古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮小尺度分异的环境特征

古尔班通古特沙漠广泛存在的生物结皮,对地貌部位有极强的选择性分布,其实质是生物对环境条件综合适应的一种生态表现。2002年3~11月在个体沙丘表面初步开展了生物结皮类型小尺度环境分异规律研究。结果表明:苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和藻类结皮依次分布于垄间、沙垄两坡中部和坡上部,从垄间往垄顶,生物结皮盖度逐渐减小,厚度变薄,抗压性减弱。苔藓结皮分布区的物质组成以细沙和极细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在5%以上,短命植物广泛发育,基质稳定;坡中部的地衣结皮分布区以细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在4%左右,短命植物亦有广泛分布,地表受风沙活动影响较小;沙垄上部和顶部的藻类结皮分布区,是沙垄表面活动性最强和土壤水分最差的区域,物质组成以中沙为主,高等植物中白梭梭为优势种,可见藻结皮是三类结皮中最能适应恶劣环境的生物结皮类型。     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地半固定沙垄顶部风沙运动规律

利用DETI可移动测风系统,结合多向集沙、阶梯式积沙和总体沙面活动强度观测,系统研究了古尔班通古特沙漠腹地半固定沙垄表面风沙运动规律。结果表明:沙漠腹地沙垄两坡和垄间多被植被与生物结皮覆盖,地表处于稳定状态,地表输沙主要集中于垄顶部至两坡上部。系统性天气条件下,气流以净风状态在迎风坡持续加速,至垄顶迎风侧边缘流速增至最大并开始起沙,风沙流越过垄顶后受植被阻挡和回旋涡流的双重影响,在垄顶背风侧上部急剧减速并发生沙物质沉积,此后气流速度又逐渐恢复。起沙风由沙垄两侧交替入射,不断将沙物质从垄顶一侧搬运到另一侧。流动带两侧沙面活动剧烈,流动带中部作为过沙床面,蚀积变化低于两侧。垄顶输沙量沿垂线方向呈指数分布,输沙率、各高度层输沙量以及沙物质输移高度都随着风速的增大而增大。垄顶部距地表6 cm和10 cm以内的输沙量分别占总输沙量的80%和90%。垄顶输沙势与实测输沙量之间具有良好的相关性,初步推测1VU的输沙风能在垄顶1 m的过沙宽度上可以产生25 kg的输沙。     

科尔沁沙地持续放牧和不同强度放牧后封育草场中生物结皮生物量和土壤因子的变化

通过对科尔沁沙地放牧后封育样地和放牧样地生物结皮生物量的研究,探讨了不同样地生物结皮生物量的变化规律及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,封育样地藓类和藻类植物的生物量显著高于放牧样地;在封育样地内,轻度、中度放牧封育区显著高于重度放牧封育区（P＜0.05）。封育样地生物结皮的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于放牧样地,并且各样区藓结皮土壤微生物量碳、氮含量显著高于藻结皮（P＜0.05）。在封育样地内表现为轻度、中度放牧封育区土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较高,重度放牧封育区含量较低,体现出不同强度放牧封育停牧后对土壤微生物量碳、氮影响的滞后效应。藻类植物的生物量与结皮厚度、有机质含量和粉黏粒呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与细沙呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与粗沙呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。藓类植物的生物量与结皮厚度、有机质含量、粉黏粒呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与粗沙呈负相关,但不显著。藻类植物的生物量与土壤因子之间的相关性更为密切。     

古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布 及其沙面稳定意义

从植被稳定沙面的角度出发,通过2002年对古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄表面植物种类、高度和盖度等的系统监测,阐明短命植物在单个沙丘上的时空分布规律。并对气象资料和人类活动扰动沙面后短命植物的自然侵入等进行综合分析,探讨沙面稳定中短命植物的重要作用。研究区总计有45种植物,其中短命植物29种。4月初短命植物萌动出土,在两个月左右的时间完成整个生长发育过程。4、5、6三个月正是北疆沙漠风沙活动强盛期,大部分沙垄表面乔灌木和长营养期草本植物盖度不足10%,而短命植物盖度则分别达到13.9%、40.2% 和14.1%,是古尔班通古特沙漠植被稳定沙面的主要贡献者。对工程行为扰动沙面后的植物恢复调查显示,短命植物是首先入侵的先锋植物。     

春夏季放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部土壤种子库和地上植被的影响

位于新疆北部准噶尔盆地腹地的古尔班通古特沙漠,是世界上温带荒漠生物多样性的精华和最为丰富的典型区域。历史上这里就是北疆羊和部分马匹重要的冬牧场,但近年来的放牧活动在春夏季也开始进入沙漠腹地,使地表性质与植被覆盖发生了明显改变。应用野外随机取样与室内萌发实验相结合的方法,对比研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南部春夏季放牧和冬季放牧沙垄土壤种子库差异及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明：冬季放牧沙垄种子库种数为24种,而春夏季放牧沙垄有20种,后者明显减少了植物种数。冬季放牧沙垄种子库密度为(353.2±87)粒·m-2,而春夏季放牧沙垄为(189.1±23)粒·m-2,比前者减少了88%。两类沙垄土壤种子库的生活型组成都以一年生植物为主,相似性系数为0.711。相同沙垄不同部位的物种相似性系数在0.429～0.600之间,异质性较大,尤其表现在除垄顶之外的其他部位。冬季放牧沙垄和春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被中分别有植物36种和26种,各生活型所有物种均为后者低于前者,其中短命、类短命物种数量减少幅度最大。春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被的物种多样性和均匀度降低,而优势度升高。回归分析显示,冬季放牧沙垄定植群落有21%的变异来源于土壤种子库,而春夏季放牧沙垄有51%的变异来源于土壤种子库,可见不同季节的放牧干扰显著影响土壤种子库及其与地上植被的相关关系。     

包兰线中甘段麦草沙障固沙区沙结皮的研究

包兰铁路中卫至甘塘段麦草沙障与植物固沙结合治理区的沙地地表结皮起到稳定沙面, 减弱风沙流作用。本文对沙结皮形成条件, 理化性质进行调查和分析。     

生物土壤结皮对温带荒漠植物凋落物分解的影响

环境和微生物群落的变化会影响凋落物的分解过程。生物土壤结皮是干旱荒漠区地表普遍存在的生物覆盖，对土壤物理化学性质有显著影响，但对于是否影响荒漠植物凋落物分解缺乏深入了解。选择8种在古尔班通古特沙漠广泛分布的荒漠植物（白梭梭Haloxylon persicum、梭梭Haloxylon ammondendron、黑沙蒿Artemisia ordosica、粉苞菊Chondrilla piptocoma、羽毛针禾Aristida pennata、刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica、紫翅猪毛菜Salsola affinis、钩刺雾冰藜Bassia hyssopifolia），分析生物土壤结皮覆盖对这8种凋落物质量损失率和分解速率的影响。结果表明：生物土壤结皮和植物种对凋落物质量损失率有极显著影响（P<0.01），生物土壤结皮的存在增大了荒漠植物凋落物质量损失率，不同物种的分解率差异显著。8种植物凋落物的质量损失率在结皮覆盖条件下为13.67%~64.56%，去除结皮处理下为13.58%~54.13%。其中，结皮覆盖条件下白梭梭、梭梭、紫翅猪毛菜的质量损失率（46.12%、41.26%、64.56%）显著高于去除结皮处理（35.85%、36.97%、54.13%，P<0.05）。生物土壤结皮的存在缩短了凋落物的半分解和95%分解时间，缩短长度随物种差异而不同，受凋落物的初始全碳和全氮含量调节。荒漠地表生物土壤结皮对植物凋落物分解具有促进作用，且这种作用具有显著的种间差异，地表生物土壤结皮的存在对初始全碳含量较低而全氮含量较高的凋落物促进作用更明显。     

沙漠地区水土资源开发利用

P931.32007043037放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄地表性质的影响=Influ-ence of grazing on the characteristics of longitudinal dune sur-face in the southern part of Gurbantunggut Desert/王雪芹,张元明…∥地理学报.—2007,62(7).—698~706分别于2002年和2005年对古尔     

古尔班通古特沙漠沙垄表面的稳定性与顶部流动带的形成

古尔班通古特沙漠是我国惟一受西风气流控制的沙漠,也是我国最大的固定与半固定沙漠。个体沙垄表面的稳定程度从基部至顶部呈现明显的差异。通过分析沙丘的粒度组成、水分动态、土壤植被及生物结皮等下垫面因素的垂直变化,特别是对沙丘表面蚀积过程的实地观测和研究,探讨古尔班通古特沙漠固定、半固定沙垄表面的稳定性和顶部流动带的形成。     

毛乌素沙地藓、藻结皮生态功能对比

生物结皮在荒漠生态系统中发挥着重要的生态功能,不同类型生物结皮有机体组成和比例不同,生态功能差异巨大。针对毛乌素沙地发育稳定阶段的藓、藻结皮,通过野外调查监测及室内指标测算,深入分析了两类生物结皮对土壤含水量、风蚀量和养分含量的影响尺度,并采用综合指标评价模型定量比较了二者的生态功能差异。结果表明：（1）两类生物结皮下土壤含水量随着土层深度呈现出先增大后波动下降的趋势,0—100 cm深度两类生物结皮下的土壤含水量差异显著（P<0.05）,在0—80 cm深度,藓结皮的土壤含水量大于藻结皮,在90—100 cm则相反;（2）相比裸地,藓结皮和藻结皮影响下土壤风蚀量分别降低了156.0%和136.6%,但二者未达到显著差异;（3）两类结皮影响下土壤养分含量差异显著（P<0.05）,表现为藓结皮下土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量分别为藻结皮的3.3、3.5、2倍;（4）生物结皮生态功能综合得分藓结皮>藻结皮>裸地（1.60>-0.64>-9.78）。本研究证实了荒漠生态系统中不同类型生物结皮生态功能的差异及其在保持水土和营养物质循环方面贡献程度的优劣,突出了在生物结皮探索工作中关于其类型或组成精准细分的重要性。     

Effects of spring–summer grazing on longitudinal dune surface in southern Gurbantunggut Desert

Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China.     

放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部半固定沙垄地表性质的影响

Intensive grazing in spring-summer has been responsible for environmental deg- radation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring-summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10-40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring-summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Mean- while the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring-summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% re- spectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring--summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring-summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China.     

Effects of spring–summer grazing on longitudinal dune surface in southern Gurbantunggut Desert

Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China. Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2009CB421303; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771032; National Science Supporting Program, No.2007BAC17B03 Author: Wang Xueqin (1964–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in aeolian sand geomorphology, desertification and its control.     

Distribution of ephemeral plants and their significance in dune stabilization in Gurbantunggut Desert

Based on systematically monitoring plants on dune ridges in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert in 2002, this paper, from the angle of dune stabilization by vegetation, describes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ephemeral plants on isolated sand dunes, analyses the natural invasion processes of ephemeral plants on human-disturbed sand surface and expounds the importance of ephemeral plants in stabilizing sand dune surface. A total of 45 plant species were identified in the study area, 29 of which are ephemeral plants. Ephemeral plants sprouted in early April and completed their life-circle within about two months. Just as aeolian sand activities came to the strongest stage from April to June in desert regions of northern Xinjiang, the total coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs of long vegetational period on most dune ridges was less than 10%, while the mean coverage of ephemeral plants reached 13.9% in April, 40.2% in May and 14.1% in June. Therefore ephemeral plants acted as the major contributor to dune surface stabilization in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Investigations of vegetation restoration on engineering-disturbed dune surface show that ephemeral plants first recolonized the disturbed dune surface.     

古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布及其沙面稳定意义

Based on systematically monitoring plants on dune ridges in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert in 2002, this paper, from the angle of dune stabilization by vegetation,describes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ephemeral plants on isolated sand dunes,analyses the natural invasion processes of ephemeral plants on human-disturbed sand surface and expounds the importance of ephemeral plants in stabilizing sand dune surface. A total of 45 plant species were identified in the study area, 29 of which are ephemeral plants. Ephemeral plants sprouted in early April and completed their life-circle within about two months. Just as aeolian sand activities came to the strongest stage from April to June in desert regions of northern Xinjiang, the total coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs of long vegetational period on most dune ridges was less than 10%, while the mean coverage of ephemeral plants reached 13.9% in April, 40.2% in May and 14.1% in June. Therefore ephemeral plants acted as the major contributor to dune surface stabilization in the Gurbantunggut Desert.Investigations of vegetation restoration on engineering-disturbed dune surface show that ephemeral plants first recolonized the disturbed dune surface.     

准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮蓝藻研究

通过对古尔班通古特沙漠中9个样地73份生物土壤结皮蓝藻的研究,分析该沙漠生物结皮中蓝藻的区系组成、生态分布特点和蓝藻在生物结皮中的作用机制。研究表明,该沙漠中有蓝藻门植物6科25属77种,其中以丝状种类占优势;蓝藻在不同地貌部位分布略有差异,在丘间低地种类最为丰富;不同种类的蓝藻对地貌部位的选择性不同,大部分对地貌部位具有选择性;蓝藻种类和数量在结皮层较多,在结皮下层明显减少。生物结皮的显微观察揭示了丝状蓝藻和胞外多糖形成错综复杂的网状结构,起着捆绑、黏结沙粒和固定沙粒的作用。     

荒漠地区地表反照率与土壤湿度相关性研究

本试验分别对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区流动沙丘和1964年建植的人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮的地表反照率和土壤湿度进行了同步测定。分析了该区这两种地表类型的反照率与太阳高度角和土壤湿度的相关性,分别提出了地表反照率与太阳高度角和土壤表层(0～2 cm)湿度的经验拟合关系式。结果表明,地表反照率随太阳高度角增加呈指数递减;排除太阳高度角的影响后,地表反照率随土壤湿度的增加也呈指数递减关系;流沙地表反照率对土壤湿度变化的响应要比生物土壤结皮地表敏感。     

新疆喀拉库姆沙漠新月形沙丘不同部位粒度特征

对新疆叶尔羌河流域绿洲边缘喀拉库姆沙漠高度在3～12 m的新月形沙丘进行了粒度分析。结果表明:表层和下层沉积物均以细砂和极细砂为主,二者含量达82%以上。表层沉积物较下层稍粗,平均粒径分别为2.09 Φ和2.16 Φ。下层沉积物较表层分选性好,σ均值分别为0.48和0.62。表层和下层沉积物偏度均为正偏,SK均值分别为0.21和0.24。峰态均为尖窄,Kg均值分别为1.18和1.11。表层和下层沉积物平均粒径均表现为丘顶最粗,背风坡坡脚最细,由两侧坡脚至丘顶平均粒径变粗,平均粒径与其他粒度特征参数之间均存在良好的相关性。分析表明,喀拉库姆沙漠沙丘沉积物粒度特征除受物源这一背景制约外,还与区域构造、沙漠地貌、植被、气候和较为复杂的风沙动力学过程等众多因素有关。     

腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区固沙植被对生物多样性恢复的长期影响

地处腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头人工固沙植被始建于1956年,46 a来不仅确保了包兰铁路沙漠地段的畅通无阻,而且对区域生态环境的恢复产生了巨大的影响,成为我国干旱沙漠地区交通干线荒漠化防治与生态恢复的成功模式。长期定位监测结果表明:人工固沙植被建立4~5 a后,沙丘表面物理结构初步得到稳定,并由大气降尘形成的无机土壤结皮逐渐演变形成土壤微生物结皮。荒漠藻类、苔藓和地衣等隐花植物在结皮层中得到了大量的繁衍:固沙植被建立46 a后出现藻类24种;苔藓仅有5 种,少于天然固定沙丘结皮上的种类,此外,地衣也在植被区发现,这说明固定沙丘景观逐渐趋于稳定的状态;相对于流沙区,固沙植被区近地面风速降低了 40%,土壤有机质含量增加了60%,其中氮、磷、钾等荒漠生态系统主要限制养分因子及土壤理化性质得到了改善,沙丘表层成土过程明显;土壤水分循环的时空变异驱动了植被的演变,为大量的草本的侵入和定居创造了条件;此外,对鸟类、昆虫和土壤动物及荒漠动物的生存产生了积极的影响。46 a后,固沙植被区共有鸟类 28 种,昆虫 50 种,动物 23种。生物多样性的恢复使原有的相对单一的固沙植被演变成一个结构、组成和功能相对复杂的荒漠生态系统。沙坡头地区生态环境在人为促进下的恢复为我国西部生态建设提供了科学依据。