微塑料添加对小麦苗期生长及干物质分配的影响

土壤环境中微塑料污染已成为全球关注的环境问题。关于微塑料对于植物生长的直接影响和由于土壤理化性状改变的间接影响研究已逐步开展,但针对小麦的研究鲜见报道。试验选择两个旱地小麦品种(甘春27和禾尚头)作为研究对象,选取高密度聚乙烯作为微塑料添加,设置3种质量浓度(0、1、4 g·kg^-1)开展盆栽试验,对不同微塑料组合处理下小麦的出苗率、株高、全株生物量和地上/地下干物质分配进行了分析。结果表明：(1)微塑料添加对两个品种出苗率没有影响。(2)禾尚头在添加1 g·kg^-1微塑料时比添加0、4 g·kg^-1时全株生物量分别高46.7%、8.5%,甘春27在添加1 g·kg^-1微塑料时比添加0、4 g·kg^-1时全株生物量分别高28.7%、17.2%;甘春27整体比禾尚头在3种浓度处理下全株生物量分别高24.9%、9.6%、1.5%。(3)不同试验处理条件下,甘春27将更多的干物质分配在地上植株的构建,其在地下(根系)和地上(茎叶)部分的分配比例整体小于禾尚头。整体上,适度微塑料添加可...     

Biophysical properties and biomass production of elephant grass under saline conditions

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a new fast-growing alternative forage crop. However, salinity is a major concern for its production in the arid south-western United States. This study was conducted in the arid Imperial Valley of Southern California to evaluate salt tolerance of elephant grass. Salinity treatments were created in field plots irrigated with water possessing an electrical conductivity (EC_iw) of 1·5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m⁻¹, respectively. Canopy spectral reflectance, temperature, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll-SPAD meter readings, and dry weights were measured over time. Results indicated that canopy reflectance in the near-infrared spectral region was reduced incrementally with increasing levels of salt stress. Canopy temperature increased with increasing salinity, especially at longer times after salinity treatment. Plant height and LAI were reduced with increasing salinity. Biomass accumulation was reduced incrementally with increasing salinity. About 50% yield reduction was found when EC_iw increased from 5 to 25 dS m⁻¹. The study shows that elephant grass is sensitive to salt stress, and relatively low salinity must be maintained to achieve a high rate of growth and biomass production.     

间作时期和种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统光能利用效率的影响

以单作为对照,通过大田试验研究了间作时期及种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统土地利用率及光能利用率的影响。结果表明:各间作处理的土地当量比(LER)都大于1,说明甜瓜/向日葵间作显著提高土地利用率。除甜瓜定果期间作外,其他间作处理的光能利用率都显著大于甜瓜单作;除甜瓜45 cm株距间作外,其余间作处理的光能利用率均显著小于单作向日葵。甜瓜/向日葵间作能明显提高间作系统的叶面积指数,种植密度对叶面积指数也有影响。调整间作期能延长单位面积的光合时间,增加干物质累积,提高光能利用率。叶日积与光能利用率之间呈二次抛物线关系,当作物群体密度增大时,叶日积和光合产物累积量都增大,但密度增长到峰值时,叶日积继续增大不能增加光合产物积累量。     

水分胁迫及复水对豌豆干物质积累、根冠比及产量的影响

采用盆栽人工控水法,研究了水分胁迫及复水对豌豆（“银豌一号”）根冠干物质积累、根冠比及单株产量的影响。结果表明：在苗期、初花期及荚果充实期进行水分胁迫,豌豆根、冠干物质积累均受到抑制,随着胁迫强度的增强和胁迫时间的延长,根、冠干物质积累速率显著或极显著降低;水分胁迫导致豌豆的根冠比增大,与胁迫强度和胁迫历时呈现正相关关系。水分胁迫后复水,豌豆根系和冠层干物质积累及根冠比得到了一定程度的补偿,且随着胁迫强度的增强,补偿效应增大,胁迫历时的补偿效应在不同生育时期存在差异,且随着豌豆植株的逐渐成熟,补偿效应降低。水分胁迫后复水对豌豆单株产量的补偿效果以苗期最大,荚果充实期次之,初花期最小;且随着胁迫强度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,补偿效应减弱。     

基于过程模型的河北平原冬小麦产量和蒸散量模拟

本文结合作物参数的遥感信息反演和气象要素的空间尺度扩展方法 ,建立以GIS背景数据库为支撑的冬小麦生长模型 ,研究河北平原农田生态系统生物量和蒸散量的区域分布特征。结果显示 ,河北平原 1990年高产区主要集中在保定中南部、石家庄中部、邢台中部和邯郸东部的南北条带上 ,单产在 6 0 0 0～ 84 0 0kghm- 2 之间 ,廊坊东部、沧州大部分、衡水中部、邢台东部和西部太行山区等是低产区 ,单产低于 30 0 0kghm- 2 。总体而言 ,该地区实际产量与光温生产潜力对比仍有较大差距。在冬小麦生长期 ,蒸散量主要在 30 0～ 5 0 0mm之间 ,水分利用效率低于2 0kghm- 2 mm- 1,其中小于 8kghm- 2 mm- 1的概率分布占 4 2 %左右。农业水资源不足 ,水分利用效率低 ,是该地区冬小麦生产面临的严重问题。     

马铃薯与玉米多样性种植生态防治病害的试验研究(英文)

本文针对中国西南山区作物病害发病高峰与降雨高峰重叠难以防治的难点,进行了生态调控马铃薯与玉米种植结构避雨避病的试验。试验结果表明,时间上提前和推后马铃薯种植避开了降雨高峰,平均降低晚疫病病情指数44.3%。空间上行距拉宽株距缩小,通风透光减轻病害,套种玉米的大斑病平均降低病情指数为14.8%,小斑病平均降低22.5%。本试验的另一重要结果表明,通过调整马铃薯种植结构可以大幅度提高耕地产出率,马铃薯与玉米套种,提前和推后种植马铃薯分别提高土地利用率1.738-1.766。本文研究结果对作物病害的生态防治和增加粮食产量有重要现实意义。通过时空优化作物与环境的配置,合理利用农业生态结构,适应最佳生态环境,实现优质高产高效。     

旱林作业对水分因子再分配研究

水分因子严重制约着干旱半干旱条件下林木的生长,因地制宜地采用各种造林技术,最大限度地创造集流条件,合理利用水资源,是干旱造林研究的主要课题。根据多年的试验观测与研究,对旱林作业技术措施的实践应用效果,进行了综合评价和分析研究。     

中仑昆山北坡黄土特征及其环境

根据野外调查和实验分析资料,阐述和分析中昆仑山北坡黄土的形成时代、物质成分和结构及沉积条件,认为黄土属晚第四纪风积物质,现代黄土堆积持续进行,物质主要来源于塔克拉玛沙漠。在干旱气候背景上,7000—5000a.B.P.为明显相对湿润时期。     

玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响

设黑膜大垄（M1）、玉米秸秆带状平覆（M2）、玉米秸秆带状垄沟覆杆（M3）和不覆盖露地平作（CK）4个处理进行田间小区试验,对比研究不同覆盖方式对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：M1较CK提高全生育期土壤温度0.98℃,主要提高了块茎膨大期5 cm土层（2015年）及淀粉积累期10 cm土层（2016年）的土壤温度;M2、M3较CK降低全生育期土壤温度1.06℃、0.59℃,主要降低了块茎形成期10 cm土层的土壤温度。两年M1、M2、M3分别平均较CK增产11.68%、21.74%、16.88%。产量与淀粉积累期至收获期单株结薯数、单株产量正相关（r=0.064~0.766）,覆盖处理显著较CK提高淀粉积累期单株结薯数及单株产量,平水年以M1最好,偏旱年以M2最好。     

农牧交错区弃耕地生境中白草无性系的形态可塑性研究

通过对内蒙古科尔沁沙地农田弃耕地上白草的观测与取样分析,发现生长在不同微生境下的白草无性系表现出显著的形态可塑性和不同的生物量分配模式,主要表现在:①沿着白草总生物量减少的梯度,其根冠比呈增加的趋势,后者与土壤容重有显著的相关性;②白草地下生物量的分布与土壤水分状况相关联,根茎长度的分布格局与地下生物量分布格局存在高度的一致性;③单位长度根茎上的节数(或平均节间长度)以及不定芽数分别与土壤有机质含量和水分含量存在显著相关性。     

Effect of nitrogen amendments on microbial biomass, above-ground biomass and nematode population in the Negev Desert soil

Nitrogen amendments (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg NH₄NO₃/ha) were used to study the responses of primary production, microbial biomass and nematode population in desert soil. The study was conducted in the Israeli Negev Desert, a region characterized by low and randomly distributed rainfall. Over a 1-year study period, nitrogen amendments resulted in a significant (p<0·01) increase in soil microbial biomass. Soil microbial biomass also increased concomitantly with the increase in soil organic matter. The number of free-living nematodes in the soil increased with the increase in soil moisture, ranging from 43,000 individuals per square metre at the end of the summer to 351,000 individuals per square metre during the rainy season. No significant correlation was found between the nitrogen treatments and the nematode population, whereas a significant positive correlation was found between the nitrogen amendments and the above-ground biomass (r²=0·94, p<0·03). The nitrate proportion of the total soluble nitrogen in the soil also increased with the increase in soil moisture. This study provides baseline data for nitrogen amendments on soil microbial status, as well as insights into the importance of nitrogen in fertility in arid environments.     

甜瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长对NaCl胁迫的响应

在盆栽条件下研究了NaCl胁迫对黄河蜜和白沙蜜甜瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫对甜瓜种子吸水和累计发芽率影响较小,但明显延缓后期吸水和发芽进程。50 mmol·L-1以上NaCl浓度下,甜瓜种子相对发芽指数、相对活力指数和胚根生长量均下降。NaCl胁迫抑制甜瓜幼苗高度、株叶面积增长和干物质积累,抑制作用具有浓度和时间依赖性。NaCl胁迫对甜瓜幼苗形态生长的抑制作用强于对物质积累的抑制作用,对根系干物质积累的抑制作用高于对地上部干物质积累的抑制作用,对白沙蜜的抑制作用强于对黄河蜜的抑制作用。甜瓜种子和幼苗能适应的临界NaCl浓度在100~150 mmol·L-1之间,厚皮甜瓜可能更适合作为咸水灌溉和盐碱地生产的经济作物。     

Effects of heavy metal (Pb) concentration on some growth parameters of plants grown in lead polluted soil under organic fertilizer amendment

This study investigated morphological variation and biomass accumulation that occurred in Sida acuta and Chromolaena odorata plants grown in lead polluted soil under organic fertilizer amendment. The study was carried out in the screen house at the Biological Gardens of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. The experiment was a factorial combination of one heavy metal (Pb) at five levels of concentration (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1,000 mg/kg) in a completely randomized design, and were replicated three times for each of the two plants and two levels (0 g/kg and 9.4 g/kg) of organic fertilizer (OBD-Plus). Each pot was filled with 5 kg of air-dried and sieved soil and placed on a plastic tray for the collection of excess water. Two weeks after planting, seedlings of uniform height were transplanted from the nursery to experimental pots at the rate of one seedling per pot and grown for 10 weeks. The growth parameters of the plants were biomonitored for 7 weeks. After 10 weeks of treatment, the plants were harvested and dried to calculate the biomass accumulation. The two plant species performed better under fertilizer application than without it. For each of the plant species the growth parameters decreased as the levels of Pb concentration increased. Furthermore, the plants' biomass decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the levels of Pb concentration increased. The organic fertilizer helped to improve the plants' performance in lead-polluted soil.     

河南省耕地和粮食灰色关联分析

收集整理 1 949～ 1 999年河南省耕地、人口、粮食和复种指数等资料 ,定量分析耕地的数量变化、质量状况和耕地减少的形式 ,用一元线性回归法预测人口变化趋势 ,对粮食生产与其影响因素进行灰色关联分析和相关分析 ,提出外延式和内涵式开发耕地资源增产粮食的途径 ,对粮食单产和耕地复种指数进行回归分析.     

农业化肥减量及生物肥料替代可行性研究——来自新疆棉区调查数据的实证

推进化肥减施增效是实现中国农业绿色高质量发展的关键途径。本文以新疆棉花为例,基于2000—2020年棉花化肥施用量及技术、资本、劳动力投入时序数据,构建生产函数考察了新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度变化及其对棉花单产提升的贡献作用,并利用2015—2020年不同植棉区化肥和生物肥料施肥区的微观定位调查数据,采用熵权法构建肥料应用效益评价指标体系,对两种肥料的综合效益做出总体评判,并对经济效益（棉花产量、黄萎病害发生率）和生态效益（土壤有机质、微生物数量）及两种肥料施用成本进行具体比较,探讨了生物肥替代化肥的可行性及其实现机制。研究表明：① 2000—2020年间新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度呈不断上升态势,高于同期国内大部分植棉省份,自2016年起趋于减缓和平稳,施肥量浮动在585 kgN/hm²左右。② 2000—2010年随着单位面积化肥施用强度的增加,对棉花单产增加呈正向促进作用;而2010—2020年,单位面积化肥施用强度增加对棉花单产提高的贡献率为-21.29%,表明持续增加化肥用量对棉花单产提高已呈现负效应。③ 生物肥料施肥区生态效益优势更突出,但经济效益低于化肥区,两种肥料的综合效益随使用年限增加差距趋于缩小;较化肥组,研究期内不同植棉区生物肥组棉花单产降低3%~8%,黄萎病害发病率降幅27.75%~58.20%,土壤有机质含量提高了14.59%~28.54%,土壤微生物数量显著增加;生物肥单位施用成本高于化肥14%~19%。根据生物肥生态属性及作用机理,结合农户经济理性及传统的化肥依赖,建议在生物肥推广初期,实行一定的政策激励或生态补偿,同时积极引导和培育农户亲环境意识,农业化肥逐步减量及生物肥替代具有理论与实践可行性。     

Sub-daily rainfall events in an arid environment with marked climate variability: Variation among wet and dry years at Fowlers Gap,New South Wales,Australia

The nature of rainfall events is explored through six years of below average rainfall, associated with negative Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and three years of above average rainfall, associated with positive SOI (and strong La Niña conditions), at arid Fowlers Gap, Australia. There is a greater probability of rainfall in wet years, but the events themselves also change significantly. Rainfall depth per event was 116% larger on average in wet years than dry, and average event rainfall rate was 85% higher. However, these results are influenced by a small number of very large events in the wet years, and events of <2 mm occur at about the same rate in dry and wet years. Rainfall event profiles in dry years showed more Huff first quartile events likely to promote partitioning of rain into infiltration. In contrast, larger events in wet years showed a preponderance of Huff third quartile profiles likely to be associated with greater partitioning of rainfall into overland flow. This co-variation in rainfall event profile with annual rainfall, not previously described, is reasoned to increase the amplitude of ecological impacts of the SOI-related rainfall variability at this site.     

Effects of gibberellic acid on tiller-bulb number and growth performance of Lilium davidii var. unicolor

Lilium davidii var. unicolor(Lanzhou lily) is an important economic crop in the northwest cold and arid regions of China.Effective regulation of tiller-bulb development and plant growth is the key to improving yield and quality of the lily. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) on tiller-bulb development and plant growth of Lanzhou lily by applying GA_3 at various concentrations(0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L, and 100 mg/L) before planting and in the seedling period. Results showed that the 60-mg/L GA_3 application had an inhibiting effect on tiller-bulb formation and increased the ratios of single and double bulbs but decreased the ratios of bulbs with three or more tiller bulbs, as compared to the control(CK) and other GA_3 treatments. The difference in flower number did not reach significant levels among the treatments. The tillering-related endogenous hormones IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) and Z(zeatin) content decreased, while IAA/Z increased with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment during tiller initiation. And also, the shoot-bulb number and total daughter-bulb number decreased significantly with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment. Furthermore, the 10-mg/L GA_3 application promoted growth of Lanzhou lily significantly and resulted in an increase in plant height; bulb diameter; bulb circumference; and biomass of shoots, bulbs, fibrous roots, and the whole plant. Therefore, GA_3 application is promising as a new regulation method for inhibiting tiller-bulb development and promoting bulb growth in Lanzhou lily production.     

Changes in China’s Grain Production Pattern and the Effects of Urbanization and Dietary Structure

Grain production patterns are the basis of a nation’s food security. Since China’s reform and opening-up began in 1978, China’s urbanization process, driven by rapid social and economic development, has accelerated steadily. During this time, the dietary structure of urban and rural Chinese has also changed significantly. Accordingly, grain production patterns have undergone major changes. First, traditional grain production patterns in the north and the south have changed, and the food production center has shifted toward the north. In 1980, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 60% of China’s total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 40%. In 2015, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 56% of the total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 44%. Second, grain production by regions of the country is “shrinking in the east but expanding in the central regions,” meaning that grain production in eastern coastal provinces has decreased significantly, while that in the central region has expanded. The proportions of the nation’s total grain production from the eastern, central and western regions were 38%, 36% and 26%, respectively, in 1980. These had changed to 27%, 46%, and 27%, respectively, in 2015. Third, the spatial centralization of grain production has increased. The total grain yield of 13 major grain-producing provinces and regions in the country accounted for 69.27% of nation’s total in 1980, and it had reached 76.18% in 2015, showing that the impact of major grain-producing areas on national food security has increased. The influence of rapid urbanization on grain production areas shows remarkable regional differences. As the level of urbanization has increased, build-up land occupies a large number of high-quality farmland, especially in east coastal provinces and thus the grain planting area decreased obviously. The effect of dietary structure changes on grain production patterns was evident in two ways. On the one hand, as dietary diversity has increased, total grain consumption has decreased. The reduction in the proportion of planting area for grain crops to total crop planting area dropped from 82% in 1980 to 68% in 2015, making this change in total grain consumption evident. On the other hand, the ratio of grain for human consumption declined as the ratio of grain consumed by animals increased. The reduction in the proportion of rice and wheat grown and an increase in the proportion of feed grain production (mostly maize) from 20% in the 1980s to 36% in 2015 makes this change in grain production and consumption evident. In the future, with the establishment of national functional areas for grain production, the spatial pattern of grain production will return, while the demand for feed grains will continue to increase but with the space for expansion limited.     

华北平原7种人工牧草不同气候条件下的耗水规律

本文主要目的是研究华北平原不同气候条件下7种人工牧草的耗水规律。试验于2005-2009年在中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行,牧草品种有一年生牧草黑麦（Secale cereale L.）、小黑麦（× Triticosecale Wittmack）、高丹草（Sorghum biolor × Sorghum Sudanense c.v.）、青饲玉米（Zea mays L.）和籽粒苋（Amaranthus paniculatus L.）,多年生牧草苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.） 和串叶松香草（Silphium perfoliatum L.）。结果显示,苜蓿的Kc值为1.08,其他牧草在0.79-0.94。不同气候条件下的Kc值大小规律为,越年生牧草：湿润〉干旱〉平常;一年生牧草：干旱〉平常〉湿润;多年生牧草：平常〉干旱〉湿润。本文建议青饲玉米和高丹草为夏季播牧草的优选牧草,籽粒苋对气候变化最敏感,干旱和平常季节会减产一半以上。黑麦和小黑麦蒸是冬闲田种植的优选牧草,小黑麦因为耗水量较小,优于黑麦。苜蓿在干旱季节的表现优于串叶松香草,但当降雨达592.9mm以上反而会引起减产。该研究的结果能为牧草在华北平原的种植布局提供科学依据。     

近30年中国东北地区玉米种植体系的时空动态分析(英文)

Understanding crop patterns and their changes on regional scale is a critical requirement for projecting agro-ecosystem dynamics. However, tools and methods for mapping the distribution of crop area and yield are still lacking. Based on the cross-entropy theory, a spatial production allocation model(SPAM) has been developed for presenting spatio-temporal dynamics of maize cropping system in Northeast China during 1980–2010. The simulated results indicated that(1) maize sown area expanded northwards to 48°N before 2000, after that the increased sown area mainly occurred in the central and southern parts of Northeast China. Meanwhile, maize also expanded eastwards to 127°E and lower elevation(less than 100 m) as well as higher elevation(mainly distributed between 200 m and 350 m);(2) maize yield has been greatly promoted for most planted area of Northeast China, especially in the planted zone between 42°N and 48°N, while the yield increase was relatively homogeneous without obvious longitudinal variations for whole region;(3) maize planting density increased gradually to a moderately high level over the investigated period, which reflected the trend of aggregation of maize cultivation driven by market demand.