Material flow analysis for an industry—A case study in packaging

The basic materials used in packaging are glass, metals (primarily aluminum and steel), an ever-growing range of plastics, paper and paperboard, wood, textiles for bags, and miscellaneous other materials (such as glues, inks, and other supplies). They are fabricated into rigid, semirigid, or flexible containers. The most common forms of these containers include cans, drums, bottles, cartons, boxes, bags, pouches, and wraps. Packaging products are, for the most part, low cost, bulky products that are manufactured close to their customers. There is virtually no import or export of packaging products. A material flow analysis can be developed that looks at all inputs to an industrial sector, inventories the losses in processing, and tracks the fate of the material after its useful life. An example is presented that identifies the material inputs to the packaging industry, and addresses the ultimate fate of the materials used.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

珊瑚藻在珊瑚礁发育过程中的作用

珊瑚藻是钙化红藻中的主要类群,是珊瑚礁中的重要组分,并在珊瑚礁发育过程中发挥重要作用：1）珊瑚藻为珊瑚礁体建造提供大量的钙质物源,壮大了珊瑚礁钙质体;2）珊瑚藻具强依附粘结等作用,能将破碎的生物残体等进行裹覆胶合和绑结,构建成抵御强风浪的珊瑚礁体格架;3）珊瑚藻坚硬的钙质面为珊瑚幼虫的附着生长提供硬质基底;4）珊瑚藻通过光合作用,提升珊瑚礁生态系统的能量流动;5）珊瑚藻的高初级生产力,维持珊瑚礁生态系统的高效物质循环。当前珊瑚藻的研究重点包括珊瑚藻对全球变暖、海洋酸化等环境胁迫的响应,以及珊瑚藻的群落结构、种类多样性、时空变化与环境变化的关系等。对珊瑚藻的深入研究将有助于揭示其在珊瑚礁生态系统中的多重功能。     

A field comparison of three pressure-difference bedload samplers

The movement of bedload over a cross-section is often sampled using a “pressure-difference bedload sampler”, such as the Helley–Smith. Whereas several types are in use, no one device has gained universal acceptance as the standard for use in all types of streams. Moreover, evidence suggests that similar devices may collect substantially different amounts of bedload because of only slight modifications in design. In this study, sample weights collected by three types of pressure-difference samplers are compared to determine whether differences are statistically significant or whether sampler performance is so irregular and overlapping that one might regard them as being the same. The results confirm that the weights of samples collected by the devices are significantly different. Generally, the US BLH 84 collected less material, the Sheetmetal Helley–Smith collected more material, and the Original Helley–Smith was intermediate; these tendencies were consistent at two sites where bedload was measured. The implication of these results is that measured transport rates will vary depending on the sampler used and, therefore, they are not directly comparable without some mode of calibration. To place this finding in a larger context, sediment rating curves, determined from weights of samples and measurements of flow, were integrated over available flow records and used to estimate annual yield. Three estimates of annual yield, one for each device, were then compared with measures of annual accumulation from a weir pond below one of the collection sites. The results indicate that despite differences between the devices, data obtained with pressure-difference samplers estimated annual accumulations of sediment reasonably well. Predicted accumulations were within 40–50% of the measured yield for two samplers whereas the third sampler predicted within 80%.     

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions is presented. This system consists of a model test tank, a refrigeration device and temperature controller, a dynamic load device, together with sensors and data loggers for detecting stress, deformation, and temperature changes. The system can accommodate soil blocks up to 3 m in length, 2.5 m in width, and 1 m in height. The lowest temperature provided by the refrigeration device is -20 °C. The maximum load provided by the dynamic load device is 100 kN and the vibration frequency of the dynamic load can range from 0.1 to 10 Hz. A number of waveforms, such as sine waves, rectangular waves, triangle waves, and other user-defined waves can be generated by the dynamic load device controller.     

Differential thermal stresses in the Earth

Summary. Rocks have a significant thermal expansion coefficient and a high modulus of elasticity. Small thermal changes can therefore generate very substantial stresses. A convenient idealized example is the mechanically free, cooling thermal boundary layer in a material that suddenly turns from plastic to rigid in cooling through a 'rigidus' temperature. This simplified case can be solved analytically for both a linear and an error function temperature profile. A compressed layer develops near the surface, with a logarithmic singularity of stress at the boundary. At a depth of 0.2 of the elastic thickness, the stress changes to tensile, and peaks at 15 per cent of the confined shrinkage stress in the middle of the rigid layer. The situation is similar to the stresses in one half of a piece of tempered glass. Like the tempered glass, both the cooling lithosphere and a plated boundary to a magma chamber are subject to breakage when cracks are induced in the tensile layer. Positive pore (magma) pressure is required to overcome confining pressure at depth in the lithosphere, but cracking could become catastrophic in the plated boundary to a near-surface magma chamber.     

Simple analytic model for subduction zone thermal structure

A new analytic model is presented for the thermal structure of subduction zones. It applies to the deeper regions of a subduction zone, where the overriding mantle is no longer rigid but flows parallel to the slab surface. The model captures the development of one thermal boundary layer out into the mantle wedge, and another into the subducting slab. By combining this model with the analytic model of Royden (1993a , b ), which applies to regions in which the overriding plate is rigid, a nearly complete analytic model for the thermal structure of a steady-state subduction zone can be achieved. A good agreement is demonstrated between the output of the combined analytic model and a numerical finite element calculation. The advantages of this analytic approach include (1) efficiency (only limited computing resources are needed); (2) flexibility (non-linear slab shape, and processes such as erosion, and shear heating are easily incorporated); and (3) transparency (the effect of changes in input variables can be seen directly).     

Frontal advance of turf-banked solifluction lobes, Kluane Range, Yukon Territory, Canada

Humus horizons associated with thirteen solifluction lobes on a single slope were radiocarbon dated at fixed distances behind the risers, as well as ahead of the lobes. The dated horizons, together with stratigraphic observations of planar discontinuities inside the lobes and shallow burial of vegetation ahead of the lobes, all suggest rapid advance of lobe fronts. We infer that lobe advance at this site results from slow accumulation of soliflucted material behind a relatively rigid riser, progressive steepening of the riser and build-up of stress, and finally rupture of the front and its collapse onto the slope. Rebuilding of the lobe usually then takes place. The time for a full cycle of development is estimated to be in the order of a few hundred years. Long-term frontal movement appears inversely related to lobe size, and is mainly controlled by soil moisture and sediment characteristics. These findings call into question the usefulness of solifluction lobe advance rates for paleoclimate reconstructions, at least at this site.     

山地区域土地生态红线划定方法与实证研究——以重庆市涪陵区义和镇为例

无序和不合理的土地利用是引发生态问题的重要因素。合理划定土地生态红线,可协调土地利用和生态环境的关系,促进土地资源的合理配置,保障区域生态安全。山地区域地势起伏较大,水系密布,土地利用破碎化,作为重要的水土保持和水源涵养区域,是进行生态恢复和重建的关键地区。本文以山地区域村镇为例,运用GIS平台,基于生态敏感性和生态服务价值,对土地生态进行综合评价,据此划定刚性和弹性的土地生态红线。生态敏感性评价的指标包括坡度、植被覆盖度、水体、土壤类型和降水侵蚀力等5个指标;生态服务价值评价的指标包括食物生产、原料生产、气体调节、气候调节、水文调节、土壤保持、维持养分循环、生物多样性和美学景观9个指标。义和镇的刚性生态红线内所包含的刚性生态保护区面积为43.90 km²,占义和镇总面积的44.34%。弹性生态红线包含的弹性生态保护区面积为29.18 km²,占义和镇总面积的29.47%。义和镇的生态红线范围主要包含东北部山地区域和南部水系丰富地区,该区域的生态敏感性较高,同时也有较高的生态服务价值,因此生态红线的划定对于生态修复和生态保护具有指引作用,为生态系统健康发展提供基础保障,并可为构建生态文明安全格局提供科学支持。     

Generation of Long Internal Gravity Waves in Waveguides by Rising Buoyant Air Masses and Other Sources

Summary The displacement fields generated in an internal gravity wave waveguide between plane rigid walls are compared for two types of source: an explosive point source and a rising buoyant sphere moving at constant speed. It is concluded that for large enough spheres and comparable energy expenditures, the buoyant sphere is a far more efficient source of long internal gravity waves. In particular it appears possible to conclude that, in the case of large events such as nuclear or volcanic explosions in the atmosphere, the rising heated air mass can generate long wavelength (Λ > 500 km) internal gravity waves at ionospheric heights.     

The role of weathering and pedological processes for the development of sorted circles on Kvadehuksletta, Svalbard - a short report

The presence of silt-rich, fine-grained material at the center of the well-developed sorted circles on Kvadehuksletta, Svalbard, is a precondition for their development. Field work, laboratory work, and data from published studies indicate that the fine-grained material is a dissolution product of the dolomitic bedrock. The silt is accumulated in situ and by slope wash in terrain depressions. Chemical weathering and other pedogenetic processes, such as the translocation of silt, are of great importance in Arctic regions and can create the sedimentological prerequisites for cryogenetic processes, such as frost sorting and cryoturbation. Therefore, the bedrock composition and the composition of surficial material are considered to be important control factors for these processes.     

膜分离技术的应用及发展趋势

综述世界和中国膜分离技术的发展，并对膜分离技术的基本特性、技术特点、膜材料、分类及膜分离装置进行了简单介绍；并介绍了膜分离法在化工及石油工业、食品工业、医药工业和医疗设备、生物技术和环境工程中的应用，并分析了膜分离技术将会在膜材料、新的膜过程和集成膜过程3个方面的发展趋势。同时指出如果能解决膜产品的价格、膜污染和膜分离性能的提高这3个膜的制约因素，膜分离技术将在人类社会的发展史上起到不可替代的作用。     

柔韧性概念在沙生植物中的应用

 植物柔韧性是沙生植物抗风蚀的重要影响因子,柔韧性的研究可对风蚀治理措施的选取及沙地风蚀方程的建立提供一些理论依据。回顾和总结国内外植物柔韧性的研究现状,提出沙生刚性植物和柔性植物的概念,指出现在研究中的不足和今后的研究方向即植物柔韧性的量化测定,柔性植物及刚性植物作用机理,柔性植物与刚性植物的划分和界定,以及植物柔韧性在风洞中的模拟。     

FMAT-251质谱仪三相电源的智能保护装置

介绍FMAT-251质谱仪专用的智能三相保护电源装置。解决了FMAT-251质谱仪在改造后实际工作中由于外部三相供电电源错相导致机械泵反转,造成真空系统严重污染等事故的相序错相问题;同时针对三相电动机安全运行的缺相、过压、欠压、漏电保护等问题,进一步完善三相电动机供电电源的电压、电流和漏电的自动保护功能。     

Urban agriculture and the sustainability fix in Vancouver and Detroit

Both Vancouver, British Columbia, and Detroit, Michigan, have significant and growing urban agriculture movements. In this article, I follow recent work investigating the connection between urban agriculture and neoliberalization to determine how these local governments have used urban agriculture in narratives of economic development to selectively pursue a sustainability fix. I analyze how different regimes of local governance have influenced the urban agriculture movements, leading to local, hybridized fixes that adapt to different material and discursive contexts in each place. I argue that in both cities, urban agriculture has radical potential as a grassroots response to economic and environmental injustice, but has also been enrolled as a device by the local state in which the primary goal of sustainability planning becomes enhanced economic competitiveness. Pursuing an agenda of food justice requires examining the larger context and effects of municipal involvement with food movements.     

机动位移法在顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

目前,岩体边坡稳定性的分析多数采用极限平衡法将边坡一律按照刚体进行分析,没有考虑软弱夹层的影响,但对于岩体内部存在多个软弱带（层）的边坡看做是一个刚性体是不切合实际的,那如何考虑它们之间的相互作用,目前还是一个空白,没有这方面的研究。鉴于此,在塑性极限分析理论的基础上,将内部存在多个软弱带（层）的边坡视为刚塑性体,提出利用机动位移法、采用能量系数对存在单个或多个平面型软弱夹层的岩体边坡进行稳定性评价方法,并推导了相应计算公式,同时,利用典型实例进行了验证,并与传统的极限平衡法结果进行了对比,证明了该方法的可行性和实用性,具有很高的实用价值。     

中国东北沿边少数民族地区发展的障碍因素分析——以延边朝鲜族自治州为例

改革开放以来,尤其是实施西部大开发、东北等老工业基地振兴等战略实施以来,我国东北沿边少数民族地区的社会经济发展并不尽如人意。以延边朝鲜族自治州为例,其经济发展一直处于低位运行,与该地区的自然禀赋和所享受的西部大开发、东北等老工业基地振兴等优惠政策极不协调。从边缘的区位条件、特殊的地缘环境影响、地理环境对资本投资的障碍、产业结构的刚性制约、有限的经济腹地、劳动力日益减少与生态功能的限制等七个方面探讨其区域社会经济发展的障碍因素,并尝试透过延边朝鲜族自治州这一个案,探讨我国东北沿边少数民族地区社会经济发展的突破口。     

区域物质流通虚拟网络研究——以金沙江流域中段为例

受各种地理环境要素的制约,地形复杂区域产品、能源、生产工具等物质的流通阻力较大,建立基于阻力最小的物质流通网,对于区域发展具有重要意义。以GIS软件为分析平台,选择地形复杂的金沙江流域中段为研究对象,选取地形、地貌、植被覆盖、土地利用类型等为物质流通阻力评价指标,采用专家打分及灰色关联等评价方法,建立区域内阻力最小的物质流通虚拟网络。在该网络的基础上,分析区域内各城市的物质流通性,探讨出建立地形复杂地区最佳物质流通虚拟网络的方法。物质流通虚拟网络可为区域内道路、管道、电网的最佳线路选址提供科学依据;城市间物质流通性分析结果可为区域规划提供参考。     

不同流视角下的贵州省空间网络结构及形成机制分析

基于手机通话和高速公路收费等实测大数据，以贵州省县级行政区域为基本单元，采用C-value和T-value分析、优势流分析和网络中心性分析的方法，探究贵州省不同流空间下的控制结构、层级结构和核心?边缘结构及其网络的形成机制。结果表明：① 贵州省在信息流和物质流空间下的控制结构大致相似，但控制节点存在差异。② 在信息流和物质流空间下，贵州省都形成了省会?地市（州）?县（市）的层级化网络结构。③ 与物质流空间相比，信息流空间下贵州省空间结构的中心化趋势得到加强，区域差异进一步的扩大。④ 区域间物质流和信息流都随距离的延伸而不断衰减，且地理、文化、产业和组织距离对区域间物质流的阻碍作用显著大于信息流。经济发展水平、基础设施水平和人口规模等区域主体属性也会对区域间的要素联系强度产生影响。     

制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体的原料水化研究

以青海盐湖水氯镁石为初级原料,采用喷雾热解法制备原料氧化镁,原料氧化镁通过水化制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁。原料氧化镁水化实验中对水化剂、水化温度、水化时间、液固比、搅拌速度及陈化时间对水化率、过滤速度和纯度的影响进行系统研究。采用均匀实验设计和DPS数据处理,(依次)通过建模分析、二次多项式模型回归建立数学模型,再通过各因素方差分析和总方差分析,确定了理论最优实验条件,再用理论最优条件作重复实验进行验证,最终确定了原料氧化镁的最佳水化条件。在水化温度60℃,水化时间105 min,液固比4,陈化时间4 h,水化剂1含量4.0%,水化剂2含量3.15%,洗水量4倍,搅拌速度120 r/min时,原料氧化镁的水化率达99.50%以上,得到的硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁纯度高、过滤性能良好。