密度最高，多儿自然保护区价值密度最低，且为唯一衰退型保护区。（4）在不同生态系统服务类型中，调节服务居主导地位，且以气候调节服务价值最高。白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性，水域生态系统面积变化对研究区生态系统服务价值的变化具有放大作用。     

The value of the ecosystem services and method

Using the method of Constanza R, the annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 3.302×106 US dollars in 1983, equivalent to 26.5250×106 MOP, when using the currently monetary valuation. The annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 8.3340×106 US dollars in 2002, equal to 66.9472×106 MOP. The total globe annual value of ecosystem services was 3.3268×1013 US dollars in 1997, i.e., about 5,544.7 US dollars per capita. In Macao, the annual value of ecosystem services was only 18.8 US dollars per capita. The average ecosystem service per capita was 0.35% of the world average level. Comparing to the globe average ecosystem services level per capita, the deficit of ecosystem services of Macao is 2.44×109 US dollars for Macao population, which would require 1,069 km2 estuary to complement to the deficit, i.e., about 38 times of Macao to provide ecosystem services to reach the average level of world.     

岩溶生态系统脆弱性剖析

生态系统的脆弱性评价对于生态系统管理具有重要作用.在分析岩溶生态系统脆弱性特征和影响因素的基础上,构建了针对岩溶自然系统的脆弱性评价指标体系,涵盖了岩溶生态系统的结构脆弱性、生态过程脆弱性、生态功能脆弱性和人为胁迫脆弱性4个方面,评价指标分别是结构稳定性、多样性生境、能量利用和积累、直接使用价值、石漠化程度和速率等.以不同类型的原生岩溶生态系统的生态基准值作为比较基础,评价系统将现有的退化岩溶生态系统的脆弱性划分为轻微脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱以及系统崩溃4级.     

熵视角下的广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力分析(英文)

The urban ecosystem possesses dissipating structures that can absorb substances and energy from the external environment and export products and wastes to maintain order within the system. Given these circumstances, this paper analyzed the ability of the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou City to sustain development from the perspective of entropy. The research was carried out in three steps. First, an evaluation index system that considers the ability of the urban ecosystem for sustainable development was formed based on the structures and functions of the urban ecosystem and the change in the entropy of the urban socioeconomic ecosystem. Second, the sustainable development ability assessment model for the urban ecosystem was built using information entropy. Last, by combining the time series variation of the evaluation indicators with the entropy weights, this paper analyzed the influence of the combined factors on the sustainable development ability of the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou and suggested some measures to promote the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The urban ecosystem has developed in an orderly and healthy direction, with effective control over the urban environmental pollution problems in Guangzhou between 2004 and 2010. (2) The sustainable development ability of the urban ecosystem had been on an upward trend in Guangzhou during the study period. The ability of the natural urban ecosystem to support the urban socioeconomic ecosystem increased continuously, and the improved ecoenvironment enhanced the harmony and vitality of the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou.     

鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能空间辨识

根据千年生态系统评估提出的评估概念框架,考察鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的形成机理,构建了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能表征指标体系,并利用多主题1km栅格成分数据模型,采用主成分分析法提取了鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能综合表征指标。在此基础上,通过空间聚类分析,形成了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能分区,实现了各分区单元上生态系统服务功能的空间辨识。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能包括了支持功能、供给功能、调节功能和文化功能,它们在空间上的排列组合形成了鄱阳湖湖区的10个生态系统服务功能分区,本文辨识了鄱阳湖湖区精细栅格水平上核心生态系统服务功能之间的差异及其空间分异特征。本研究提出的生态系统服务功能分区及其空间辨识方案,为鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的开发与保育提供决策参考信息。     

Assessment and analysis of ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River under the background of the Yangtze River protection strategy

The Yangtze River is the third largest river in the world and the longest and largest river in China.China has adopted a national strategy to protect the Yangtze River.A better understanding of the ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River would provide support for the Yangtze River protection strategy.Using Costanza’s method to estimate the ecosystem services value,the value of 10 ecosystem services was estimated within 1 km and 2 km from the Yangtze River in 2017.These 10 services were derived from the four established groupings of provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services.This study compared and analyzed the changes in the ecosystem services value in the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the river,and in provinces,cities,and villages along the Yangtze River.The total ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river was 37.208 and 43.769 billion yuan,respectively.Within 1 km,the ecosystem services value in the middle reaches was 12.93 billion yuan,while the next highest value was in the upper reaches at 12.45 billion yuan,and the downstream area had the smallest value of 11.855 billion yuan.Within 2 km,the value of upstream ecosystem services was the highest at 16.31 billion yuan,while the second highest value was in the middle reaches at 14.376 billion yuan,and the smallest value was in the downstream area at 13.083 billion yuan.In the Yangtze River Basin,regulating services played a leading role,accounting for 81.6%and 78.9%of the ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river,respectively.Among the 10 ecosystem services,hydrological regulation was the most important,while the value of raw material production made the smallest contribution.Among the provinces and cities along the Yangtze River,the highest ecosystem services value was in Hubei Province,while the lowest values were in Shanghai and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.If villages within 1 km and 2 km from the river were to be relocated,the total regional ecological value would increase by 527 and 975 million yuan,respectively.     

Drivers of mangrove ecosystem service change in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh

Mangroves are now well known to provide a range of ecosystem services that benefit local populations, though such ecosystem services are at risk from mangrove deforestation and degradation across much of the tropics. This study aimed to identify the natural and anthropogenic drivers of change that affect ecosystem services of the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Secondary data analysis and primary fieldwork were conducted in three districts in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh to understand ecosystem service usage and the perceptions of local resource users. Time series data for a range of ecosystem services and biophysical, socio‐economic variables were analyzed to identify the range of trends and the significant drivers of change. Also, community perceptions were consulted to elicit how these changes are felt and how they affected the local ecosystem services users. Results show that most of the ecosystem services of the Sundarbans experienced negative changes over the last two decades. Time series analysis and community perceptions held a number of drivers responsible for these changes. Climatic change, rapid environmental change, demand for mangrove products on the global market, major infrastructure development and governance failure were identified as primary drivers leading to the degradation of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans. The study calls for a transformation in the stewardship of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans and other mangroves across the tropics, to escape the situation where negative environmental impacts might be difficult to reverse.     

松嫩平原资源开发对湿地生态环境的影响研究

文章论述了松嫩平原湿地生态系统的结构特征、资源潜力和生态功能，针对资源开发存在的诸多问题，探讨了不合理资源开发对湿地生态系统的影响。研究表明：松嫩平原湿地生态系统对区域农业经济可持续发展具有重要作用，不合理开发湿地会带来严重的生态后果，只有合理开发利用湿地才是维护生态平衡、实现区域生态经济持续发展的有效途径。     

生态系统服务权衡与协同视角下的重点生态功能区保护特征

重点生态功能区提供着源源不断的生态系统服务,在保障国家生态安全和社会可持续发展方面,有着不可或缺的基础作用。但是,以生态系统服务权衡与协同关系为视角,进而探讨分析重点生态功能区保护特征的研究案例相对较少。本文以秦巴重点生态功能区为评估分析区域,选择自然地理条件相似度极高的秦巴山区为参照单元,以生态系统供给服务与调节服务为核心内容,在定量分析2000—2019年期间的生态空间变化特征基础上,分析评估生态系统服务权衡与协同关系。结果表明：秦巴山区生态状况逐渐变好,重点生态功能区划定之后,生态系统趋于稳定;重点生态功能区服务能力呈逐渐增强的趋势,平均净初级生产力、土壤保持总量和水源涵养总量比重点生态功能区外分别高出了25.95 gC/m²、5.81亿t和24.95亿m³;土壤保持服务和生态系统供给服务的协同关系与生态状况改善呈正相关;由于受到降水的影响,2010年之后的水源涵养服务与生态系统供给服务的协同关系变差。总体来看,秦巴重点生态功能区的划定带动了区域生态空间“量的增长”和生态系统服务“质的提升”,但生态系统服务之间关系的“协调性”仍然不足,甚至从“协同”转为“权衡”关系,这要求未来国家需要制定更有针对性的生态系统保护管理决策,提高生态系统总体效益,支撑区域生态系统服务的可持续供给。     

生态服务价值与方法研究

1Ecosystemservicesandtheirvalueoftheworld1.1EcosystemservicesHuman societies derive many essential goods from natural ecosystems, including seafood, game animals, fodder, fuelwood, timber, and pharmaceutical products (Constanza, 1997). These goods represent important and familiar parts of the economy. What has been less appreciated until recently is that natural ecosystems also perform fundamental life-support services without which human civilizations would cease to thrive. These include the…     

Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City,China, and their Changes

The values of farmland ecosystem services are composed of several components: provisioning service value, regulating service value, supporting service value and cultural service value, so it is important to make a full assessment of the values of farmland ecosystem services for agriculture and farmland protection. Here, we assessed the values of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 by using various methods (market value method, carbon tax method, afforestation cost method, substitute cost method, equivalent factor method, etc.) based on establishing an assessment index system for the farmland ecosystem services value. The results show that the total yearly value of farmland ecosystem services increased from 499.74×10 ⁸ Yuan to 681.74×10 ⁸Yuan in the period of 1997-2017, and the yearly value of farmland ecosystem services per hectare increased from 6.57×10 ⁴ Yuan to 9.73×10 ⁴Yuan. The product provisioning service, carbon fixation service and oxygen release service, as well as the soil conservation service, are the main farmland ecosystem services, and the proportions of these four ecosystem service values to the total value of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City were large and kept increasing. Some countermeasures are put forward to adequately use the indirect service value of the farmland ecosystem and provide improved well-being for humans, such as protecting and wisely using farmland, developing agriculture that is rooted in local conditions, promoting agricultural production efficiency, speeding up construction of modern agriculture gardens, deepening the supply-side structural reform of agriculture, developing agricultural eco-tourism, etc.