艾比湖二千余年来环境演变的地球化学记录

通过对新疆艾比湖Ash孔二千余年以来沉积的总有机碳含量及其碳同位素、碳酸盐含量及Mg／Ca比值等环境指标综合分析,数据显示：约在公元前500-400年,艾比湖水体面积较小,对应的气候偏干。约公元前400～公元1400年,水体面积较大,处于高水位时期,气候较为湿润,但此时期内的气候也有小幅的冷暖和干湿变化。其中在公元800-1300年期间艾比湖沉积记录显示水生生物对沉积有机质的贡献达到最大,而陆源有机质输入不明显,表明此时湖水水位可能达到二千余年来的最高,这一时段基本对应于中世纪暖期。从碳酸盐含量及Mg/Ca比值指标来看,该地区中世纪暖期可能有一个干湿的波动。公元1400年以来,艾比湖水位下降,其中在15世纪中和19世纪初是两次较为干燥的时期,与其他地区的小冰期气候相对应。     

艾比湖Ash浅孔沉积信息揭示的环境演变过程

通过对艾比湖西南湖底1．8m浅孔的沉积特征、粒度组成、有机地化分析结合^14C测年数据重建湖泊沉积时代的环境面貌。研究显示近3000年来艾比湖地区的环境总体上是相对稳定的，全球的气候波动曾引起艾比湖水位和周边环境发生一定的变化。其中艾比湖在2600～2450aBP年问湖水相对较浅，气候相对冷干。2300a BP年左右湖泊深度变浅，剖面处受到河流的影响。2300～440a BP年间是艾比湖的高水位时期,气候温暖湿润，水陆生植物繁茂。440a BP以来湖泊变浅。气候变得更加干旱。艾比湖作为一内陆干旱区封闭型湖泊，对全球环境变化的响应较为敏感，艾比湖的形成演变具有典型的干旱区代表性。     

黄河下游河道变迁控制因素浅析

一、黄河下游古河道变迁 黄河具多泥沙和下游善淤、善决、善徙的特性。黄河下游改道的范围,西以郑州的桃花峪为顶点。北经海河出大沽口,南经淮河入长江,其冲积平原总面积约25万平方公里。在有史记载的三四千年中,黄河在辽阔的冲积扇平原上南北滚动,决口漫溢达1593次,大改道六次。①禹河故道(公元前2278年至公元前602年)。②西汉故道(公元前602年至公元11年)。③东汉故道(公元11年至公元1048年)。④北宋故道(公元1048年至1128年)。⑤南宋故道(公元1128年至1368年)。⑥明、清故道(1368年至1855年)。⑦现行河道(公元1855年至今)。     

过去2000年冷暖变化的基本特征与主要暖期

根据近年国内外相关研究结果,分析了北半球与中国过去2000 年冷暖变化的阶段性,辨识了百年尺度暖期的起讫年代及其与20 世纪温暖程度的差别。结果表明:(1) 最近新建的多数北半球温度变化序列显示公元1-270 年温暖;271-840 年冷暖相间,但总体偏冷;841-1290年温暖;1291-1910 年寒冷;1911 年以后再次转为温暖;这些冷暖阶段虽分别与Lamb 指出的罗马暖期(约公元前1 世纪-4 世纪中期)、黑暗时代冷期(约4 世纪末-10 世纪前期)、中世纪暖期(约10 世纪中期-13 世纪末)、小冰期(约15-19 世纪) 以及20 世纪增暖大致对应,但各阶段的起讫时间与Lamb确定的时段存在一定差别。(2) 尽管过去2000 年冷暖变化过程及其变幅大小在中国境内各个区域间并不完全一致,但从全国平均看,中国与北半球百年尺度的冷暖波动阶段基本一致,仅起讫年代存在一定差异;其中公元1-200 年、551-760 年、941-1300 年及20世纪气候相对温暖,其他时段则相对寒冷。(3) 多数序列显示中世纪期间北半球的温暖程度至少与20 世纪相当。中国941-1300 年间的最暖百年和最暖30 年(暖峰) 的温度也略高于20 世纪,551-760 年间的最暖百年与20 世纪基本相当,但1-200 年间最暖百年的温暖程度则较20 世纪略低。     

艾比湖流域气候变化及其径流响应

利用艾比湖流域5个气象站45年的气温降水资料,分析了艾比湖流域的气候变化特征。在近45年当中,艾比湖流城的气候发生了显著的变化,主要表现在气温的升高和降雨量的增加。艾比湖流城气候变化对区城水文水资源的影响主要表现在:1)近45年来艾比湖流域气温存在着明显变暖的总趋势,尤其以20世纪90年代最为明显。气候变暖具有明显的季节性差异,主要是在冬季,而春季变暖的趋势较为缓慢;2)近45年来艾比湖流域降水量呈现增多趋势,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后期,降水量明显偏多,其中夏半年降水量增长趋势率要高于冬半年降水量增长趋势率;3)艾比湖流域主要河流年径流的多年变化不大,总体上博尔塔拉河下游径流量呈减少趋势,而精河径流量呈上升趋势。博尔塔拉河下游地表径流对博乐站年降水量有正响应,精河地表径流对精河水文年降水量有正响应;4)变暖也造成了河湖水质的不断恶化,艾比湖和河流下游水体的矿化度逐年升高,水体化学类型由碳酸盐型向碳酸盐—硫酸盐型再向硫酸盐—氯化物型过渡。     

1958—2012年博斯腾湖水位变化驱动力

利用1958—2012年博斯腾湖流域水文、气象与社会经济资料序列,采用灰色关联法分析了博斯腾湖水位变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)在过去半个多世纪,博斯腾湖水位经历了下降、上升、再下降3个阶段,各阶段内各驱动因素的权重不同;(2)博斯腾湖水位变化主要是入湖流量、降水及气温波动等自然因素和耕地面积、灌溉面积、灌溉引水量及灌溉净耗水量等人为因素共同作用的结果,特别是入湖流量变化是博斯腾湖水位升降的主要影响因素。1958—1987年,开都河处于偏枯年份,博斯腾湖水位呈缓慢下降的趋势,水位从1958年的1 048.00m下降至1987年的1 045.03m,平均水位为1 047.20m,这期间自然因素对水位的影响较大;1988—2002年,开都河处于丰水年,入湖水量较多,博斯腾湖水位呈快速上升趋势,水位从1988年的1 045.21m上升至2002年的1 048.60m,平均水位为1 046.80m,这期间人类活动对水位的影响开始增强,但自然因素对水位的影响仍强于人类活动对水位的影响;2003—2012年,入湖水量减少,博斯腾湖水位又呈急剧下降趋势,水位从2003年的1 048.55m下降至2012年的1 045.68m,这期间人类活动对水位的影响呈显著增加趋势;(3)1958—2012年博斯腾湖水位变化的主要驱动因素总体呈自然因素向人类活动的变化趋势。     

基于文献记录的敦煌地区历史时期沙尘天气序列重建

采用历史文献和现代观测资料结合的方法,根据河西走廊沙尘传输路径上不同地区沙尘暴发生的强度和概率关系,获取了143条记录、83个年代数据,初步建立了敦煌地区过去两千年的沙尘天气活动强度序列,并与邻近地区的树轮、冰芯等气候代用指标研究结果进行对比,分析了历史时期沙尘天气的时空分布与气候条件变化的关系。结果显示：敦煌地区沙尘天气强烈且频发时期主要在280—351年、1440—1550年、1720—1840年、1900—1952年等4个阶段,与周围地区自然代用证据所反映的沙尘高发时期基本对应,且大致对应于干旱、寒冷时段。在公元2世纪以前、7—14世纪、16—17世纪反映沙尘天气的文献记录较为缺失,但史料文献数据仍有广泛的挖掘空间。为填补这些空白时段的资料,应深入开展现有历史记录的定年工作,并加强国内外合作,进一步挖掘海外流失文献的价值,这将为敦煌和整个西北地区历史时期气候环境的研究提供更充分的数据支撑。     

塔里木河河道的历史变迁及驱动力分析

通过查史记梳理了塔里木河过去约2 000 a的变迁轨迹,发现在过去的2 000 a间,塔里木河一直表现为向北移动并逐步萎缩的态势:北魏(约公元386年)以前,塔里木河由南河和北河构成,两者相距240 km以上;北魏至唐中期(约公元755年),塔里木河南河北移约160~180 km,使其失去2条源流并开始瓦解,同时北河下段北移60~85 km;唐中期至元前夕(公元1225年),南河进一步瓦解,仅剩一条源流;元至清初(约公元1670年),南河仅存的一条源流北移约70 km汇入北河,南河消失;清初至民国,塔里木河干流沙雅以下河段发生南北摆动,但总体上继续向北迁移;近60 a来,塔里木河中游北移50~100 km。研究分析,塔里木河河道变迁及北移是区域构造运动与地势特征、盛行风和沙丘移动、气候水文变化以及人为经济活动等多方面因素共同作用的结果。     

中国历史大疫的时空分布及其规律研究

文章从甲骨文、二十五史、十三经、古医书、笔记和杂录、地方志、类书中,获取了中国历史大疫385条(公元前13世纪至1911年)。进而,对385奈疫情的烈度进行定量分级,分析中国历史大疫的时间分布、空间分布,并提出了一些规律性见解：在历史上中国是大疫频繁发生的国家;3000多年大疫史上有两个活跃期(公元2～3世纪、16～19世纪),且有愈后愈多之势,从百年一遇,到数十年一遇、数年一遇;东部多,西部少,以长江中下游和黄河中下游地区为最甚;存在着灾害链,有旱—疫、涝—疫、饥—疫等10多种灾害链。     

艾比湖流域沙尘气候变化趋势及其突变研究

通过艾比湖流域5个气象站建站~2001年的观测资料,对艾比湖流域沙尘气候的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,气候发生了明显的变化,主要表现在气温升高,降水增多,但分布不均,沙尘暴、扬沙和大风日数稳定减少,但浮尘日数显著上升,风速分布发生了变化,大风日数的迅速减少还引起蒸发能力的减弱。艾比湖干枯的湖底盐漠面积与该流域沙尘总日数之间存在密切关系,艾比湖水域的伸缩而引发的荒漠化环境变化是造成该流域沙尘天气的主要因素。对艾比湖流域沙尘气候的突变检验结果表明,大风、沙尘暴、扬沙日数的减少和浮尘日数的上升是一种突变现象,这种突变与整个西北气候的变化和艾比湖流域沙漠化条件的变化存在一定的关系。     

Recent lake level variations in Lake Haubi, central Tanzania, interpreted from pollen and sediment studies

Variations in pollen assemblages and in physical and chemical composition of a dated sediment record from the small Lake Haubi in north central Tanzania, reveal lake level fluctuations since the late 19th century. Lake Haubi changed from a seasonally inundated swamp to a lake in the beginning of the 20th century. With the exception of 1942-44, when it dried out completely, it remained water filled until 1994 when it again turned into a swamp. The lake level fluctuations in Lake Haubi are largely in phase with fluctuations of the larger East African lakes levels during the 20th century, and are therefore interpreted as being mainly controlled by regional climatic fluctuations. However, the initial formation of Lake Haubi at the turn of the century was likely due to local catchment specific causes, e.g. changes in land use, as the rapid increase in the water level at this time does not correspond to other lake level records from the region.     

藏南沉错地区近1400年来的介形类与环境变化

通过分析藏南沉错CC1孔的介形类动物群所提供的古环境信息，探讨近1400年来的湖泊演化。CC1孔介形类共计7属15种。据其属种，数量及生态特征，可划分为7个组合，同时发现1400年来沉错环境变化可分为3个时期：（1）公元6世末－14世纪下半叶沉错主要为较深水湖，其中大约在708－780年和1199－1213年湖泊迅速扩大加深；（2）14世纪下半叶－19世纪末沉错主要为浅水湖，其中大约在1454－1525年，1645－1670年和1803－1891年3个时段湖泊强烈退缩，环境极不稳定，而大约在1731－1803年湖泊发生逆向转化，湖水增多，湖面抬升；（3）19世纪末至今沉错由较深水湖转变为浅水湖，20世纪60年代以前为较深水湖，其中大约在1929－1935年湖泊急剧加深，20世纪70年代以来湖泊退缩，湖水变浅。     

Water-level variations in Lake Nhauhache, Mozambique, during the last 2,300?years

Stratigraphic variations in diatom composition and phytolith abundance in a sediment core from a small, hydrologically isolated waterbody, Lake Nhauhache, Mozambique, provide evidence of water-level fluctuations over the past ~2,300?years. Ten AMS radiocarbon dates on bulk sediment samples show that the lake came into existence about 2,300?years ago and that it has dried out since then, but only for brief time periods. Changes in the diatom assemblage composition indicate that lake level fluctuated in response to shifting humidity conditions. The changes reflect wetter conditions ca. 300 BC?CAD 800, more variable conditions between AD 800 and 1150, a distinct dry phase within the time span AD 1150?C1700 and a return thereafter to more humid conditions until present. There is general agreement between the Lake Nhauhache record and other records from the Southern Hemisphere summer rainfall region. This suggests that sediments from small interdunal lakes, which are abundant along the coast of southern Africa, provide reliable, regional paleoenvironmental information about an area from which more such data are needed.     

A 2300-year record of environmental change from SW Anatolia, Lake Burdur, Turkey

This work deals with changes recorded by lacustrine sediments from SW Anatolia in Turkey in the context of increasing stress on the Mediterranean environment in relation to human-climate-environmental interactions. Paleolimnological investigations were carried out on Lake Burdur (Lake District geographical subregion of Turkey), which has been subject to rapid changes in its hydrological system that caused a ~10-m water-level drop in the last 30 years. Study of a 5-m-long sediment core, taken from the recently dried out part of the lake, shows significant variation in granulometry, clay mineralogy, nitrogen and organic carbon content and its isotopic composition (?¹³C_org) throughout the sedimentary sequence, which represents the last 2,300 years. Chronology is based on radiocarbon dates obtained from plant fragments. The results provide a record of environmental changes, including biological productivity and erosion intensity, in relation to changes in water level and humidity of the area. The lowest previous water level, which is the same as observed today, occurred at approximately 300 BC, after which time a water-level increase led to a maximum stage between AD 200 and 1200. From AD 1200 to the present, the climate became drier accompanied by an overall lowering of water level, with periods of water-level fluctuations superimposed. The lake never dried out as is observed today at the coring site. The present drop in the lake water level is attributed to human activity rather than to climate change. This record of climate and environmental change in the Lake Burdur area appears to be stratigraphically complete. This study provides rare data for the late Holocene in Anatolia as well as information about rapid climate changes during specific periods. The influence of both the Northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation and Indian monsoon on the east Mediterranean remains unclear. Nevertheless, the North Sea—Caspian atmospheric teleconnection could be an important factor that explains local differences in climatic evolution of Anatolia during the period considered.     

Late Holocene diatom assemblages in a lake-sediment core from Central Kamchatka,Russia

Fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from a small lake in Central Kamchatka (Russia) were used to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions of the late Holocene. The waterbody may be a kettle lake that formed on a moraine of the Two-Yurts Lake Valley, located on the eastern slope of the Central Kamchatka Mountain Chain. At present, it is a seepage lake with no surficial outflow. Fossil diatom assemblages show an almost constant ratio between planktonic and periphytic forms throughout the record. Downcore variations in the relative abundances of diatom species enabled division of the core into four diatom assemblage zones, mainly related to changes in abundances of Aulacoseira subarctica, Stephanodiscus minutulus, and Discostella pseudostelligera and several benthic species. Associated variations in the composition and content of organic matter are consistent with the diatom stratigraphy. The oldest recovered sediments date to about 3220 BC. They lie below a sedimentation hiatus and likely include reworked deposits from nearby Two-Yurts Lake. The initial lake stage between 870 and 400 BC was characterized by acidic shallow-water conditions. Between 400 BC and AD 1400, lacustrine conditions were established, with highest contributions from planktonic diatoms. The interval between AD 1400 and 1900 might reflect summer cooling during the Little Ice Age, indicated by diatoms that prefer strong turbulence, nutrient recycling and cooler summer conditions. The timing of palaeolimnological changes generally fits the pattern of neoglacial cooling during the late Holocene on Kamchatka and in the neighbouring Sea of Okhotsk, mainly driven by the prevailing modes of regional atmospheric circulation.     

Diatom responses to 20th century climate-related environmental changes in high-elevation mountain lakes of the northern Canadian Cordillera

Diatom responses to 20th century climate-related environmental change were assessed from three high-elevation lakes in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Dominance of small benthic Fragilaria diatoms reflect the generally cold conditions with long periods of ice cover that have characterized these mountain lakes over at least the last ~300 years until the period of recent warming. At the turn of the 20th century, salient shifts in the diatom assemblages reveal individualistic limnological responses with the onset of climate warming trends in northwest Canada. At YK3 Lake, an oligotrophic, chemically dilute, alpine lake, increased representation of the planktonic Cyclotella pseudostelligera may reflect longer ice-free conditions and/or more stable thermal stratification. By contrast, in the more productive, alkaline lakes (BC2 and Deadspruce lakes), changes to more diverse assemblages of periphytic diatoms suggest greater benthic habitat availability, most likely associated with the enhanced growth of aquatic plants with lengthening of the growing seasons. In addition, diatom assemblages from these lakes suggest less alkaline conditions following the onset of 20th century climate warming. Continued alkalinity reduction throughout the 20th century is qualitatively inferred at the lower elevation, treeline lake (Deadspruce Lake), while greater representation of alkaliphilous Fragilaria diatoms after ~1950 suggested increased alkalinity at the alpine BC2 Lake. Our results confirm the sensitivity of diatoms from high-elevation mountain lakes to regional climate change in northwest Canada. Individualistic limnological responses to 20th century warming are potentially attributed to differences in their physical setting (e.g., bedrock geology, elevation, catchment vegetation) in this complex mountain environment.     

Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Lake Baringo Basin,Kenya, East Africa Since AD 1650: Evidence from the Paleorecord∗

This article presents some of the findings of a multi-indicator investigation of the history of vegetational changes and land degradation in the Lake Baringo basin, Kenya, East Africa, during the Late Holocene. ¹⁴C- and ²¹⁰Pb-dated record of the lithostratigraphy is used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment in the region of the lake. The stratigraphic record from Lake Baringo reveals the presence of two abrupt dry episodes at ca. AD 1650 and AD 1720 in east Africa that led to drying up of the lake. The record also shows evidence of a third period of desiccation at ca. AD 1880, which resulted in lowering of the lake level and is corroborated by oral tradition from the area. This article shows the potential of how the paleoenvironmental record can be combined with the historical record to understand East Africa's paleoenvironment.     

Tracking past mining activity using trace metals,lead isotopes and compositional data analysis of a sediment core from Longemer Lake,Vosges Mountains,France

A 157-cm-long sediment core from Longemer Lake in the Vosges Mountains of France spans the past two millennia and was analyzed for trace metal content and lead isotope composition. Trace metal accumulation rates highlight three main input phases: Roman Times (cal. 100 BC–AD 400), the Middle Ages (cal. AD 1000–1500), and the twentieth century. Atmospheric contamination displays a pattern that is similar to that seen in peat bogs from the region, at least until the eighteenth century. Thereafter, the lake sediment record is more precise than peat records. Some regional mining activity, such as that in archaeologically identified eighteenth-century mining districts, was detected from the lead isotope composition of sediment samples. Compositional data analysis, using six trace metals (silver, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc), enabled us to distinguish between background conditions, periods of mining, and of other anthropogenic trace metal emissions, such as the recent use of leaded gasoline.     

从徐霞客游记研究三百多年来茈碧湖的演变*

根据《徐霞客游记》复原古茈碧湖原貌,以此进行古今对比研究,揭示湖泊演变过程及主要影响因素。     

Historical genetics on a sediment core from a Kenyan lake: intraspecific genotype turnover in a tropical rotifer is related to past environmental changes

Using molecular genetic methods and an ancient DNA approach, we studied population and species succession of rotifers of the genus Brachionus in the Kenyan alkaline-saline crater lake Sonachi since the beginning of the 19th century as well as distribution of Brachionus haplotypes in recent and historic sediments of other lakes of the East African Rift System. The sediment core record of Lake Sonachi displays haplotypes of a distinct evolutionary lineage in all increments. Populations were dominated by a single mitochondrial haplotype for a period of 150 years, and two putatively intraspecific turnovers in dominance occurred. Both changes are concordant with major environmental perturbations documented by a profound visible change in sediment composition of the core. The first change was very abrupt and occurred after the deposition of volcanic ash at the beginning of the 19th century. The second change coincides with a major lake level lowstand during the 1940s. It was preceded by a period of successively declining lake level, in which two other haplotypes appeared in the lake. One of these putatively belongs to another species documented in historical and recent Kenyan lake sediments. The analysis of plankton population dynamics through historical time can reveal patterns of population persistence and turnover in relation to environmental changes.