历史时期伊犁河谷文化遗址时空特征及驱动力分析

运用Arc GIS软件对伊犁河谷文化遗址时空分布进行分析,探讨了遗址时空演变特征与人文历史、自然环境的关系。结果表明:1从夏—西周到清—近现代6个时期中,遗址数量及在总数中的比重、出现频率呈倒"V"型变化,从萌芽阶段到巅峰阶段,至衰落阶段。2遗址的空间分布格局由前3个时期的"东高西低"转变为后3个时期的"西高东低",人类活动空间重心发生了转移。3遗址主要分布在1~5级坡度上,其比重由春秋—秦时期的75%增至清—近现代时期的93.75%;而遗址集中分布高程则由春秋—秦和西汉—南北朝时期的4~8级转移到后3个时期的1~4级,且其数量表现出明显的从高海拔的山地丘陵向低海拔平原、从高坡度向低坡度转移。4研究区遗址演变模式与典型干旱区遗址迁移模式相反,表现为特殊的"中上游→下游"迁移的"湿润模式"。5研究区文化遗址分布、时空演变受政治、经济、生产力等人文因素和地貌、海拔、坡度、气候等自然因素的综合影响。由于其气候湿润,水资源丰富,虽然遗址分布和演变表现出一定的河谷谷地、阶地、平原、水资源等"自然因素"指向性规律,但更突出表现为生产力水平、政治稳定、经济发展、商贸交通等"人文力量"指向性规律,这一点在中后期表现得更为明显。     

8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区古文化遗址分布的演变

本研究建立了8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区,从新石器时期至明清时期7534个古文化遗址的GIS数据库,利用ArcGIS软件,从环境考古学的角度,对不同时期古文化遗址分布的地貌类型、海拔高程、坡度特征进行了系统分析。研究结果显示,不同时代的文化遗址的空间分布特征存在显著差别：1) 新石器文化遗址主要分布在平原边缘的山前台地—岗地和高冲积平原等海拔高程适中的地区,海拔高程较低的平原中心区与海拔较高的山地则分布很少;2) 西周以后,文化遗址分布高程呈现下降趋势,从山前台地—岗地、高冲积平原向平缓的低冲积平原转移;秦汉至明清时期,文化遗址则主要分布在海拔高程更低、坡度平缓的低冲积平原和湖积—冲积平原;3) 不同时期的文化遗址空间分布模式,反映了不同生产力水平下人类活动对自然环境变化的响应特点。     

兰州盆地新石器时期遗址分布与地形的关系研究

研究遗址和地形等环境要素的关系有助于理解人地关系的作用机制。基于GIS空间分析和二元逻辑斯蒂模型分析了兰州盆地新石器时期马家窑和齐家文化遗址空间分布的特征、变化规律及影响因素，定量研究了地形等环境要素与遗址分布的关系。结果表明：新石器时期的马家窑文化、半山文化、马厂文化和齐家文化遗址均沿黄河分布，主要集中于河流阶地上坡度较小的区域。距河流的水平最近距离为318.6~17 721.7 m。新石器遗址特别是马厂遗址的空间集聚性明显。从马家窑类型、半山类型，发展到马厂类型，单一型遗址的占比逐渐由53.3%增多至92.6%。马厂类型的分布中心距离黄河最近。地形等环境要素显著影响遗址的空间分布，遗址出现概率主要受坡度、坡向和距黄河最近距离的影响，模型的解释程度可达65.0%。引入历史时期和现代聚落进行比较，历史时期聚落分布受到高程和坡度的影响，而现代聚落的分布主要受到高程、坡度和距河流距离的影响。聚落分布和影响因素的演变可能受到社会生产力发展的影响。     

青海官亭盆地考古遗存堆积形态的环境背景

黄河上游的官亭盆地在6000 a BP开始有人类活动出现,在盆地内留下了50多处考古遗址。通过野外调查及考古发掘,将官亭盆地内考古遗址的堆积形态分为叠置型遗址 (连续的不同类型的文化堆积) 和单一型遗址 (一个类型文化堆积)。同时发现,官亭盆地内考古遗址在时空上的分布规律受自然环境的影响显著。黄河阶地在形成过程中,河流持续切割时间比较长,形成的阶地高度很高,是官亭盆地形成叠置型遗址的一个地貌条件。由于气候原因,黄河上游在3700~2800 a BP存在一段洪水频发期,造成人类活动辗转于二级和三级阶地,形成以单一型遗址为主的文化堆积。洪水发生时,人类活动主要在三级阶地;两次洪水之间如果间隔的时间比较长,会有人偶尔在二级阶地上居住。这种二三阶地间的反复迁移,形成同时期文化遗址分布上的“旋回”特征。在官亭盆地,叠置性遗址似乎代表了一种稳定的生活方式,连续的文化传承;而单一型遗址,代表了一种不稳定的生活方式,非连续的文化传承。     

新疆文化遗址时空演变与人地关系

运用Arc GIS空间分析、耦合分析方法研究新疆432处文化遗址的时空演变及人地关系。结果表明:(1)新疆文化遗址以集聚模式分布于4个遗址集聚带、12个组群,呈现出"空间组群、线(带)状分布"的空间格局,其空间分布格局主要受控于自然环境;(2)不同历史时期中央政权经略西域策略的改变使得新疆的经济和政治重心发生转移,文化遗址分布重心轨迹呈"北→南→北"演变的规律,其时间上的演变较多地受人文因素的控制;(3)从旧石器时代至近现代,新疆文化遗址的变化经历了萌芽、发展、上升、繁荣、下降、巅峰6个阶段,遗址的盛衰演化与历史时期自然气候环境的变化、人文要素的兴衰等有良好的耦合关系。在人地关系地域系统内部及系统与外界环境之间的各个要素组合优良时期,政权强盛,屯垦发展,丝路繁荣,气候适宜,文化遗址增长迅猛(如西汉、隋唐)。     

土壤重金属空间分异及迁移研究进展与展望

回顾了土壤重金属污染的空间分异及迁移的相关研究,提出了基于GIS空间分布特性的土壤重金属污染途径分类方法,并系统总结了土壤重金属污染的空间分异及迁移规律。探讨了土壤重金属污染空间分布与迁移研究的发展趋势与关键问题,为进一步有效开展相关研究奠定了理论基础。     

“基因图谱”视角下闽台石器时代文化空间结构分析

聚落是识别区域文化景观同一性的重要指标。中国闽台石器时代文化因受区域环境的影响,呈现出与全国其他地区不同的文化特征。借用"文化基因"的概念,运用GIS技术对闽台石器时代文化遗址空间特征、文化特质和历史渊源进行分析。研究结果表明:闽台石器时代文化遗址在产生时间上具有继承性;在空间扩散、迁移及居住地空间选择上,闽台石器文化遗址都呈现了山岗、沿河流阶地和滨海分布模式,并经历了由点经线到面的扩散和迁移过程;在器具、技术工艺和作物类型等方面亦存在着广泛的相似性和共同性。石器遗址文化表明闽台具有相同的文化根基。     

江南丘陵区乡村聚落空间演化及重构——以赣南地区为例

以江南丘陵区的赣南地区为研究区,以DEM数据和1995年、2013年赣南地区的遥感图像为数据源,基于GIS空间分析方法,分析了赣南地区乡村聚落的空间分布与演化规律,探讨了其影响因素、基本模式及过程机制,提出了不同发展阶段的乡村聚落空间重构基本思路。研究表明赣南乡村聚落空间分布与演化呈现出以下特点：数量、规模及密度均较小,但有扩大的演化趋势,集中分布在海拔为200~600 m之间、坡度<15°的低山盆地、河谷阶地等地区及道路和河流沿线;聚落空间分布与演化的影响因素主要有自然因素和社会人文因素;聚落空间演化有六种模式,低地指向、经济指向、中心地指向、交通/河流指向、文化指向及功能指向是聚落演化的动力;乡村聚落空间重构是指聚落空间结构的重新布局与调整,其基本思路是初期进行景观要素的重建,中期进行聚落结构上的重组,后期最终实现聚落功能上的重塑。     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响

安徽淮河流域是我国自然条件多重过渡地带和古代文化交汇地区,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。利用野外考古资料和已有考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,利用钻孔孢粉、年代数据等恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,并将考古资料和环境演变研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变和古文化发展的关系。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5 kaBP~ 5.5 kaBP气候暖湿,受高海面和洪涝灾害等的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5 kaBP~4.0 kaBP气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。与中原、山东地区相比,本区在新石器文化发展阶段、遗址数量和分布变化等方面存在较明显差异。     

河东地区早期文化遗址时空分布研究

位于黄河中游的河东地区作为早期国家文明起源、发展的重要地区,其文化遗址的分布特征可以印证我国早期文明的演进趋势。以河东地区2070处早期文化遗址为研究对象,运用GIS空间分析法,分析其时空分布规律及其地理环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)旧石器时代文化遗址主要分布在海拔较高的山地中,且无明显聚集特征。(2)新石器时代,文化遗址的分布向中部平坦、水源充足的运汾盆地转移。(3)夏商周时期,文化遗址的分布在运汾盆地内进一步发展,且出现由政治因素导向的显著性集聚特征。这一演变规律反映了早期人类从自然散聚到有组织集聚的文明演变过程。     

巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁

以GIS为手段,在对巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,探讨流域内古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系.研究表明,巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代古聚落变更的规律主要表现为,随着时代推进聚落遗址从高海拔逐渐向低海拔地区转移并向湖泊靠近,这种变更响应于中全新世以来流域气候由温暖湿润向温和干燥的发展,以及由此导致的巢湖湖泊收缩、水位持续下降和生活范围扩展,反映了在气候变化的大背景下,地貌演化和水文条件的改变对古聚落变更的影响;而各时期聚落遗址西多东少的分布格局,则与流域东部极易受河道摆动和洪涝灾害影响的地貌条件有关.因此,气候变化成为巢湖流域古聚落变更的重要激发因子,对古聚落的分布、扩展、演变都产生了重要影响,古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应明显.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000?2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

巢湖流域6000-2000 aBP古聚落变更及环境变迁(英文)

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China,using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene,leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

太湖流域典型地区土壤磷素含量的空间变异特征

在地统计学和地理信息系统的支持下,以半方差函数为基本工具,分析了太湖流域典型地区土壤耕层全磷含量的空间变异特征,并运用块段克立格法进行线性无偏最优插值,制作了土壤耕层全磷含量的空间分布图。结果表明:研究区域土壤全磷含量具有中等的空间相关性和良好的结构性,其自相关距离在11km左右;土壤磷素含量的空间分布具有明显的斑块状特点,沿江平田区、地势低洼的圩田及低平田区磷素的含量相对较高,应作为农业面源磷污染的重点监控对象。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征

运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。