Sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province

The Qinling Mountains, located at the junction of warm temperate and subtropical zones, serve as the boundary between north and south China. Exploring the sensitivity of the response of vegetation there to hydrothermal dynamics elucidates the dynamics and mechanisms of the main vegetation types in the context of changes in temperature and moisture. Importance should be attached to changes in vegetation in different climate zones. To reveal the sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the normalized vegetation index(NDVI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2018 are explored using the meteorological data of 32 meteorological stations and the MODIS NDVI datasets. The results show that: 1) The overall vegetation coverage of the Qinling Mountains improved significantly from 2000 to 2018. The NDVI rise rate and area ratio on the southern slope were higher than those on the northern slope, and the vegetation on the southern slope improved more than that on the northern slope. The Qinling Mountains showed an insignificant humidification trend. The humidification rate and humidification area of the northern slope were greater than those on the southern slope. 2) Vegetation on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains was more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than that on the southern slope. Vegetation was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics from March to June on the northern slope, and from March to May(spring) on the southern slope. The vegetation on the northern and southern slopes was mainly affected by hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 3–7 months, responding weakly to hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 11–12 months. 3) Some 90.34% of NDVI and SPEI was positively correlated in the Qinling Mountains. Spring humidification in most parts of the study area promoted the growth of vegetation all the year round. The sensitivity of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics with increasing altitude increased first and then decreased. Elevations of 800 to 1200 m were the most sensitive range for vegetation response to hydrothermal dynamics. The sensitivity of the vegetation response at elevations of 1200–3000 m decreased with increasing altitude. As regards to vegetation type, grass was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics on both the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains; but most other vegetation types on the northern slope were more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than those on the southern slope.     

1956-2000年云南红河流域径流的时空分布

This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation,temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin,and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River,Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000.The results show out：（1）Under the effect of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW-SE direction,which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains.（2）In the long temporal scale averaged over years,the most obvious effects of the＂corridor-barrier＂functions is on runoff variation,and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature.（3）Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east-west direction：the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend,but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend;the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods,and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods;the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins.     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope Sciences in Cold andArid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions, Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of glacier, snow, river, lake, sea ice, pemaaffost and seasonal frozen ground, and periglacial geomorphology, etc.; and think much of cold regions engineering and technology. Researches in arid regions emphasize particularly on the arid-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of arid regions to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of desert, oasis, loess, and aeolian landforms, etc.; and support integrated studies on mountain-desert-oasis system in arid watershed with water resources as masterstroke, so as to provide reliable technological support for water safety, ecology safety and food safety in arid regions.     

Projects of earth sciences supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

Program Code Program Title Program Leader 40001001 Application of Caesium-137 Tracing Technique on the Wind Erosion YAN Ping 40001002 Spatial Adjustment to Coordinate Regional Development and Environment Protection in the Liaohe Delta LI Xiuzhen 40001003 Historical Soil Erosion Changes of the Loess Plateau Inverted from Silt-accumulation in the Huanghe Alluvial Fan TAN Lihua 40001004 On the Study of Rock Cryogenic Weathering Processes and Mechanism in the Continental Periglacial Zone ZHU Liping 40001005 Feedback Mechanism Between the Near Surface Blown Sand Cloud and Wind Profiles DONG Zhibao 40001006 Dynamics of Regional and Urban Structure with High-speed Rail Effects XU Yilun 40001007 Research on Urban and Regional Governance of China's Urban Agglomeration Area-Case Study of Southern Jiangsu Region ZHANG Jing-xiang 40001008 Studies on Interpretation in Soil Remote Sensing Supported by Soil Spatial Variation and Landscape Modeling SHI Zhou 40001009 Study on the Physicochemical Property and Its Utilization Specification of Bentonite in North China MA Bei-yan 40001010 Effects of Rewetting and Root Signal ABA on Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Wheat LI Yang-yang 40001011 Rock Weathering Induced by Lichens in Antarctica and Its Significance in Soil Genesis CHEN Jie 40001012 Study on the Inorganic Nanoparticles in Soils WU Jing-gui 40001013 Mechanism and Environmental Risk of Chelate Enhancement for Hyperaccumulator Remediation of Cu Polluted Soil WU Long-hua 40001014 Study on Hydraulics of Soil Erosion by Overland Flow ZHANG Guang-hui 40001015 Inferring Snow Parameters Using Polarimetric and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data LI Zhen 40001016 The Study of Spatio-temperal Model of Surface Slick Seeped from Offshore Oil and Gas Reservoirs HUANG Xiao-xia 40001017 Integration Method of Multitype Huge Spatial Database ZHU Qing 40001018 TIN Based Global Image Matching and Three Dimensional Surface Reconstruction JIANG Wan-shou 40001019 Genetic Algorithm Approach to Automation and Intelligence of Map Name Placement FAN Hong 40001020 Environmental Magnetic Study of Sedimentary Iron Cycling during Early Diagnoses ZHANG Wei-guo 40001021 Modeling of Nitrogen and Water Input-yield-leaching Loss Response and the Nitrogen Transformation and Transportation ZHANG Guo-liang 40001022 The Study on the Regional Differentiation of Lake Environment Response to Southwest Monsoon Climate PENG Jin-lan 40001023 Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for Ecosystems and Their Exceedance in Regions Suffered from Acid Deposition in China TAO Fu-lu 40031010 Regional Environmental Processes of Typical Trace Organic Pollutants TAO Shu 40061001 Analysis on the Structure of Karst Watershed and the Characteristics of Low Flow LIANG Hong 40061002 The Development Feature, Dynamic Mechanism and Coordination Research of Urban Concentric Region in West of Yunnan Province and Its Demonstration to Undeveloped, Minority Concentric Region of China WU Qi-yan 40061003 The REE Background Value and Its Influence on Soil Fertility in Laterite in the Hainan Island BI Hua 40061004 Studies on the Mechanism of Soil Fertility Degradation and Techniques of Fertilization Under Arable Soils Condition in the "One-Jiang River and Two-He River" Region in Tibet CAI Xiao-bu 40061005 A Study on Major Factors, Countermeasures and Mechanism of Bahia Grass Later-stage Degeneration at Rare-earth Tailings DONG Wen-da 40061006 Study on Soil Erosion and Land Use Security Pattern in Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan YANG Zi-sheng 40061007 A Study on Environment Dynamic Chart of Southern Mountain Area of Ningxia under Eco-Restoration and Wide Development in West China SUI Yu-zhu 40061008 The Site Study of Environment Carrying Capacity for Tourism in Bita Reserve, Northwestern Yunnan YANG Gui-hua 40071001 Research on Sedimentary Processes and Varve Records of Lake Environment for Meromictic Lake on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau LI Shi-jie 40071002 Research into the Spatial Variation of the Effective temperature and Its Functions to Vegetation Landscape in Mountainous Areas JIANG Yuan 40071003 Compilation of Coching Chu's Collected Works and Research on His Scientific Innovation Prints FAN Hong-ye 40071004 The Study of the Theory and Experiment on the Water Resource Demanded by the Eco-environment in Arid Region JIA Bao-quan 40071005 Quantitative Analysis on the Difference of Environmental Fragile Degree under Global Change in the Two Sides of Qinling Mountains YAN Jun-ping 40071006 High Resolution Studies of the Holocene Climatic and Hydrological Events in the Weihe River Basin HUANG Chun-chang 40071007 A Land Surface Processes Coupling Model and Observation in Alpine Meadow YAO De-liang 40071008 Effects of Groundwater on Land Surface Processes and Agricultural Ecology YU Qiang 40071009 Study on the Relationship Between Vegetation Change and Main Hydraulic Process in the Oasis-Desert Ecotone ZHAO Cheng-yi 40071010 Experimental Research on Stress Constitutive Relation of Debris Flow in the Field WANG Yu-yi 40071011 From a Longitudinal Section to Research the Environmental Change during the Late Quaternary in the Inland of South China Tropical Zone HUANG Zhen-guo 40071012 Relations Between Dune Lee-side Cross-bedding, Morphology, and Different Scale of Air-flow HA Si 40071013 Formation Mechanism and Evolution Processes of Flood Channels in the Changjiang Estuary SHEN Huan-ting 40071014 The Beach Changes under Wave Action on Tidal Coastal Area BAO Si-lin 40071015 Evolution of Glaciers and Monsoon during the Last Glaciation in the Gongwang Mountain of Yunnan and Yu Mountain of Taiwan CUI Zhi-jiu 40071016 Geomorphic Variation Model of the Yellow River Between the Hukou Fall and the Xiaolangdi Reservoir LI You-li 40071017 Study on Coupling of Karst Surface and Subsurface (Cave) Ecologic and Environment Systems and Speleothem Scenic Stability SONG Lin-hua 40071018 Wind Tunnel Simulation of Desert Dust Entrainment and Field Observations on Structure of the Near-surface Dust Flux LIU Lian-you 40071019 Environmental Effects of Sediments and Suspensions Induced by the Hydrodynamic Processes QIN Bai-qiang 40071020 Studies on the Process of Water Circle and Rule of Crop Water Requirement in Drip Irrigation Fields KANG Yue-hu 40071021 Characteristics of Earthquake Motion in Frozen Earth Site XU Xue-yan 40071022 Analysis of Radio Echo Signals in Snow & Ice and Its Glaciological Significance SUN Bo 40071023 A Study of Modern Process of Snow and Ice on Temperate Glaciers in South-West Monsoon Region HE Yuan-qing 40071024 Seasonal Resolution Methane Record and Isotopic Study in Ice Cores From Tibetan Plateau XU Bai-qing 40071025 Sulfur-containing Species in Snow and Aerosols from Some Regions of the Antarctic and the Arctic SUN Jun-ying 40071026 An Analysis of Regional Industrial Competitiveness of China FEI Hong-ping 40071027 Study on the Evaluation of Ecological Security of Land System in the Region with Centralized Investment XU Gang 40071028 The Flexible Production Complexes of the PC Industry and Their Local Innovation Networks WANG Ji-ci 40071029 Globalization, Localization and the Rural Industrial Agglomerated Districts in China MIAO Chang-hong 40071030 Research on Choice of Residential Location and the Spatial Differentiation of Residential Land Use ZHANG Wen-zhong 40071031 Study on Human Activity-Environmental Change and Their Feedback in Hexi Corridor WANG Nai-ang 40071032 Life Spaces Structure and Social Regions Sustainable Development of the City in China-A Case Study of Xi'an Metropolitan WANG Xing-zhong 40071033 The Course of Integration Between Urban and Rural Areas and the Delimitation of Metropolitan Area in Northeast China XIU Chun-liang 40071034 Study on Transport System and Land Use in Chinese Highly-Densely Developed Cities-Case Study of Guangzhou YAN Xiao-pei 40071035 Studies on Fractal Spatial Network and Chaotic Dynamics of Urban Systems CHEN Yan-guang 40071036 Driving Force for Formation of Spatial Pattern of Natural Pinus Sylvestris var. Mongolica Forest in Eastern Inner Mongolia WANG Xiao-ke 40071037 Study on the Model of Two-core Structure in the Regional Development LU Yu-qi 40071038 The Agricultural Development and Its Effect on the Environment of the Xiliao River Valley during the Liao-Jin Period HAN Mao-li 40071039 Study on the Mechanism of Agricultural Sustainable Development and the Optimization of Industrial Structure in Bashang Plateau MA Li 40071040 Study of Forest Changes and Soil Erosion on the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River in Last 2000 Years LAN Yong 40071041 The Spatial Approach of Ecological Optimizing of City Landscape and Its Practice LI Gui-cai 40071042 A Study on the Formation, Change and Sustainable Development of the Old Industrial Areas - A Case Study of Northeastern Region in China LI Guo-ping 40071043 Integration and Systematization of Mathematic Models for Soil and Water Resources Study in a Basin and Its Application ZENG Zhi-yuan 40071044 Monitoring and Modeling of the Eco-hydrological Processes in a Small Watershed in Yingtan, Jiangxi ZHANG Bin 40071045 Spatio-temporal Variation of Reconstructed Soil and Its Amelioration in Coal Mines HU Zhen-qi 40071046 In-situ Electrochemical Monitoring of Nutrients Leaching Loss in Red Soils after Input of Acid Deposition JIANG Xin 40071047 The Mechanisms of Nitrogen Loss Reduction by the Ammonia Inhibition Films in Paddy Soil YIN Bin 40071048 Composition and Properties of Cutans in Several Soils and Forms and Transformation of Some Elements LIU Fan 40071049 Two-phase Reactions: A New Study on the Mechanisms of the Interactions of Humic Acids with Metal Ions WEI Shi-qiang 40071050 Studies on Mechanisms of Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil by Arbuacular Mycorrhiza LI Xiao-lin 40071051 The Reactions Between Multi-Nutrient Fertilizers and Soils and Their Influence on Forms of Plant Nutrients ZHOU Jian-min 40071052 Effect of Humus on Potassium Fixon and Release in Soil LIANG Cheng-hua 40071053 Study on the Stability and Scale Change Method of Diagnostic Parameters of Ecological Balanced Fertilization Model HOU Yan-lin 40071054 Spatio-temporal Patterns and Efficiency of Plant Roots in Stabilizing Soil Structure and Reducing Water Erosion in Hilly Landscape LI Yong 40071055 Effect of Changes in Soil Organic Matter on the Erodibility of Red Soils and Their Application to Planning of Soil & Water Conservation ZHAO Qi-guo 40071056 Researches of Desertification Disaster Early-warning System in Hunshandake Sandy Land DING Guo-dong 40071057 The Soil Air Entrapment Lessen Infiltration Rate and Principle Between in the Muddy Water Infiltration LI Yuan-nong 40071058 Erosion and Transport Processes at Loessial Hillslope ZHENG Fen-li 40071059 Use of 137Cs and 7Be Measurements to Study the Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Soil Erosion Delivering Sediment of Water-induced on Agricultural Slope Land YANG Ming-yi 40071060 Quick Monitoring of Land Use Changes Using Satellite SAR Images in South China LI Xia 40071061 The Approach of Spatial Analysis in Automatic Interpretation of Satellite Digital Image QIN Qi-ming 40071062 Vegetation Effect and Scattering Mechanism Analysis of SRTM Interferometric Data WANG Chao 40071063 Chlorophyll High Precision Detection on Remote Sensing & Environmental Science in Coastal Waters CHEN Xiao-xiang 40071064 Studies on Dynamic Simulation for the Modern Loess Geomorphic Process Based on Geographic Information Systems WU Lun 40071065 Study on Spatial Data Model of Digital Earth YANG Chong-jun 40071066 Eco-environmental Study with Remote Sensing Dynamic Detection Based on GIS in Resource Region of the Yellow River ZENG Yong-nian 40071067 Research on Theories and Key Techniques of Spatial Mathematics Basis of "Digital Earth" HU Peng 40071068 The Location Uncertainty of Imagery Data in GIS DU Dao-sheng 40071069 Study on Primitives semantics Relation Model of Geographical Space and Diagram Symbol System of Spatial Reason LU Xue-jun 40071070 Theory and Method of Adjustment on Marine Sounding Net LIU Yan-chun 40071071 Study on Fundamental Framework of Presentation Graphics of Geo-spatial Multi-Dimensional Information DU Qing-yun 40071072 The Environmental Process of Mercury and Methylmercury in the Marsh Wetland in the North of China WANG Qi-chao 40071073 Transport of Persistent and Toxic Organic Pollutants in the Complex System of Water/Sediment/Biota WANG Zi-jian 40071074 Study on the Mass Balance of Aquaculture and the Effects on Water Environment in the Pearl River Delta WEN Yan-mao 40071075 Phytoremediation of Arsenic-pullulated Land:Processes and Mechanism CHEN Tong-bin 40071076 The Effect of Phosphorus-free Detergents on Eutrophication in Lake Tai HUANG Wen-yu 40071077 Reconstruction of Biotope and Community of Abandoned Land in Large Opencast Coal Mine BAI Zhong-ke 40071078 Spatial Effects of Incubation and Transfer of Environmental Technology LU Yong-long 40071079 Effect of Rice Plants on CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Fields CAI Zu-cong 40071080 The Harms and Laws of Gully Erosion Occurrence and Development WU Yong-qiu 40071081 Tree-Ring Climatic Records from Mts. Helan and East Asian Monsoon Variation since AD 1600 LI Yu 40071082 Study on the Assemblage of Buried Ancient Timbers in Southern China and Its Relations to the Abrupt Climatic Change Events CUI Hai-ting 40071083 Environmental Archaeology Research on Sequence of Marine Transgression and Flood Events in the Yangtze Delta since Holocene ZHU Cheng 40071084 High Resolution Correlation Between Pollen Records of Tropical Eastern Asia and Environmental Changes of the South China Sea ZHENG Zhuo 40071085 C Storage and Historical Change Pattern in Tropical China HAN Xing-guo International cooperation with the above projects are welcome. For detailed information please contract: Director Song Changqing, Dr. Leng Shuying, Division of Geography, National Natural Science Foundation of China. P.O.Box 8610, Beijing, 100085, China. E-mail:Songcq@nsfc.gov.cn. Lengsy@mail.nsfc.gov.cn     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold andArid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of glacier, snow, river, lake, sea ice, permafrost and seasonal frozen ground, and periglacial geomorphology, etc.; and think much of cold regions engineering and technology. Researches in arid regions emphasize particularly on the arid-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of arid regions to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of desert, oasis, loess, and aeolian landforms, etc.; and support integrated studies on mountain-desert-oasis system in arid watershed with water resources as masterstroke, so as to provide reliable technological support for water safety, ecology safety and food safety in arid regions.     

植被时空变化的估算方法

Plant diversity is used as an indicator of the well-being of vegetation and ecological systems. Human activities and global change drive vegetation change in composition and competition of species through plant invasions and replacement of existing species on a given scale. However, species diversity indices do not consider the effects of invasions on the diversity value and on the functions of ecosystems. On the other hand, the existing methods for diversity index can not be used directly for cross-scale evaluation of vegetation data. Therefore, we proposed a 3-dimensional model derived from the logistic equation for estimating vegetation change, using native and non-native plant diversity. The two variables, based on the current and the theoretical maximum diversity of native plants on a given scale, and the result of the model are relative values without units, and are therefore scale-independent. Hence, this method developed can be used directly for cross-scale evaluations nf vegetation data, and indirectly for estimatinu ecosvstem or environmental chanue.     

Guidelines to authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold andArid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of glacier, snow,     

Coastal evolution of Yancheng, northern Jiangsu, China since the mid-Holocene based on the Landsat MSS imagery

Since the 1970s, remote sensing images have provided new information for the delineation and analysis of coastline changes, especially focusing on the short timescale changes. This paper, based on the Landsat MSS imagery, focuses on the coastline evolution of Yancheng, northern Jiangsu, China since the mid-Holocene. A zebra stripe image, which could reveal the ancient coastal evolution of Yancheng, was extracted from a Landsat MSS image. Based on the extracted black-white stripes, 19 surface sediment samples were recovered and analyzed to recognize the sedimentary characteristics of these stripes. It shows that most sand and silty sand samples appear on the white stripes, while silt and silty clay samples are on the black stripes. Sandy and muddy sediments present an alternating distri- bution pattern on the Yancheng coastal plain. A historical coastline map was drawn according to the previous research achievements of the paleo-coastal sand barriers and paleo-coastlines, and was superimposed on the zebra stripe image. The trend of the extracted zebra stripes is consistent with the historical coastlines, and it should be the symbol of the Yancheng coastline evolution. On the basis of ten sets of black-white stripes and previous research results, we divided the progression of Yancheng coastal evolution into three stages （i.e., the early stable stage （6500 a BP-AD 1128）, the rapid deposition stage （AD 1128-1855） and the adjustment stage （AD 1855-present））. Ten sets of black-white stripes were identified as the characteristic pattern of the coastline evolution on the Yancheng coastal plain.     

The 4th International Symposium on the Tibetan Plateau in Lhasa, China

Organized and hosted by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the 4th International Symposium on the Tibetan Plateau was held in Lhasa, China on August 4-7, 2004.The Symposium was undertaken by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, the Bureau of Science and Technology under the Tibet Autonomous Region, China Society on the Tibetan Plateau, and the Institute of Plateau Meteorology. Academician Sun Honglie to…     

三江源地区气候变化及其对径流的驱动分析(英文)

Based on the precipitation and temperature data of the 12 meteorological stations in the "Three-River Headwaters" region and the observed runoff data of Zhimenda in the headwater sub-region of the Yangtze River, Tangnaihai in the headwater sub-region of the Yellow River and Changdu in the headwater sub-region of the Lancang River during the period 1965-2004, this paper analyses the trends of precipitation, temperature, runoff depth and carries out significance tests by means of Mann-Kendall-Sneyers sequential trend test. Makkink model is applied to calculate the potential evaporation. The runoff model driven by precipitation and potential evaporation is developed and the influence on runoff by climate change is simulated under different scenarios. Results show that during the period 1965-2004 the temperature of the "Three-River Headwaters" region is increasing, the runoff of the three hydrological stations is decreasing and both of them had abrupt changes in 1994, while no significant trend changes happen to the precipitation. The runoff model suggests that the precipitation has a positive effect on the runoff depth, while the potential evaporation plays a negative role. The influence of the potential evaporation on the runoff depth of the Lancang River is found to be the significant in the three rivers; and that of the Yellow River is the least. The result of the scenarios analysis indicates that although the precipitation and the potential evaporation have positive and negative effects on runoff relatively, fluctuated characteristics of individual effect on the runoff depth in specific situations are represented.     

Global Carbon Project (GCP) Beijing Office: a new bridge for understanding regional carbon cycles

It has been widely accepted that human activities, especially burning fossil fuels and land use change, have altered the climate on earth and anthropogenic carbon fluxes have become comparable in magnitude with the natural fluxes in the global carbon cycle. The present and potential threat of adverse consequences has focused the attention of the scientists, policy makers and general public on the interaction among carbon cycle, climate change and human system. Asia is a hot spot from environmental change and sustainable development perspectives. The development pathways and environmental changes in the region have obvious consequences for the regional carbon cycle, even for global carbon budget, and the complex, diverse social, economic and environmental conditions make it highly difficult to understand and quantify these consequences. The GCP Beijing Office “will have a supporting and coordinating role and will provide coordination, leadership and capacity building on carbon cycle sciences in China and to the larger region of Asia” and “liaise with the two International Project Offices based in Canberra and Tsukuba to coordinate a regional and global strategy consistent with the GCP Science and Implementation Framework”.     

岩溶地区人类活动的水文效应研究现状及展望

在全球气候变化背景下,加之岩溶生态系统的脆弱性及敏感性,地表水与地下水交换迅速,岩溶水动力系统对人类活动及其造成的生态环境变化反馈敏感。岩溶地区人类活动导致的植被退化、石漠化等环境问题已对岩溶地区的水文水循环过程造成了严重影响,水资源问题已成为岩溶地区发展的重要限制因素。本文在对岩溶生态系统及水文环境特性分析的基础上,从土地利用变化的水文效应,人类活动对降水—径流的影响、岩溶水资源的开发利用、岩溶地下水污染及水文模型在岩溶地区的应用等方面,概述了岩溶地区人类活动水文效应的相关研究现状与不足,总结了未来岩溶地区人类活动水文效应的5个研究趋势,并探讨了研究中的重点及难点问题。     

全球环境变化对我国区域发展的可能影响评述

随着环境问题的日益突出,全球环境变化的区域响应已成为我国全球变化研究的优先领域和热点问题之一。国内外学者就全球问题与区域问题的结合达成共识:全球性问题的研究需要由区域工作来完成;区域性研究必须体现全球性问题。本文介绍了全球变化对区域发展影响评价的基本方法,特别是IPCC评价报告中采用的区域脆弱性、敏感性评价方法;概述了我国未来50年环境变化的可能情景;从自然生态系统变化、水资源短缺、沙漠化、农业生产等方面评述了全球环境变化对我国区域发展可能影响研究的进展和成果,最后指出了全球变化区域响应研究存在的问题,并对其发展方向作了展望。     

气候变化下新疆及咸海流域河川径流演变及适应性对策分析

 中亚咸海流域地处全球气候变化的敏感中心,生态环境脆弱、水资源紧缺,过去百年来中亚咸海流域气候、人类活动、生态环境均经历了较为显著的变化,分析中亚咸海流域气候-水-生态-人类活动的关系,对自然与人文相近的新疆可持续发展具有重要的借鉴意义。以最新收集的资料为基础,对比研究近50 a来新疆及近80 a来中亚咸海流域的气温、降水和主要河流的径流变化情况,结合二者水资源开发利用的演变历程,分析气候变化与人类活动对研究区生态环境与持续发展的影响,最后借鉴中亚咸海流域气候变化、人类活动、生态环境的综合关系,讨论气候变化下新疆水资源开发利用的适应性对策。结果表明：近80 a来,新疆与中亚咸海流域气候呈现较为一致的变暖趋势,尤其是20世纪80年代以来,二者绝大部分地区气候呈现“暖干”向“暖湿”转型迹象,河川径流也有不同程度的增加,但由于人类活动规模与强度的迅速、持续增强,研究区生态环境呈现尚未得到有效遏制的恶化趋势。立足于有利的气候时期,强化水资源开发利用管理,提高水资源利用效率和效益,加快关键水源工程建设,完善水资源配置网络体系的建设,是未来一段时期内应对气候变化下新疆水资源开发利用的主要适应性对策。     

气候变化对中亚草地生态系统碳循环的影响研究

准确评估草地生产力、碳源/碳汇功能,分析气候变化对草地生态系统碳循环的影响,对于草地资源的合理开发和有效保护至关重要。选取对气候变化以及人类干扰高度敏感的中亚干旱区草地生态系统为研究对象,利用Biome-BGC模型,模拟分析其NPP、NEP的年际变化趋势及其空间分布格局。结果显示：（1）1979-2011年中亚地区草地生态系统NPP年平均值为135.6 gC·m^-2·a^-1,且随着时间的推移呈现出波动下降的趋势,下降速率为0.34 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（2）NEP的年平均值为-8.3 gC·m^-2·a^-1,表现为碳源,且该值随着时间的推移呈现出波动上升的趋势,上升速率为0.58 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（3）NPP高值区域在降水较为丰富的天山山脉附近以及哈萨克斯坦北部。（4）NPP的年际变化与降水量的年际变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.52;NPP与温度的相关系数为-0.28,未达到显著相关水平。本研究实现了Biome-BGC模型在中亚干旱区草地生态系统的应用,对评价干旱区草地生态系统碳源/碳汇功能及其在全球碳循环和全球变化中的作用、实现中亚草地生态系统的可持续利用、完善区域和全球碳循环理论体系具有重要意义。     

河流碳循环对全球变化的响应与反馈

河流连接陆地生态系统和海洋两大活动碳库,构成全球碳循环的一个关键环节。河流碳的输出及循环过程与近岸水域环境、海洋碳库变动及全球气候系统紧密相关。有机碳在全球碳循环系统中处于核心地位,了解河流有机碳通量及性质变化是目前河流碳循环研究的重要内容之一。流域面积的大小及气候和环境性质的差异对河流碳的输移及循环过程影响显著。目前,亚洲季风流域尤其是众多的小流域缺乏系统的有关悬移质生源要素的信息。陆地侵蚀-沉积过程控制着河流碳的主要来源和归宿。当前,人类活动主宰着陆地的侵蚀-沉积状况,这在很大程度上表现为加速了陆地生态系统碳库的扰动与再沉积,并加强了河流向海洋的碳输送。     

气候变化对植被和土壤的影响效应

全球气候变化已是当今世界研究的热点。近年来,气候变化对陆地植被以及土壤的影响研究已经广泛开展。通过系统收集和整理气候变化对植被和土壤影响国内外相关研究结果,有利于进一步认识气候变化给生存环境带来的影响。大量野外定量分析以及经验模型预测等方法研究表明:气候变化对陆地植被产生了重要影响,主要表现在植被分布范围、生产力以及多样性的改变。气候变化也会使土壤基本性质发生变化,同时土壤作为全球碳循环过程中重要的中间碳库,土壤有机碳库与气候变化有着密切的关系,气候变暖与土壤有机碳库的分解互为反馈。     

Construction and progress of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of ChinaFLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of ChinaFLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of ChinaFLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.     

对全球变化背景下长三角地区城镇化发展科学问题的思考

城镇化是中国现代化必由之路和实现经济可持续发展的长期国策。在全球变化背景下,如何科学评估并预测气候变化对城镇化发展的影响,阐释快速城镇化进程中应对气候变化的响应机制和适应模式,进而提出适应全球变化的城镇化可持续发展策略,是中国城镇化发展亟待解决的科学问题。长三角位于中国地势第三级阶梯的海岸带,海陆交互作用显著,是全球变化和人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域。长三角地区的城市化气候效应最强,水旱灾害、地面沉降、海面上升、极端气候事件对长三角城镇化发展的影响目前尚未作深入研究,气候变化和人类活动相互作用制约长三角的发展,长三角地区的城镇格局将如何应对气候变化和环境污染的影响?对该问题的回答是中国城镇化发展必须解决的难题,将直接决定中国城镇化可持续发展事业的成败。因此,开展长三角城镇化发展对全球变化的响应和适应对策研究,可为国家制定快速城镇化策略应对气候变化提供理论方法和科学决策依据。     

中国陆地生态系统碳氮水通量协同观测系统的建设及其科学研究（英文）

Eddy Covariance technique(EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network(China FLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of China FLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of China FLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of China FLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.