西江流域径流与气象要素多时间尺度关联性研究

使用水文统计和交叉小波方法对西江流域1961~2005年径流变化特征及其与气象要素的多时间尺度的关联性进行分析。结果表明,径流量总体呈现减少的变化趋势,可能是人类活动引起流域内蒸发和入渗增加,使径流对降水的响应减弱造成的,径流丰枯变化基本与降水的波动相一致。气温对径流的显著作用主要集中在1990~2000年3~5 a周期上,径流对气温变化的响应时间为6~12个月;降水与径流在大部分时频域中呈同相相位变化,其相互作用主要集中在1992~2003年3~4 a和1980~2000年11~12 a周期上;大气环流变化对径流的影响主要集中在1965~1975年2~3 a及1993~2000年3~5 a周期上,对径流的影响可能是通过对区域降水影响实现的,径流对前一次环流变异响应时间为6~12个月,对后一次响应时间较快,时间的差异可能是下垫面的改变引起流域产汇流机制变化造成的。     

潮河流域降水-径流关系变化及驱动因子识别

基于1973-2010年长系列日降水、径流数据,利用降水径流双累积曲线、M-K统计检验和降水集中度等方法,结合HIMS模型模拟结果,分析了潮河流域降水-径流关系的变化及其原因。得到的主要结论如下：（1）近38年来,潮河流域降水变化较小,但径流下降趋势显著,降水-径流关系发生了两次突变,即在1973-1983年、1984-1998年和1999-2010年三个阶段降水-径流关系存在明显差异;（2）大雨日降水总和（P_≥20）与径流深关系较为密切,其变化是导致降水-径流关系在1983年发生突变的主要驱动因子;（3）HIMS模型模拟结果显示,1999-2010年潮河流域下垫面条件较前两阶段变化明显,人类活动引起的减水效应由第二阶段的14.93%增加至第三阶段的25.78%,人类活动是导致降水-径流关系在1998年发生突变的主要驱动因子。     

近45年来降水变化和人类活动对潮河流域年径流量的影响

近45a来,随着流域降水量减少,以及修建水利工程、引水、实施水土保持等人类活动的增加,潮河流域年径流量呈明显减少趋势。利用降水-径流经验统计模型,定量评估了潮河流域降水变化与人类活动对流域年径流量的影响程度。结果表明:1981~1990、1991~2000、2001~2005、1981~2005年,受人类活动影响所产生的年均减水量分别为1.32、0.67、1.46、1.09×10⁸m³,占相应时段总减水量的95.1%,98.9%,60.7%和83.2%;受降水变化影响所产生的年均减水量分别为0.07、0.01、0.95、0.22×10⁸m³,占相应时段总减水量的4.9%,1.1%,39.3%和16.8%。人类活动因素的贡献率远大于降水因素。     

水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响 —— 基于经验统计模型的评估

利用时间序列对比法分析了1961-2005 年潮河流域降水、径流、用水量、水利工程、 水土保持措施变化。结果表明: (1) 自20 世纪60 年代以来, 潮河流域年平均面雨量略有减 少, 但流域年径流量却呈明显减少趋势, 1991-2000 年的流域年径流量平均值为1961-1970 年 的90.9%, 减少幅度较大; (2) 潮河流域径流量的变化主要与水利水保等人类活动有关。利用 降水-径流经验统计模型评估了流域水利水保措施对年径流量的影响程度: 1981-1990 年、 1991-2000 年、2001-2005 年、1981-2005 年, 受水利水保措施影响所产生的年均减水量分别 为1.15、0.28、1.10、0.79 亿m³, 水利水保措施减水效应分别为31.99%、7.13%、40.71%、 23.79%。水利水保措施对枯水时段的减水效应更为突出。     

气候变化和人类活动对中国地表水文过程影响定量研究

利用中国372个水文站月径流数据（1960-2000年）及41个水文站年径流数据（2001-2014年）,采用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,构建气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响定量评估模型,在Penman-Monteith潜在蒸发分析基础上,进一步分析气象因子对径流变化的弹性系数,量化气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：① 中国北方地区流域径流变化对各气象因子弹性系数明显大于中国南方地区。就全国而言,径流变化对各因子的弹性系数为：降水>土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）>相对湿度>太阳辐射>最高气温>风速>最低气温;② 1980-2000年,气候变化总体上有利于增加中国年径流量,而降水对年径流量增加的贡献最为显著;③ 1980-2000年,中国南方流域中,气候变化对年径流变化的影响以增加作用为主,而北方流域,以减少年径流作用为主。对中国大多数流域径流变化而言,人类活动的影响主要以减少年径流量为主。2001-2014年,气候变化以减少径流量为主,人类活动对径流变化的影响程度明显增强,气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为53.5%、46.5%。该研究对气候变化与人类活动影响下,中国水资源规划管理、防灾减灾及保障水资源安全具有重要理论与现实意义。     

天山北坡中小河川降水与径流变化特征——以精河为例

利用精河山口水文站近50 a(1957-2005年)的气象、水文资料,采用(Mann-Kendall)非参数检验和相关分析法,对天山北坡精河近50 a的降水与径流的变化特征以及径流对降水变化的响应进行了探讨。结果表明:精河流域的径流对降水变化具有很好的响应关系,二者的变化趋势相近。精河流域降水在20世纪70年代出现减少过程,这期间河川径流量也显著减少;80年代以后降水呈现增加趋势,河川径流量也呈现增多趋势,山区降水变化是影响径流变化的重要因子。精河流域的降水、径流变化与我国西北地区气候向暖湿化变化的趋势基本一致,这种向暖湿化方向转变的现象在精河流域始于80年代初期,较塔里木河流域略早。     

河川径流对降水变化的响应研究——以渭河为例

根据1956-1995年的实测水文资料(降水和河川径流量资料),采用特征值对比方法,对陕西省境内渭河流域不同时间尺度内降水特征进行分析,并对流域内多年径流变化也做了相应的统计分析,从而揭示河川径流对降水变化的响应关系,并确定出河川径流变化的主要原因。结果表明:(1)流域内降水年内分配极其不均;年际变化剧烈,进入90年代后降水负距平集中出现,20世纪90年代降水较多年均值有较大程度的减少;(2)流域内河川径流与降水之间存在密切的正相关关系,降水量多的年份,河川径流丰富,反之较枯;(3)河川径流积极响应降水的变化,然而河川径流变化幅度却比降水变化幅度大20%,这个偏差主要是由于频繁的人类活动的干扰造成的。     

气候转暖及人类活动对北疆中小河流降水-径流关系的影响

利用近40 a来的水文气象资料,分析北疆20世纪80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动对北疆不同地区的中小河流降水-径流关系的影响,主要结论如下:①北疆西部的哈拉依灭勒河、卡琅古尔河,在1980年以后气候转暖的背景下,它们的自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变。②北部额尔齐斯河流域东部产流区平均高程较高的大青河,在90年代气候显著转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变;而位于大青河东侧、流域平均高程较低、山区流域降水量较小的小青河,在90年代气候明显转暖的背景下,其自然降水径流关系发生了变化,所形成的自然地表径流量明显减少。③天山中部北坡的乌鲁木齐河,在80~90年代气候转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量明显偏多。④天山东部北坡的开垦河,在80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量减少。⑤乌鲁木齐近郊低山丘陵区的水磨河,在近40 a来的增温及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,尽管乌鲁木齐年降水量有增加趋势,而其径流却是减少的。     

中国干旱内陆河出山径流对流域气象要素与全球气象指数的响应特征研究

干旱内陆河出山径流及其影响因素分析对于流域水资源评价、流域经济生态安全保障具有重要意义。基于1960-2012年塔里木河流域"三源流"与黑河流域的出山径流、降水、气温资料及4个全球气象指数监测数据,采用小波分析方法研究了各水文气象要素的周期特征,以及流域出山径流对气象要素与气象指数的响应特征。结果表明：（1）各水文气象因子多具有1~2个显著周期,周期多在2~7 a尺度范围内。（2）叶尔羌河、黑河出山径流与流域降水分别在6~17 a、2~16 a周期上关系显著。各出山径流与流域降水、气温的多尺度共振周期性差异,反映了各径流来源构成及其与气象要素年际动态方面的差异。（3）各流域出山径流对气象指数的响应特征不同,这在显著时频域以及径流响应时滞等方面均有表现。此研究可为气候变化条件下干旱内陆河流域生态-水文过程响应及水资源管理提供依据。     

嘉陵江流域年径流量的变化及其原因

以嘉陵江的资料为基础,探讨了年径流量的变化及其原因,分析了水土保持措施减少径流的效应。以1956-1980年作为人类活动较弱的“基准期”,而以1981-2000年为人类活动较强的“措施期”,分别给出了回归方程。计算表明,降水减少导致的年减水量占年平均总减水量的84.3%,水利水土保持措施导致的年减水量占年平均总减水量的15.7%。人类活动对年径流的影响是依赖于年降水量的,降水偏少年减水量较大,降水偏多年减水量较小,超过某一临界值之后,年径流量不但不会减少,反而会增加。计算表明,这一临界年降水量为1 000 mm。年径流系数的变化和年径流量的变化相似,1980年以前无趋势性变化,1980年后有减小的趋势。人类活动对年径流系数的影响同样是依赖于年降水量的,降水偏少年径流系数的减小较显著,降水偏多年径流系数的减小不明显,甚至还可能增大。     

1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文)

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×10⁸, 0.28×10⁸, 1.10×10⁸ and 0.79×10⁸ m³ respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

Influence of climate variability and human activities on stream flow variation in the past 50 years in Taoer River,Northeast China

Taoer River Basin, which is located in the west of Northeast China, is an agropastoral ecotone. In recent years, the hydrological cycle and water resources have changed significantly with the deterioration of the environment. Many water problems such as river blanking, wetland shrinking and salinization have occurred in this region. All of these phenomena were directly caused by changes in stream flow under climate variability and human activities. In light of the situation, the impact of climate variability and human activities on stream flow should be identified immediately to identify the primary driving factors of basin hydrological processes. To achieve this, statistical tests were applied to identify trends in variation and catastrophe points in mean annual stream flow from 1961 to 2011. A runoff sensitive coefficients method and a SIMHYD model were applied to assess the impacts of stream flow variation. The following conclusions were found: 1) The years 1985 and 2000 were confirmed to be catastrophe points in the stream flow series. Thus, the study period could be divided into three periods, from 1961 to 1985 (Period I), 1986 to 2000 (Period II) and 2001 to 2011 (Period III). 2) Mean annual observed stream flow was 31.54 mm in Period I, then increased to 65.60 mm in Period II and decreased to 2.92 mm in Period III. 3) Using runoff sensitive coefficients, the contribution of climate variability was 41.93% and 43.14% of the increase in stream flow during Periods II and III, suggesting that the contribution of human activities to the increase was 58.07% and 56.86%, respectively. 4) Climate variability accounted for 42.57% and 44.30% of the decrease in stream flow, while human activities accounted for 57.43% and 55.70% of the decrease, according to the SIMHYD model. 5) In comparison of these two methods, the primary driving factors of stream flow variation could be considered to be human activities, which contributed about 15% more than climate variability. It is hoped that these conclusions will benefit future regional planning and sustainable development.     

中国东北洮儿河流域过去50年气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响（英文）

Taoer River Basin, which is located in the west of Northeast China, is an agropastoral ecotone. In recent years, the hydrological cycle and water resources have changed significantly with the deterioration of the environment. Many water problems such as river blanking, wetland shrinking and salinization have occurred in this region. All of these phenomena were directly caused by changes in stream flow under climate variability and human activities. In light of the situation, the impact of climate variability and human activities on stream flow should be identified immediately to identify the primary driving factors of basin hydrological processes. To achieve this, statistical tests were applied to identify trends in variation and catastrophe points in mean annual stream flow from 1961 to 2011. A runoff sensitive coefficients method and a SIMHYD model were applied to assess the impacts of stream flow variation. The following conclusions were found: 1) The years 1985 and 2000 were confirmed to be catastrophe points in the stream flow series. Thus, the study period could be divided into three periods, from 1961 to 1985(Period I), 1986 to 2000(Period II) and 2001 to 2011(Period III). 2) Mean annual observed stream flow was 31.54 mm in Period I, then increased to 65.60 mm in Period II and decreased to 2.92 mm in Period III. 3) Using runoff sensitive coefficients, the contribution of climate variability was 41.93% and 43.14% of the increase in stream flow during Periods II and III, suggesting that the contribution of human activities to the increase was 58.07% and 56.86%, respectively. 4) Climate variability accounted for 42.57% and 44.30% of the decrease in stream flow, while human activities accounted for 57.43% and 55.70% of the decrease, according to the SIMHYD model. 5) In comparison of these two methods, the primary driving factors of stream flow variation could be considered to be human activities, which contributed about 15% more than climate variability. It is hoped that these conclusions will benefit future regional planning and sustainable development.     

近30年来西藏那曲地区湖泊变化对气候波动的响应

根据1975年地形图、20世纪80年代至2005年的TM、CBERS卫星遥感资料和近45年的气温、降水量、蒸发量、最大积雪深度和最大冻土深度等气候资料分析得出,西藏那曲地区东南部的巴木错、蓬错、东错、乃日平错等四个湖泊的水位面积在近30年来呈较显著的扩大趋势,2005年与1975年相比,分别增加了48.2 km²、38.2km²、19.8 km² (比2004年)、26.0 km²,增长幅度分别为25.6%、28.2%、16.2%、37.6%。其主要原因与该地区近年来气温的上升、降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少、冻土退化等暖湿化的气候变化有很大关系。     

50年来秦岭金钱河流域水文特征及其对降水变化的响应

运用集中度和集中期、Kendall秩相关系数、R/S分析法、降水—径流双累积曲线模型及其他数理统计方法,分析了金钱河流域径流的变化特征,探讨了年际、季节及月尺度上径流变化的趋势并预测了未来趋势,用集中期指标反映了径流对降水响应的滞后效应,并定量分析了降水变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:50 a来径流量呈现出显著的递减趋势(p<0.05),递减率为34.33 m3(/s 10a),Hurst指数H=0.669>0.5,表明未来的一段时间内变化趋势与现在相同;1~12月各月径流均表现为下降趋势。流域内径流对降水的响应存在滞后效应,50 a径流对降水平均每年滞后23.6 d,且滞后天数具有明显上升趋势。50 a来径流系数呈极显著减小趋势,降水量转化为径流的部分在逐年减少,被植物截留、填洼、入渗和蒸发的部分增加;径流发生突变后比突变前径流系数降低了35.2%。50 a来降水变化对径流变化的影响率为53.4%,高于人类活动影响率46.6%,是导致径流变化的主要原因,人类活动为次要原因。