广州日本移民族裔经济的形成及其社会空间特征

伴随着改革开放的深入,在华外国人也日益增多。其中部分开始由短期滞在转向长期居留,日本人为典型之一。外国人居留模式的变化,对中国城市经济社会及空间景观带来前所未有的诸多影响,族裔经济的出现即是其中一个主要特征。本文在此背景下,运用实地调查、问卷与半结构化访谈等方法,实证了在广州日本移民族裔经济的形成,探讨了其规模、行业分布、形成过程及运作模式,通过案例剖析揭示了新时期在华日本移民族裔经济的基本特征及其社会经济影响。研究发现,在广州日本族裔经济体系业已形成,并且其仍在发展壮大之中。广州的日本移民对族裔经济依赖度高,族裔经济不仅是其生活的支撑,同时也是保持族裔身份认同的工具。广州日本族裔经济具有自我服务、本地植根的特征,同时族裔经济的发展在空间上也带来族裔景观,如广州的天河北地区即是一例。这些变化给中国的国际化城市建设和移民管理带来了新的课题。     

上海古北地区日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成特征

随着中国国际化程度的提高,在华外国人数量日益增长并呈现在特定大城市集聚的倾向。上海作为在华外国人集聚规模最大的城市,古北地区的日本人聚居区及其族裔经济引起了广泛的社会关注。主要通过实地调查及深度访谈,探讨古北地区日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成特征。研究发现：古北地区日本人族裔经济形成了以日本人聚居区为依托、以日本人为主要服务对象、中国人和日本人共同经营的特色,该地区的出现既与中国的移民、经济政策相关,也与日本人的族裔特性如旅居属性、较高的社会经济地位、民族内向性等因素相关联。作为高端移民族裔经济的代表,日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成给上海的城市规划建设及移民管理带来了新的课题。     

地缘政治视角下的跨境移民和族裔社区研究

在全球-地方频繁互动的今天,跨国/跨地方逐渐成为超高速流动的社会现实,移民与流入流出地的多元互动模糊了国与国、地方与地方之间的边界,在目的地不断重塑社会结构和空间,在物质和符号维度赋予了地方不同的意义。族裔社区不仅仅反映了不同的移民群体复杂的日常生活实践及其在空间上的互动,也将对多元化族裔空间的关注转移到社区、空间、领土政治甚至流动地缘想象,同时也将族裔社区空间纳入一个关系性的视角下。而传统上地缘政治视角对移民和族裔空间的关注相对有限。因此,本专栏主要讨论地缘政治视角下的跨境移民和族裔社区。具体而言,专栏首先回顾了地缘政治研究及其对流动性的关注和移民研究中的地缘政治面向,其次通过8篇文章讨论了不同尺度下多元的跨境移民及族裔社区营造与建构的相关研究,希冀从理论、方法以及实证研究方面对现有知识进行补充,也尝试通过探索国内外相关研究的进展,为社会和国家治理的需求服务。     

边境地区医疗服务研究综述

文章检索了科学引文数据(Web of Science)和中国知网(CNKI)中的边境医疗服务的相关文献,应用Cite Space文献分析软件的关键词共现分析功能,系统地综述了国内外边境医疗服务相关研究的重点。从研究区域上看,国外研究多关注美国和墨西哥边境地区,国内的研究则聚焦于云南省边境地区;从研究对象上看,国外研究主要关注居住在边境地区的少数族裔和女性群体,国内研究多关注少数民族群体;从研究内容上看,国外研究主要关注边境地区的健康与疾病管控和跨境就医行为两方面,而国内主要集中于对我国西南边境地区的疾病流行和医疗服务研究;从研究方法上来看,国内外研究中定性与定量方法兼有,并呈现出多学科交叉的特点。总体来看,未来的研究需要进一步拓展研究区域,综合健康地理学和政治地理学的多元视角,全面分析新时代下的边境健康问题。中国的邻国众多,边境地区地缘环境复杂,边境医疗服务的研究有待加强。未来需结合中国国情,借鉴国外的空间分析等新兴方法,结合多种概念模型和边境研究的相关理论,在多学科背景下开展更深层次的研究。     

当代国际移民创业研究进展

移民创业活动是经济地理学研究中一个重要主题。创业是一种经济活动，但不同群体的创业活动蕴含着不同文化内涵和行为选择。移民创业的研究是解读移民群体社会与文化形成的一个关键的维度。移民群体具有明显的边界，其内部的空间秩序、社会网络、族裔文化以及共同的身份认同都是值得探讨话题，因此学界对移民创业活动给予了持续的关注。移民活动日益频繁，所涉及的行业地域日益扩大，对移民创业群体的研究有利于促进区域经济发展、了解全球政治网络，沟通地理学与社会学和经济学的研究融合，是经济地理学研究中值得关注的问题。本文基于Citespace软件，运用文献分析法，从国际移民创业概念内涵阐述、研究动态、研究前沿及演变、未来研究可能四个方面出发，阐述移民创业研究的历史脉络及进展。研究发现美国和英国在移民创业中占有重要地位。区域创业环境是研究者们主要关注的话题，与创业联系最为紧密的是绩效（0.28）、自雇佣（0.17）和组织（0.17）等关键词研究。全球化趋势不可逆转，跨国主义日趋强盛，未来关于移民及移民创业的研究大有可期。     

全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例

随着近年的经济高速增长,中国已成为仅次于美国、日本的第三大韩国人移居地。在此背景下,运用实地调查和访谈方法,以北京望京为例,分析在华韩国人居住区及其族裔经济的形成与发展演变过程。北京望京是迄今为止在华韩国人聚集规模最大的社区,其以1998 年、2003 年为节点,经历了从花家地北移到望京西园,进而以望京西园为中心向外扩张的发展扩散过程。伴随着韩国人居住范围的扩大,面向韩国人的族裔经济也应运而生。当地的韩国人族裔经济多为韩国人和中国朝鲜族共同经营,以自我服务为主,已形成覆盖生产生活各方面的经济体系。相比中国国内的其他族裔聚居区,望京韩国人聚居区由于中国朝鲜族的参与,形成了主动融入、隐性隔离的特征,而这也为北京的移民管理和国际化城市建设带来了新挑战。     

韩国的中国移民增长及其居住空间分布

随着中韩建交后两国关系的改善和经济交流增多,移居韩国的中国移民快速增长并一跃成为韩国最大的外国人族裔群体。运用统计分析和实地调查的方法,首先分析韩国的中国移民的人口结构变化,进而以首尔为例探讨中国移民的居住空间分布及其社会经济特征。研究发现,中国移民主要由中国朝鲜族、中国大陆居民和中国台湾人构成。其中,中国朝鲜族被视为韩国人的在外同胞,较易获取韩国签证,人口数量一直高居首位。现阶段,基于民族和语言的差异,在首尔形成三大中国人聚居区——延南洞的台湾人聚居区、大林洞的中国朝鲜族聚居区以及紫阳洞的中国留学生聚居区,打破了以往中国人在韩国社会难以扎根的情况,其作为中韩两国今后更进一步交流发展的媒介,亟须给予重视和关注。     

宁夏闽宁镇生态移民社区空间动态演化类型、特征与影响因素研究

社区空间演化是近年来学术界持续关注的热点问题之一。利用社区动态演化集团渗透法（Clique Percolation Method）及叠置分析法,探究了宁夏闽宁镇生态移民社区空间动态演化类型、特征及影响因素,结果表明：① 生态移民社区主要存在增长、融合、延续、新生等空间动态演化类型;② 社区空间演化特征总体表现为由零散到集中,由不规则到规则几何图形,演化过程处于正向演化状态且符合中国民族分布特点;③ 社区空间动态演化影响因素主要有政策、自然环境、产业发展状况和地缘关系。     

非洲大湖地区地缘关系与族群问题的关联性研究

在非洲国家间的地缘关系中,通常存在两个行为主体,即国家行为体和族群行为体。非洲地缘关系的发展演变,既有国家地缘战略的影响,又离不开族群问题的作用。非洲国家的地缘政治博弈,常常以族群问题作为干预手段,族际冲突也因此越演越烈。族群问题的恶性发展,会反作用于地缘关系,令地缘关系与族群问题呈现出双向互构的态势。以非洲大湖地区为研究案例,将大湖地区的地缘关系变动情况分为三个时间段,从历史的维度对非洲地缘关系与族群问题的关联性和互动机制进行分析。本文认为,在大湖地区的稳定期、冲突期和重建期,地缘关系格局、地缘政治博弈、地缘战略和地缘经济分别对族群问题起到了关键性作用;而族群问题的发展,也在一定程度上重塑了大湖地区国家的地缘战略和地缘关系。     

在华外国人社会融合的现状与问题 ——以在沪日本人为例

随着中国经济的快速发展与对外开放程度的提高，在华外国人持续流入中国，探讨在华外国人社会融合问题的重要性凸显。本研究以在沪日本人为例，通过问卷调查和半结构化访谈方法，探讨了在华外国人在就业，住房，日常消费行为如购物、饮食、医疗、教育、娱乐、交通等方面的融合状况和满意度情况。研究发现，由于在沪日本人主要进入以日企或同胞为对象的外国人劳动力市场，倾向于聚居在日本人聚居区，日常消费方面高度依赖日本人族裔经济等，导致他们的工作和生活基本都局限在自我构建的封闭的当地日本人社会中。在沪日本人的社会融合程度普遍不高，这也成为今后改善移民管治、促进移民社会融合和城市国际化发展的重要课题。     

The Asymmetric Border: The United States’ Place in the World and the Refugee Panic of 2018

The year 2018 saw a moral panic in the United States in the media and among many citizens over the treatment of refugees/asylees at the U.S. southern border, particularly the separation and detention of children apart from their parents. This happened in the context of a period in U.S. political history in which “immigration,” without much discernment about different types of immigration, was central to political discourse. In fact, in terms of numbers, there was no immigration crisis at the border. Undocumented migration from Mexico across the southern border of the United States has been in decline for many years, and the irregular movement of people from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras is currently small by historical standards. The only crisis, to which the U.S. panic was a response, has been a human rights crisis. Families and children seeking asylum from horrendous civil‐rights conditions in their countries of origin were criminalized and denied their right to asylum hearings. The panic points both to the extreme politicization of immigration in the United States, particularly since Donald Trump's entry into national politics in 2015, and to popular confusion over categorizing different types of immigrants. But it also raises questions about the nature of the U.S. southern border in relation to the United States’ place in the world. Rather than thinking about the United States as simply the rich destination country of unfortunate people coming from poor origin countries, the refugee panic of 2018 brings into the focus the fact that the United States itself is complicit in the conditions in those countries that produce so many refugees in the first place.     

Environmental inequality and pollution advantage among immigrants in the United States

Environmental inequality scholarship has paid little attention to the disproportional exposure of immigrants in the United States (U.S.) to unfavorable environmental conditions. This study investigates whether new international migrants in the U.S. are exposed to environmental hazards and how this pattern varies among immigrant subpopulations (e.g., Hispanics, Asian, European). We combine sociodemographic information from the American Community Survey with toxicity-weighted chemical concentrations (Toxics Release Inventory) to model the relationship between toxin exposure and the relative population of recent immigrants across Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs, n = 2054) during 2005–2011. Results from spatial panel models show that immigrants tend to be less exposed to toxins, suggesting resilience instead of vulnerability. This pattern was pronounced among immigrants from Europe and Latin America (excluding Mexico). However, our results revealed that Mexican immigrants are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards in wealthy regions.     

移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响研究

基于中国对美国各州的移民和直接投资数据,运用重心模型分析得出：美国华人移民的人口重心和集聚重心均向东北方向移动,中国对美国直接投资的重心变化区域也位于美国东、中部地区,二者在空间上的重叠性和耦合性日益增强。进而运用灰色关联法实证华人移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响处于中等水平,且影响长期稳定。     

OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF LATINO IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT. Acquiring good jobs is vital for the economic success of immigrants, yet occupational attainment is understudied in the immigration literature. One particularly neglected aspect is the role of ethnicity in occupations beyond the ethnic niche. This study examines the occupational attainment of long‐term Latin American immigrants from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Cuba, Ecuador, and Colombia in four metropolitan areas with large Latino populations. The findings show that occupational attainment varies considerably by country of origin across these areas, although important human and social capital factors also are significant variables. These findings lend support to the proposition that, for immigrants, place of origin and destination play an important role in job‐queue position.     

Examining the Variability of Crossing Times for Canadian Trucks at the Three Major Canada–U.S. Border Crossings

Land borders connecting Canada and the United States are vital transportation facilities for the two countries. Truck crossing times at these facilities can have a significant impact on the performance of the economy. To date, knowledge about border crossing times has been limited due to lack of detailed data on the Canadian border. This article explores and models the patterns of crossing times at the three major land crossings connecting Canada to the United States: Ambassador Bridge, Blue Water Bridge, and Peace Bridge. The analysis is based on 387,775 border crossing truck trips that were generated between Canada and the United States over a course of twelve months. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models are estimated to evaluate the seasonal and hourly crossing times of Canada- and U.S.-bound trips on each border crossing, controlling for traffic intensity in the models. The SUR modeling approach is chosen to control for potential cross-model correlations. The results suggest that crossing times at the border vary by season and hour of the day. Crossing times also vary by direction of traffic and by type of day (i.e., weekday vs. weekend). Traffic intensity has a significant influence on crossing times at two of the crossings but not the Blue Water Bridge. Finally, crossing times are more variable during the summer season and tend to be higher during the late evening hours and past midnight.     

IDENTITY AND SPACE: THE CASE OF TURKISH AMERICANS*

ABSTRACT. Until recently, Muslim Americans have often been overlooked in studies on immigration, ethnicity, and race. Their loyalty to America and their integration into the larger culture have frequently been questioned by the media, and academia's interest has mostly been limited to establishing links between Muslims, fundamentalism, and terrorism. Muslim American experiences‐their social, political, and cultural institutions and spaces in the United States‐have drawn little attention from geographers. But stereotypes play an important role in intergroup relations and public‐policy making. Thus, it is important to understand Muslim ethnic‐group experiences of immigration and their place‐making activities in the United States. Based on research in the greater New York metropolitan area, this study explores one facet of the Muslim experience in the United States by investigating Turkish American identity‐construction spaces and their role in the preservation and reformation of Turkish American identity; that is, how these spaces emphasize and shape particular identities and discourage others.     

Employer Recruitment and Hispanic Labor Migration: North Carolina Urban Areas at the End of the Millennium

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

Migration Drift

For perhaps the first time since the founding of the United States the net direction of interstate migration was to the east rather than the west for the period 1992–1993 through 1994–1995. This and other findings, such as a general slowdown in the southward tendency of U.S. population movement over the period 1980–1981 to 1994–1995, are highlighted using the concept of migration drift. I propose the migration drift measure to summarize the net directionality and distance moved by migrants in any country's population system. Like the concept of a center of population or a population centroid, migration drift is an intuitive one. Unlike the population centroid, however, migration drift summarizes the pure effects of population movement without confounding those influences with spatial variations in birth, death, and net foreign immigration rates.     

La Frontera and Beyond: Geography and Demography in Mexican American History*

The recent publication of an expansive national dataset, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, allows for new analyses of the historical geography and settlement of various immigrant and ethnic groups in the United States. The present research explores the growth, development, and geographic dispersion of the ethnic Mexican population, and outlines some of the demographic and social characteristics within significant clusters of this population in the United States across the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis does not attempt to overturn other geographies and ethnographies in Mexican American history, but through its ability to elucidate broad, national patterns it is able to create a more dynamic view of settlement, demonstrating the role of immigrants and of women immigrants in particular. Results indicate that place matters: the geographical context of arrival and settlement were key factors in differentiating communities and the lives of those who lived in them.     

Environmental Impacts of Illegal Immigration on the Cleveland National Forest in California

Since the inception of Operation Gatekeeper along the U.S.–Mexico border, there has been an increase in environmental impacts on the Cleveland National Forest, in eastern San Diego County, California. This is almost certainly due to an increase in the number of undocumented immigrants using the area as a gateway to the interior of the United States. In this research, we use the tools of geographic information systems (GIS) to measure the scope and extent of this impact, focusing on the creation of illegal trails and the impact of illegal campsites and campfires on the environment of the Descanso Ranger District within the national forest. Our findings suggest that between the start of Operation Gatekeeper in late 1994 and the end of the study period in 1999, there were 772 meters of new trail created per 1,000 unauthorized immigrants, accompanied by 656 square meters of area disturbed per 1,000 immigrants, fifty kilograms of litter left behind per 1,000 immigrants, eleven illegal campfires per 1,000 immigrants, and 1.7 hectares burned by wildfires attributed to illegal immigrants.