关于发展中国城市群GIS的探讨

城群GIS是适应城市群区域管治的需要，透过跨政府部门、跨行政区域的政府、企业、学术团体和公众之间的协作，共建和共享地理、人口、经济、资源等空间信息基础设施，发展多种多样的地理信息应用系统，服务于城市区域规划、环境保护、资源利用、大型基础设施建设、灾害防护方面的决策与行动。该文提出了城市群GIS概念，并探讨其功能和架构、关键技术、项目组织、系统实施问题，以期推动学术界对于跨组织、协作型城市群GIS的研究。     

扬子江城市群空间结构演变与支撑策略研究

基于GIS平台,运用位序规模分布、均匀度指数、引力指数对扬子江城市群空间结构演变、集聚扩散特征、空间相互作用强度进行分析,结果如下:南京、苏州中心城市辐射带动区域发展能力有限;泰州中轴枢纽优势未充分发挥;南通江海门户地位未充分利用;跨江基础设施对接不足均在一定程度上阻碍了扬子江城市群的发展。未来应强化苏州、南京双引擎功能,实现扬子江城市群双核共振式发展;优先实现发展洼地隆起,带动城市群带状连绵式发展;加强跨江通道建设;重视泰州中轴培育。     

城市群经济发展系统形成与整合机制探讨--以大珠江三角洲城市群为例

在经济全球化背景下的国家间的竞争正演变为城市群间的竞争，而城市群经济竞争力常常取决于城市群的经济资源聚集与整合能力。从大珠江三角洲城市群经济发展系统形成机制来看，经济全球化和外资的双重作用，引起制造业集聚与扩张、高密度基础设施联系与城镇面积的扩展，由此形成的核心城市经济联系强化而行政联系弱化。其经济整合机制的关键是构建统一的经济运行和管理机制，包括公共资源利用与管理、基础设施建设以及产业互动发展机制。按照大都市区的方式、继续完善统一开放的市场体系、积极促成企业跨区域的有序合作与竞争、改善和增强政府之间的合作与协调能力以及建立有效的统一的经济运行和管理机制，将促进大珠江三角洲城市群经济整合发展。     

长三角城市群空间联系与整合

城市群已成为我国城镇化发展的主体形态,是我国国民经济和国家综合竞争力的重要载体。长三角城市群被誉为世界第六大城市群,正处于城市化高速发展阶段,面临诸多区域性问题,如基础设施对接、人口跨区域流动等。基于城市流强度和城市经济联系强度模型,定量判断长三角城市群空间层级和联系程度。长三角城市群形成了以上海为中心,南京、杭州、苏州、无锡和宁波等特大城市为副中心的多中心支撑的网络化布局。据此,提出长三角城市群由上海城市群、南京城市群和杭甬城市群三大次级城市群组成,整合长三角城市群空间布局,加快区域一体化进程。     

中国跨区域纠纷案件网络空间结构特征

本研究旨在评估中国跨区域纠纷案件的空间地理分布特征。借助GIS等分析工具，对跨区域纠纷案件的空间分布特征进行分析，结果表明：①中国纠纷案件网络呈现出“一轴、两心、多组团”的“钻石型”网络结构，形成了“核心-次中心-边缘”层级明显的区域网络结构，局部呈现出“大集聚、小分散”网络格局；②区域纠纷案件网络主要类型有：单中心网络结构、双中心网络结构、多中心网络结构；③主要城市群间的纠纷案件的关联度由强到弱依次为：珠三角洲城市群、长三角洲城市群、成渝城市群、天山北坡城市群、关中平原城市群、京津翼城市群，纠纷案件关联度越强，跨区域的法律纠纷事件发生越频繁；④纠纷案件的网络发展过程中表现出：纠纷案件被行政区分割、发达城市群法律纠纷行为外溢、产生法律纠纷行为向中心城市集聚等特征。     

北部湾城市群综合交通网络一体化分析与评价

北部湾城市群作为我国西部陆海新通道、海上丝绸之路的重要门户,地理位置极具战略性和特殊性,精准谋划北部湾城市群交通一体化发展蓝图,对于北部湾城市群向国家级城市群迈进具有重要战略意义.该文以北部湾城市群综合交通路网为研究对象,基于空间句法,对北部湾城市群路网拓扑性和节点城市交通控制力强度进行多尺度形式一体化评价,并结合GIS高级空间统计、交通需求量预测以及城市研究重力模型,进行城市群功能性特征指标量化分析.总体上,该研究从"形式+功能"角度对北部湾城市群多模式交通网络现状及演化特点进行解读与发展研判,旨在深化对北部湾城市群交通立体网络结构现状的认知,辅助提高对北部湾城市群未来交通政策研制、基础设施规划建设和通道枢纽节点协调布设等重点工程的决策把控.研究结果表明,北部湾城市群多层次多节点层级体系清晰,"一湾双轴、一核两极"发展框架基本明确,区域间城市组团格局初步形成.     

湖南“3+5”城市群城市综合承载力评价

湖南"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力评价从人口、经济、资源、环境、城市基础设施以及外部支撑力6个方面入手,所采用方法为信息熵法。结果表明"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力呈现出明显的梯度差异,长沙市以综合得分1.715分居于城市群之首,益阳市为1.410分最低,且"3+5"城市群承载力总体状况不容乐观;经济承载力是制约城市群城市综合承载力提高的首要因素;资源、环境承载力低下成为城市群共同问题;科技创新与区际交流对城市综合承载力提升具有重要意义。     

韧性视角下城市社会脆弱性评估及优化策略——以珠三角城市群为例

从防灾减灾角度研究珠三角城市群的社会脆弱性,提出降低社会脆弱性的优化策略。首先,从人口、经济、基础设施、社会组织保障等4个方面构建城市灾害社会脆弱性评价指标体系;其次,基于客观赋权的信息熵法,建立城市灾害社会脆弱性定量评价模型,计算珠三角城市群社会脆弱性指数,分析各城市社会脆弱性演变规律和影响因素;最后,基于韧性视角提出降低社会脆弱性的优化建议。结果表明：2010—2020年,各大城市的人口脆弱性增加,经济脆弱性呈先增后减趋势,基础设施脆弱性增加,社会组织保障脆弱性降低,社会脆弱性呈先增后降趋势;广州、珠海和深圳社会脆弱性相对较低,肇庆和江门相对较高;经济脆弱性和社会组织保障脆弱性是影响整个城市群社会脆弱性的主要因素;应从科学制订城市空间规划、开展城市韧性水平科学评估、推进城市韧性系统建设、促进蓝/绿/灰防灾基础设施融合、构建城市群防灾韧性管理制度等方面提升韧性城市建设,以整体提高珠三角城市群的防灾减灾能力和城市韧性水平。     

城市群资源环境承载力研究进展及展望

城市群资源环境承载力研究具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。城市群资源环境承载力研究是一种特殊类 型的区域资源环境承载力研究, 关于区域资源和环境单要素的承载力研究, 国内学者进行了较多的评述, 本文主要 对国内外区域资源环境综合要素承载力及城市群地区资源环境承载力研究进行综述。研究认为, 目前国内外对城 市群资源环境承载力进行系统分析的研究成果十分有限, 相关研究中存在的不足表现在: ①承载力研究不够深入, 尚未形成完善的理论体系; ②资源环境承载力研究集中于单要素研究, 综合要素承载力研究欠缺; ③资源环境承载 力的概念及量化方法有待深入探讨; ④城市群资源环境承载力研究没有充分考虑区域系统的开放性特征。针对这 些不足, 城市群资源环境承载力研究的主要趋势和方向为: ①从综合多要素角度加强城市群开放系统承载力研究; ②充分重视城市群区域空间结构的整体性特征; ③注重科技进步、制度管理等人类社会文化因素的影响; ④加强城 市群资源环境承载力综合测度与定量测算方法研究; ⑤充分发挥复杂系统方法、GIS、RS 等先进技术的作用。     

我国沿海地区城市群可持续发展问题探析--以山东半岛城市群为例

提出我国沿海地区城市群在实现可持续发展过程中所面临的问题,并以山东半岛城市群为例,从地区的经济结构、生态环境、资源利用、基础设施等方面,分析制约其可持续发展的因子,最后提出了几点看法,建议。     

Geographical data handling and GIS in China

Abstract

Abstract Chinese governments have long paid a great deal of attention to the collection of geodata, and existing sources have been further enhanced by technological advances, notably in remote sensing. Progress has also been made with automated cartography. An expert working group has been examining GIS and it is recognized that a system combining both national and regional components is most appropriate for China. Three basic functions are envisaged for such GIS: comprehensive regional analysis, prediction of change and the sharing of data. Such systems must serve the needs of users and, in order to demonstrate potential applications, regional experiments are being undertaken, including examples of urban information systems, river basin information systems and specialized systems (e.g. for tourist and forest resources). In the next few years, the emphasis will be on research and on technological preparation for the adoption of GIS, including the use of an experimental set of geographical grid cells. Chinese scholars are also involved in international collaboration in the study of global problems and propose a cooperative programme for a global geographical information system.     

“面向区域”的GIS控件的设计与使用

本文提出了一个“面向区域”GIS控件的概念———即以特定的地理区域为对象,将基础地理信息连同有关的GIS功能操作融合为一个可重用的程序模块,以Microsoft的COM(即“组件对象模型”)技术为基础,组织为“GIS化”的ActiveX控件。这种GIS控件,将面向对象技术中的“对象”扩展到了整个特定的地理区域空间,其核心思想是不仅封装了GIS的数据模型,必要的功能操作,而且封装了所有的基础地理信息。由于省去了对空间数据的处理,因而这种GIS控件可被广大非GIS专业的信息系统开发者灵活、简便地用于各种管理信息系统、办公自动化系统和决策支持系统的GIS功能扩充,也可用于构建一般的地理信息系统,因而有利于GIS技术应用的普及。文章最后给出了有关陕西省的应用实例     

Fuzzy information representation and processing in conventional GIS software: database design and application

Currently used methods for representing geographical information are inadequate because they do not tolerate imprecision. This leads to information loss and inaccuracy in analysis. Such expressive inadequacy is largely due to the underlying membership concept of classical set theory. To improve information processing in GIS research and application, an alternative membership concept is required. In this paper, we explore the inadequacy imposed upon geographical information representation by classical set theory and address the problems of information loss. A fuzzy relational data model is defined which is more representative for geographical information. A GIS database for agricultural land resource management is created by using the data model and a new technique for assessing land suitability is developed. The fuzzy representation largely facilitates data analysis in this GIS. The methods are tested with data from North Java, Indonesia using a vector-based GIS software package, Arc Info, and the analysis results are presented.     

The application of GIS in the lands sector of a developing country: Challenges facing land administrators in Ghana

The Government of Ghana is about to take steps under its Land Administration Project to initiate the adoption of geographical information systems (GIS) in the administration of land. This paper identifies some of the challenges for Ghana's leading lands agency, the Lands Commission Secretariat, and highlights problems such as the paucity of reliable data sets and lack of standards. One of the major planning issues in Accra is that of building encroachments, for which no digital information is currently available. The paper reports on a pilot study to record encroachments on public land and demonstrates the type of inconsistencies that are apparent between the planning and cadastral data sets that do exist. The paper emphasizes that appropriate applications of GIS in Ghana's land sector are those that consider the political, social and institutional contexts within which GIS is to be operationalized.     

Fuzziness in Geographical Information Systems: contributions from the analytic hierarchy process†

Abstract

Recent developments in geographical information systems have drawn upon concepts of fuzzy set theory and multi-criteria methodology. In this paper we argue that there is a method, Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), that is compatible with both these research directions. The contributions of the AHP are highlighted in the light of recent developments in GIS, with particular attention to the concept of fuzzy set theory. An example of a GIS application is provided to show how the AHP can deal operationally with fuzziness, factor diversity and complexity in problems of land evaluation involving the location of a public facility.     

基于因子分析的三大都市密集地区的城市发展优势 ——对城市竞争力排序的商榷

近年来,随着城市竞争力概念的兴起,城市排序及城市排行榜成为各界瞩目的焦点。本文首先指出盲目追求城市排名的危害,之后从理论角度论述造成城市简单排序误区的根本原因在于对城市所属区域以及城市体系的忽视,提出应在对各城市进行定量评估的基础上,将城市发展优势与地域空间以及城市体系相结合,在地域空间中确定各城市功能定位。并以我国三大都市密集地区为实例,运用因子分析法对各城市发展优势进行定量评估。以实例阐明城市发展优势应在所属地域空间与其城市体系紧密结合,对城市简单排序提出了反驳。通过三大都市密集地区之间不同城市体系结构及其变化的比较研究,对城市集群的形成及其发展理论做了积极的探索。     

Coordinating hazardous waste management activities using geographical information systems

Abstract

This paper describes a framework for the role of geographical information systems (GIS) in the monitoring and management of hazardous waste sites. Compilation of required information, incorporation of existing strategies for waste monitoring, analysis of these data in a GIS environment and the integration of computerized models for transport processes are discussed. Examples for the analysis of spatial data using techniques of cartographic overlay and the implementation of geo-statistical methods on monitoring data are provided from work in progress by the authors. These examples are set in the context of developing a fully integrated monitoring and management system utilizing GIS technology.     

A review of temporal database research and its use in GIS applications

Abstract

A great deal of recent work in computer science applies itself to temporal database design. Designers of geographical information systems (GIS) can build on this work to create a temporal GIS capability to trace geographical change and understand geographical processes. This paper reviews temporal research in information processing, contrasts various proposed temporal database designs and summarizes the problems of adapting it to GIS requirements.     

Research related to geographical information systems at the Natural Environment Research Council's Unit for Thematic Information Systems

Abstract

The wide variety of research into aspects of geographical information systems (GIS) undertaken at the Natural Environment Research Council's Unit for Thematic Information Systems is described. This includes work on spatial data models, on the application of artificial intelligence to improve the quality of input of remotely-sensed data, on automation of map cataloguing, on improving display and on GIS modelling.