塔里木河流域生态功能区划研究

生态功能区划为流域生态保护与修复提供重要的科学参考。而塔里木河流域由于缺少生态功能区划导致目前生态修复工程缺乏针对性,生态引水工程布局欠佳,以及生态修复和水资源管理的成效低下。为此,在对区域生态环境特征分析的基础上,将流域内不同区域的水文过程与生态结构、服务功能及生态环境敏感性相结合,依据生态功能区划原则、方法和指标体系,形成了塔里木河流域生态功能区划方案,即将该流域分为2个生态大区、4个生态区、28个生态亚区。研究成果不仅为流域实现水资源的优化配置和生态环境保护提供参考依据,也可为相似流域的生态功能区划研究提供示范和借鉴。     

北部湾南流江流域生态功能区划?

流域尺度的生态功能区划能给流域生态环境保护提供更科学的理论依据。从北部湾南流江流域自身的地理特征出发,制定符合流域实情的区划原则,借助RS、GIS技术,采用定量和定性分析相结合的方法对流域进行生态功能区划。在空间上将南流江流域划分为6个一级生态功能区和18个二级生态功能区。6个一级生态功能区分别是：Ⅰ森林生态系统生态功能区、Ⅱ陆域水环境生态维护生态功能区、Ⅲ水土保持生态功能区、Ⅳ农林产品提供生态功能区、Ⅴ城镇发展生态功能区、Ⅵ滨海海域生态功能区。针对各个生态功能区存在的生态问题提出相应的生态系统管理措施。     

福建省沙县生态功能区划

遵循生态功能区划原则(可持续发展原则、主导性原则、综合性原则、区域共轭性原则、可操作性原则)，根据沙县不同地域生态环境的差异及其特点，在省三级生态功能区划的基础上，对沙县进行县域生态功能区划即第四级生态功能小区的划分。在沙县生态功能区划背景图的基础上，共划分出10个生态功能小区，并为每个生态功能小区提出了主导功能、辅助功能和相应的生态保育建设方向。     

耦合SOFM与SVM的生态功能分区方法——以鄂尔多斯市为例

辨析区域主要生态环境问题及其空间异质性,划定生态功能区,对保障区域生态安全和国土开发优化具有重要指导意义。以往自下而上的分区研究多基于行政区或流域开展,难以体现行政区或流域内部的生态功能分异。以鄂尔多斯市为例,基于生态系统服务与生态敏感性构建区域生态功能分区指标体系,耦合自组织特征映射（SOFM）网络与支持向量机（SVM）划定鄂尔多斯市生态功能分区。结果表明,区域内各生态功能分区指标呈现明显的空间分异特征,通过SOFM网络基于栅格进行指标聚类,构建分类效果指数筛选最佳聚类方案,将区域分为7种不同的生态功能类型。最终,利用SVM识别最优分区界线,将鄂尔多斯市分为11个生态功能区。本文构建分类效果指数实现多分类方案优选,使用机器学习算法解决自下而上的自然分区容易弱化要素空间位置属性的问题,完成了从分类到分区的定量转换,有助于提升分区的空间精度与客观性,为生态功能分区与分区边界划定提供了新的方法途径。     

新丰江流域生态环境质量遥感评价

利用新丰江流域1988、1998和2011年3个时期的遥感、土地利用、气象和DEM等数据,建立了新丰江流域生态环境质量评价体系。在数据标准化处理的基础上,利用ArcGIS的空间主成分分析方法,综合评价了新丰江流域生态环境质量的时空分布格局和动态变化情况。结果表明：新丰江流域生态环境质量总体保持较好,主要受到水热气象因子、地形地貌因子和土地覆盖因子的影响;1988―2011年生态环境质量等级“优”占据了80%以上的面积,质量等级“差”占据的面积均低于5%;新丰江流域生态环境质量具有明显的区域特征,质量较差的区域是以建设用地和耕地为主的平原地带,主要分布在新丰江流域的西部和东部地区,表明其主要受人为因素的干扰,生态环境质量随着时间推移有轻微下降的趋势。研究表明利用遥感与地理信息系统技术对区域环境质量进行评价具有很好的应用前景,可以迅速准确地判定区域生态环境质量变化趋势。     

临沂市水系林业生态保护体系建设规划初探

研究分析了临沂市水系分布状况,进行了生态功能区与重点保护区区域划分。引入流域生态修复技术及森林健康经营、生态型林果生产经营等先进营造林技术,设计了水系生态防护林带、封山育林、退耕还林、荒山造林、湿地保护与修复工程建设、示范区建设,突出林业生态保护功能,增加森林总量,提升森林生产力,解决区域水系水土流失和水资源污染等生态问题。     

基于RSEI的黄河上游流域生态环境质量变化分析

黄河上游流域作为黄河的水源地是中国重要的生态功能区,分析黄河上游流域的生态环境质量变化对于黄河流域的生态保护和经济高质量发展具有重要意义。本文基于Google Earth Engine平台,通过遥感生态指数（Remote Sensing Ecological Index,RSEI）对2000—2021年黄河上游流域的生态环境质量进行动态分析。结果表明：（1）黄河上游流域RSEI呈提升态势,并且具有阶段性的特点,2000—2005年为生态环境质量恶化阶段,2006—2021年为生态环境质量改善阶段。生态环境质量总体处于较差和中等水平,占区域总面积的64.78%。（2）不同河段生态环境质量存在显著的空间异质性,其中河源段的生态环境质量最好,冲积平原段的生态环境质量最差。（3）黄河上游流域生态环境质量空间集聚特征显著,高-高集聚区稳定分布于河源段附近,低-低集聚区分布在人类活动强度较大的峡谷段和冲积平原段。（4）绿度、湿度、热度和干度均对黄河上游地区生态环境质量产生显著影响,其中绿度为主导驱动因子,干度为次要驱动因子。植被覆盖度的增加、气候调节和人类活动对黄河上游流域生态环境改善有明显的促进...     

国家重点生态功能区土壤保持（英文）

土壤侵蚀是生态环境恶化的重要因素,土壤保持是国家重点生态功能区的一项重要生态服务功能。本研究基于气候、地形、土壤和植被覆盖等空间数据,利用土壤通用流失方程,借助Arc GIS分析了我国25个国家重点生态功能区2010年的土壤侵蚀和土壤保持状况。结果表明:由重点生态功能区内植被覆盖和水土保持而产生的土壤保持效果显著,与潜在土壤侵蚀相比,现实土壤侵蚀的微度和轻度侵蚀区域面积增加了26.2%,强度到剧烈侵蚀区域面积减少了25.1%,且藏东南高原边缘森林生态功能区、川滇森林及生物多样性生态功能区、三峡库区水土保持生态功能区、海南岛中部山区热带雨林生态功能区和秦巴生物多样性生态功能区等南方生态功能区的土壤保持量最高;重点生态功能区内土壤各养分元素保持量与土壤保持量和土壤自身各养分元素含量有关,各土壤养分保持量由高到底的顺序为:土壤有机碳、土壤全钾、土壤全氮和土壤全磷,且以藏东南高原边缘森林生态功能区和川滇森林及生物多样性生态功能区各类土壤养分元素保持量最高。建议加强单位面积现实土壤侵蚀量较高区域的植被保护和管理,提高植被覆盖度和增强水土保持措施,从而增强土壤保持功能,减少土壤养分流失;同时巩固潜在土壤侵蚀量较高区域的植被保护和水土保持措施,防止土壤侵蚀恶化。     

藏东"三江"流域土地沙漠化成因及防治对策

金沙江、澜沧江和怒江是藏东地区著名的国际性大河,"三江"流域作为"江河源"、"生态源"的重要组成部分,它的生态环境变化对当地乃至周边地区都有着重大影响。近年来受全球变暖和人类不合理的开发自然资源的影响,土地沙漠化问题日趋严重,直接影响了当地的经济发展和人民生活。作者在分析了当地土地沙漠化现状、成因的基础上,结合当地实际情况提出三条防治土地沙漠化的对策,并指出保护好"三江"流域的生态环境对当地乃至周边地区都有着十分重要的意义。     

长江金沙江段生态屏障建设的功能区划——以昭通市为例

以昭通市为例,探讨生态屏障地区的功能区划方案。生态屏障地区是国家“十一五”规划提出的4大类功能区中的限制开发区或禁止开发区,其目标是实施以国家、区域或流域生态安全为保障的生态系统恢复和保护工程。运用功能区划的基本思想,以昭通市自然、生态与社会经济主要因子的评价为基础,借助G IS分析工具,以参评因子的空间态势为依据,划分生态保护和经济发展功能兼备的主体功能区,为在中小尺度的生态保护地区划分功能区提供了研究案例。     

Zoogeography and paleozoology of leeches,molluscs, and amphibians in Western Bonneville Basin,Utah, USA

The artesian springs of Tule Valley are similar to those of adjacent Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat based on conductivity and temperature. All three valleys support Ranidae amphibians and the leechErpobdella punctata. The artesian springs in Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat contain six and two species of fish and contained up to 18 and 12 species of mollusk respectively, whereas Tule Valley artesian springs contain neither fish nor mollusks. The leechesHelobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia complanata, andHaemopis grandis were found in Snake Valley whereasHelobdella triserialis, Theromyzon rude, andHaemopis marmorata were found in Tule Valley. These springs which were covered by Lake Bonneville to a depth of several hundred meters, 16 000 BP., became isolated after the paleolake desiccated 13 000 years BP. The marsh snailCatinella is found above the paleolake level in Snake and Tule Valley and has not penetrated to the valley floor habitats once covered by the paleolake, whereas another marsh snailOxyloma has penetrated into these habitats in Snake Valley. The leech and molluscan distributions in Tule, Snake and Fish Springs Valleys suggest that the paleolake did not allow for much movement among the valleys, and successful passive aerial transport has not occurred after the paleolake desiccation 13 000 years BP. Paleozoological models are proposed to explain the presence and absence of these species in Tule Valley. Both lateral movement (along paleolake shorelines) and vertical movement (to new habitats formed after the desiccation of the paleolake) by amphibians, mollusks and leeches is restricted in large terminal lakes and is species dependent in both spatial and temporal scales of the hydrological cycle.     

Statewide Estimates of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold,Silver, Copper,Lead, and Zinc

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types.     

Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship

Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.     

Response and recovery of the Eel River, California, and its tributaries to floods in 1955, 1964, and 1997

Northwestern California is prone to regional, high magnitude winter rainstorms, which repeatedly produce catastrophic floods in the basins of the northern Coast Ranges. Major floods on the Eel River in 1955 and 1964 resulted in substantial geomorphic changes to the channel, adjacent terraces, and tributaries. This study evaluated the changes and the effects of a moderate flood in 1997 through field observations and examination of aerial photographs that spanned from 1954 to 1996. The purpose was to document the nature and magnitude of geomorphic responses to these three floods and assess the rates and controls on the recovery of the Eel River and its tributaries. Channel widening from extensive bank erosion was the dominant geomorphic change along the lower Eel River during major floods. As a result of the 1964 flood, the largest amount of widening was 195 m and represented an 80% change in channel width. Channel narrowing characterized the periods after the 1955 and 1964 floods. More than 30 years after the 1964 flood, however, the river had not returned to pre-flood width, which suggests that channel recovery required decades to complete. A long recovery time is unusual given that the Eel River is located in an area with a “superhumid” climate and has an exceptionally high sediment yield. This long recovery time may reflect highly seasonal precipitation and runoff, which are concentrated in 3–5 months each winter. In contrast to the main stem of the Eel River, the dominant effects of floods on the tributaries of the Eel River were rapid aggradation of channel bed and valley floor followed by immediate downcutting. Dendrogeomorphic data, aerial photographs, and field observations indicate that thick wedges of gravel, derived largely from hillslope failures in upper reaches of the tributaries, are deposited at and immediately upstream of the mouths of tributaries as the stage of the Eel River exceeded that of the tributaries during major floods. In the waning stages of the flood, the tributaries cut through the gravel at a rate equal to the lowering of the Eel and generated unpaired terraces and nickpoints. The complete process of deposition and incision can occur within a few days of peak discharge. Although reworking of some sediment on the valley floor may continue for years after large floods, channel morphology in the tributaries appears to be a product of infrequent, high magnitude events. The morphology of the tributary channel also appears to be greatly influenced by the frequency and magnitude of mass wasting in headwater areas of small basins.     

Global cities,cosmopolitanism, and geographies of tolerance

Scholarly attention devoted to global cities has emphasized their economic and political significance. Yet global cities are also deeply cultural and ideological in nature. Contrary to a long tradition of urban studies that views urban life as inherently alienating, this essay argues that the social and cultural diversity of global cities renders them mechanisms for the generation of tolerance and empathy. It opens with a brief review of global cities. Second, it traces the contours of cosmopolitanism as an ideology that fosters respect for social and cultural differences and a wider community of caring. Third, it reviews the empirical evidence of American global cities to make the case that their diversity leads them to generate a progressive cosmopolitan ethnics. It draws on the literature of social psychology, the work of Richard Florida, and indices of immigration, religious and linguistic diversity, homophobia, and voting patterns to substantiate the claim that cosmopolitan values are most evident and deeply rooted in globalized metropolitan centers.     

中国工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化、绿色化“五化”协调定量评价的进展与反思

工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化、绿色化“五化”是社会现代化战略的重要支撑。“五化”协调定量评价是近年来一个研究热点。本文通过梳理和总结国内关于“五化”协调发展定量研究发现：①“五化”协调发展的内涵解读不一,评价时往往选择单指标,与综合指标差异很大。②权重计算以熵权法为主,层次分析法等主观评价方法较少,主客观评价结合更少。③协调水平的研究方法主要以耦合度、耦合协调度为主,其次为关系拟合与趋势预测法、DEA动态效率+HR模型、同步度模型等,并出现了系统性研究方法以及多种方法的交叉,研究方法的层次不断提高。④空间分析方法以空间分类与探索性空间数据分析为主,空间重心转移轨迹、空间格局的动态演进、空间趋势分析等研究方法逐渐出现。⑤时空分异的机理分析主要以影响因子解读与多元线性回归模型为主,空间滞后模型(SLM)、空间误差模型(SEM)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)等考虑空间因素的回归模型开始出现。但“化”的过程性、阶段性分析不足,“化”与“化”协调发展的转折点及转型机制分析不足。根据研究进展的评析,从研究范式、指标选择与权重计算、研究方法、空间分析技术、时空分异的机理解释等方面进行了反思,提出了加强“五化”协调发展的内在机理与评价维度分析、加强指标体系构建和权重设置的合理性研究、采用多元的“五化”协调度评价方法、加强空间分析技术的综合应用、促进定量解释与定性解释的结合等建议。