地理教育中的气候变化教育

全球气候变化正深刻地影响着人类社会的各个方面,在应对气候变化的行动中教育起着极为重要的作用,基础教育中贯彻气候变化教育尤为必要。地理学科在气候变化教育中承担着传授相关科学基础知识、贯彻人地和谐发展的可持续观念的任务。本文阐述了气候变化教育的内涵,结合高中地理学科相关教学内容给出了在高中地理学科中开展气候变化教育的几点教学建议:全面理解气候变化科学内涵,深入挖掘教材隐含信息;整合气候变化相关知识,打通教材前后联系;重视联系生活实际,注重拓展引申前沿热点。     

国外气候变化教育案例反思

一、引言 全球气候变化是一个涉及自然、社会、经济、历史、文化等不同维度的复杂问题。由于科学认识的局限性,人们对于气候变化的形成机制、影响、适应和减缓的措施等尚有不同的观点。尽管如此,在全球范围内教育已经被广泛认同为解决全球气候变化的—个必不可少的手段。作为负责任的发展中人口大国,中国政府也明确将教育、宣传、公众参与等作为应对气候变化的一个重要策略。     

中国中小学气候变化教育项目启动

为提高中小学生对全球气候变化这一全球性紧迫议题的关注和理解,切实提升学生和社区应对气候变化的技能和知识水平,“中国中小学气候变化教育项目”（CCE）于2011年5月30日-6月3日在云南省迪庆州香格里拉县启动。同时举办了CCE项目第一期教师研讨会。     

高中地理实施气候变化教育的教材基础与教学策略

气候变化是当前人类社会面临并亟待解决的全球性问题之一.作为教育的基础工具,教材对于气候科学知识内容的呈现形式、用词选择以及完整程度都会对学生的认知形成以及气候行动指导产生很大的影响.本文结合国际气候变化教育的教材分析研究,从评价气候变化科学知识覆盖程度、结构组成角度出发,对四版高中地理新教材的内容进行定性与定量分析.研究发现,所有教材对气候变化科学的知识点都有所涉及,但是仍然存在部分知识点覆盖不完整的问题.此外,各版教材的气候变化知识点整体表述篇幅少,且知识点具体构成情况存在差异.在此基础上,为高中地理新教材的使用提出建议,为广大中学地理教师推进我国气候变化教育工作提供教学参考.     

进阶式气候变化跨学科主题学习活动设计与实践

气候问题与人类的生存与生活息息相关。气候变化的驱动、课程标准的要求、气候教育的复杂性和校外开展气候教育的优势,为开展气候教育及相关学习实践提供了空间与支持。在此背景下,学情的差异性与气候学习内容的多元性,决定了青少年学生的气候教育应以进阶式跨学科主题学习活动为主要形式。其中,课程是学生学习活动开展的聚焦点和落脚点,主题开发要针对不同学段开展进阶式气候变化主题课程设置,同时,要遵循跨学科主题学习实践的“六步法”,落实活动实践。     

过去2000年中国气候变化研究

总结了中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所在过去2000年中国气候变化研究方面的主要进展,并对未来研究动向进行了展望。在过去10余年中,中科院地理资源所的历史气候变化研究在已有基础上,面向国际本领域研究的前缘科学问题,开展了大量研究工作,在代用资料的收集、整理与数据库建设,温度与降水变化重建以及气候变化的时空特征分析等方面取得了许多新成果。未来不但需要进一步利用历史文献、树轮等气候变化重建手段,加强高分辨率的气候变化重建工作,加密气候变化代用资料的空间覆盖度,并结合历史气候模拟等手段,深入开展气候变化动力学机制研究;而且还需要进一步利用地理资源所在本领域已积累的研究优势,开展历史时期的气候变化与人类相互作用等方面的研究。     

地理课程应加强气候变化应对教育

全球气候变化是不争的事实。这些事实主要有:最近100年是过去1000年中最暖的,最近20年是过去100年中最暖的。自1860年有气象仪器观测记录以来,全球平均气温已升高0.6℃。我国气候变化趋势与全球气候变化总趋势基本一致。我国气候近百年来气温上升0.4～0.5℃,以东北、西北、华北地区变暖最为明显。以"气温升高"为主要特征的全球气候变化对农业生产布局及结构,对森林和其它生态     

开展跨学科深度研学，实现“双碳”目标教育——能源与全球气候变化项目式主题学习

全球气候变化对地球生态环境与人类社会有着重大影响。实现碳达峰、碳中和的“双碳”目标是中国为建构人类命运共同体做出的承诺,对学生开展“双碳”教育是积极应对全球气候变化的重要措施。本文以“如何应对全球气候变化”为突破口,确定了以“助力碳排放,中山在行动”为题的能源与全球气候变化项目式主题研学框架,开展跨学科深度研学,通过“发现问题—解决问题—成果汇报”的项目式研学活动,确定课程主题,选择课程内容,参与课程实施,展示课程成果,设计出融合不同学科的“零碳校园”方案,倡导从身边做起,助力碳减排,积极应对全球气候变化,实现“双碳”目标教育。     

气候变化的数值实验研究

气候是地理环境的重要组成部分,气候变化已成为当前气象与地理学科十分重要的课题。80年代被世界气象组织规定为气候十年就是对这问题重视的一个证明。气候变化的研究概括地讲可分为三类;经验资料分析、形成理论研究以及数值模拟实验。最后一类工作近十余年在国外发展较快,很值得注意。     

城市空间形态应对气候变化研究进展及展望

气候变化与城市化的叠加使城市成为温室气体减排和气候变化许多关键风险集中的区域,如何应对气候变化已成为城市面临的重大挑战。以空间形态作为切入点,开展城市应对气候变化研究日益成为城市环境与气候变化领域的发展前沿和热点问题。本文通过文献分析和归纳,综述了城市空间形态应对气候变化研究的主要影响及评估方法、城市空间形态与温室气体排放和气候变化主要风险之间的关系、空间形态应对策略以及规划应用研究。在此基础上,展望了未来的研究重点和方向。     

气候变化与湿地

概括介绍了湿地的重要性,详细论述气候变化对不同类型湿地的影响,以及湿地作为温室气体的库、汇和源在缓解气候变化方面所起的作用,并从湿地保护和合理利用的角度,提出缓解气候变化影响的对策,包括:开展湿地资源清查,收集全球各种类型湿地的数据和信息,建立更加完善的气候变化模型,以便将气候变化纳入保护和管理活动;保护、维持或恢复湿地生态系统是减缓全球气候变化的重要措施。     

气候变化下上海市降水问题

利用上海市10个地方气象站1961―2010年逐日降水数据以及高精度下垫面资料,综合使用累积距平、滑动平均、线性倾向估计、SDSM、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法系统分析了近50年来上海市区、近郊区和远郊区降水指标年际、季节变化特征,并基于ArcGIS空间分析,结合适合上海本地的极端降水阈值,研究了上海市雨洪灾害高危险区域的空间分布。结果发现：研究区降水强度有增强趋势,主要表现在暴雨量级以下降水频次变少,但是总量增多,且暴雨与大暴雨以上量级降水频次增多,市区、近郊区和远郊区响应时间与幅度差异明显;研究区夏季、冬季降水呈显著增加趋势,5 a滑动降水量年递增率分别达到56.23和16.71 mm/10 a,春季和秋季降水呈不显著下降趋势;黄浦江上游地区极端降水发生频次较高,极端降水引发的雨洪灾害高危险区域主要集中在黄浦江上游以及入海口等地。     

Agricultural Climate Change and Wetland Agriculture Study under the Climate Change in the Sanjiang Plain

With linear curvefitting, Mann-kendall method and Yamamoto method, ≥10 ℃accumulated temperature and precipitation from May to September of 6 meteorological stations (Baoqing, fujin, Jiamusi, Hegang, Jixi and Hulin) from 1978 to 2007 were used to explore 30-year agricultural climate change and trend in the Sanjiang Plain. The results showed that ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature of the 6 stations have risen by 141.0 ℃ to 287.4 ℃ when estimated by their significant linear trends (n=30, α=0.05) over the last 30 years (1978 to 2007). The rates of warming for the last 30 years range from 4.70 ℃per year to 9.58 ℃ per year. There are not significant linear trends on precipitation from May to September of the 6 stations over the last 30 years. The period of 1978 to 1998 in which ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature is lower is consistent with that in which there is more precipitation from May to September, and warming and drying period has occurred in the Sanjiang Plain since 1999. Under the background of warming and drying agricultural climate, high yield cultivation of Phragmites australis and establishment of Phragmites australis-fish (crab) symbiosis ecosystem in natural mire are the ways for reasonable use of natural wetland. The area of paddy fields has been increasing from 7.25×104 ha in 1978 to 121.2×104 ha in 2006. It is proposed that paddy field range should not be expanded blindly toward the north in the Sanjiang Plain, and chilling injury forecast and prevention should be pay attention to. In the area that the chilling injury happens frequently, the rotation between rice and other crops should be implemented. Measures, which combine drainage, store and irrigation, should be taken instead of single drainage on comprehensive control of regional low and wet croplands to ensure controlling drought and flood.     

Gendering Climate Change: Geographical Insights

Although climate change is expected to increase vulnerabilities, marginalization, and sufferings of many in the Global South, impacts will be unevenly felt across social strata. Intersectionalities of social difference, especially along gender and class lines, differentiate the ways in which impacts of climate change are experienced and responded to. Feminist political ecology and feminist geography insights can explain how different groups of people understand, respond to, and cope with variability and uncertainties in nuanced and critical ways, thereby elucidating the gendered implications of climate change. With a regional focus on South Asia, the article underscores the key issues that can be applied geographically elsewhere. Gendered implications of climate change in South Asia are particularly poignant as patriarchal norms, inequities, and inequalities often place women and men in differentiated positions in their abilities to respond to and cope with dramatic changes in socioecological relations but also foreground the complex ways in which social power relations operate in communal responses to adaptation strategies. This is particularly evident in water-related productive and reproductive tasks in agrarian societies that constitute the majority of South Asia. As climate change is expected to exacerbate both ecological degradation (e.g., water shortages) and water-related natural hazards (e.g., floods, cyclones), thereby transforming gender–water geographies, it becomes imperative to undertake careful multiscalar and critical analyses to better inform policymaking. This article elucidates the complex ways that climate change will affect gender and social relations, thereby highlighting the ways that existing policy narratives and adaptation programs might be better informed by geographical insights. To this end, the article encourages feminist and critical geographers to more forcefully and fruitfully engage with global debates on climate change.     

Copenhagen,Climate Science and the Emotional Geographies of Climate Change

The Pacific island nation-state of Tuvalu featured significantly at the Copenhagen Conference of Parties (COP) 15 climate change negotiations, where the vulnerability of Tuvalu to sea level rise and emotional outpourings of the Tuvaluan delegation contributed to the nation's prominence. In this paper we discuss the likely impacts for Tuvalu of a 1.5°C versus 2°C global warming target and explore sadness and discomfort surrounding discussion of these targets during COP 15. We highlight tensions between science and emotion, arguing that affective encounters can be significant in climate change decision-making. Weeping by a member of the Tuvalu delegation evoked discomfort in the conference plenary. This discomfort briefly unsettled the apparently stable boundaries of convention and protocol that seek to separate emotion from science and politics. We argue that possibilities for change arise when emotions enter climate change negotiations, even though (or perhaps because) these are arenas that privilege rational exchange. Our conclusion urges that more attention be paid to how climate science and emotion are intertwined in climate change politics.     

Lens on Climate Change: Making Climate Meaningful Through Student-Produced Videos

Learning about climate change is tangible when it addresses impacts that can be observed close to home. In this program, sixty-four diverse middle and high school students produced videos about locally relevant climate change topics. Graduate and undergraduate students provided mentorship. The program engaged students in research and learning about climate change, and sparked their interest in science careers. Evaluation results showed that students were highly motivated by the experience, developed a genuine interest in their science topic, learned about the scientific process, and developed twenty-first century skills. The program provided a unique and authentic approach to science learning and communication.     

湿地生态系统对气候变化的响应

气候变化常伴随着区域气温及降雨条件等发生变化,对湿地水文、生物地球化学过程、水质与水循环、湿地能量平衡与湿地生态功能等产生较大的影响。湿地水文条件是决定湿地生态过程的关键因子,气候变化引起的地表积水水位变化直接影响湿地植物优势种群结构的演替及氧化-还原环境条件的变化,导致湿地生态过程的变化及温室气体排放强度和时空分布特征等的变化。气候对湿地结构和功能的影响还包括营养物质和矿物质的循环及食物链的动态变化等。     

Current Trends in Climate Change in Yakutia

The spatial distribution patterns of climatic changes in Yakutia are considered. For 26 meteorological stations of Yakutia we calculated the linear trend coefficients of climatic characteristics: air temperature (mean annual, January and July temperatures) and the mean annual amount of atmospheric precipitation from 1966 to 2016. Maps of climate change trends were compiled from linear trend coefficients. A spatial analysis of the zonal (regional) peculiarities of the climate of Yakutia has been carried out. An increase in air temperature was established for the 50-year period under consideration. It was found that the annual values of the air temperature trend are positive and, on average, a characteristic trend change interval is 0.3 to 0.6 °C/10 yr. Most of the meteorological stations recorded trends of air temperature with maximum values in winter and minimum values in summer. It was determined that the values of the trends in annual precipitation show different directions, and positive trends occur on more than 70% of the territory of Yakutia. Their maximum corresponds to the mountain-taiga regions of Southern Yakutia. Negative trends in precipitation with values of up to–15 mm/10 yr. are observed in tundra landscapes. The findings show that different regions of Yakutia respond differently to climate change. The trend of an increase in mean annual temperature is largely due to the rise in temperatures during the winter months. The rise in air temperature in Yakutia may be part of global warming. Over the last 50 years there has been an increase in the amount of precipitation in Yakutia as a whole.