面向对象的山地区域多源遥感影像分割尺度选择及评价

随着遥感技术的飞速发展,通过各种传感器获取的影像种类越来越多.传统的面向像元的影像分析技术已难以适应高分辨率影像,面向对象的影像分析技术应运而生.面向对象的影像分析技术所面临的首要问题是影像分割,如何选择合适的影像分割尺度已成为面向对象影像分析技术的关键.为了提高遥感影像分割尺度选择的准确性,通过对影像分析建立了分割质量函数,针对不同分辨率的多源遥感影像进行分割实验,获取了最优分割尺度,最后提出了一种顾及面积和光谱的分割匹配指数对最优分割尺度进行评价,并研究了分割尺度与亮度均值标准差、影像空间分辨率之间的对应关系.研究结果表明,构建的分割质量函数获取的最优分割尺度避免了人工分割带来的主观性,建立的同时顾及面积和光谱因子的分割匹配指数验证了最优分割尺度选择的正确性.     

应用遥感技术模拟净初级生产力的尺度效应研究进展

采用遥感技术估算地表植被净初级生产力(NPP),已经成为模拟NPP的主要发展方向。遥感技术以及数据处理能力的迅速发展和基于遥感观测生理生态理论研究的进展使大尺度生态系统格局和过程的定量、动态观测成为可能。多种卫星传感器提供了丰富的多尺度对地观测数据,从而形成了不同空间分辨率的影像数据层次体系,使得从定量遥感出发的NPP估算必然存在多尺度的问题。NPP遥感估算模型以不同分辨率的遥感数据(代表不同的研究尺度)作为输入参数时,得到的NPP模拟值差异明显。为了提高NPP的估算精度,需要充分认识不同分辨率的遥感数据对NPP估算结果的影响差异,即NPP的尺度效应问题。本文介绍了遥感尺度效应研究进展,多分辨率遥感数据监测NPP变化的多尺度研究进展,以及NPP估算尺度效应问题的研究进展。并分析了应用遥感技术研究NPP尺度效应的发展趋势。     

基于多源遥感数据的区域生态系统服务价值年际动态监测 ——以中原城市群为例

通过对多源遥感数据在生态系统服务价值（ESV）遥感模型中的尺度效应分析,选择满足最佳空间分辨率和长时间序列的遥感数据,对中原城市群区域2001~2013年的ESV实现了逐年逐像元水平的动态监测。结果表明：该区应用于遥感模型输入数据的最适空间分辨率为30~1 000 m,相对于30 m尺度,其他尺度估算结果的相对偏差均小于0.4%;结合年际动态监测的需求,选择了MODIS数据产品（空间分辨率500 m,时间尺度1 a）作为遥感模型的最佳数据源;研究区ESV总值在研究期内整体上呈显著增长趋势,增速约为8.6亿元/a,但在持续增长过程中经历了3次波动,且表现得越来越剧烈;在空间上,研究区ESV多年均值呈现出明显的不均衡性,表现为从西南向东部递减的趋势。研究表明此方法简单易行,初步实现了区域ESV年际动态监测遥感模型的准业务化运行。     

塔里木河干流植被遥感监测时空多尺度协同分析方法

利用遥感植被指数、典型植被样方和地面观测信息进行塔里木河干流植被监测是目前的主要方法。由于塔里木河干流具有流域下垫面均匀性差,自然植被随机分布的特点,使得现有研究方法局限在特定的时间和空间尺度,很难使用地面的观测数据和不同尺度的遥感数据进行植被生长状态的协同分析。针对这些问题,本文提出了利用不同分辨率遥感数据和地面观测数据进行多尺度协同分析的方法MSSA(Multiple Scale Synergy Analysis)。该方法包括以下几个步骤:①通过低空间分辨率的遥感数据构建时间序列的塔里木河干流植被指数分布图像,在分析图像特征的基础上划分塔里木河遥感监测单元;②对监测单元内部不同组分的时间和空间状态参数进行量化与率定;③根据几何光学模型原理和植被随机分布特性,采用线性混合模型模拟单元植被指数;④根据模拟结果和遥感数据的对比分析,获得地面植被参量的可靠估计。该方法将地面组分的状态参量和遥感数据通过模拟模型相关联,实现了不同时空尺度遥感数据以及地面样方或者点观测数据的协同分析,为塔里木河干流植被监测进行长期、细致的研究建立了海量数据综合分析的方法体系。     

不同空间分辨率影像的沼泽湿地分类研究(英文)

成功的生态系统的监测取决于准确的分类结果。本文试图对沼泽湿地的生态特征进行监测。遥感分类常被用于描述生态系统或土地覆盖的格局情况。不同空间分辨率的的遥感影像反映的景观类型,景观特征均存在差异。本文利用不同空间分辨率的遥感影像,对洪河自然保护区湿地生态系统在群落尺度上进行监测。洪河湿地自然保护区是典型的内陆原始沼泽湿地生态系统的保护地,以草本沼泽植被和水生植被为主。根据SPOT-5不同分辨率10 m×10 m、20 m×20 m、30 m×30 m的影像,以及30 m空间分辨率的Landsat TM影像,利用最大似然法(MLC)对洪河保护区进行分类。为了验证分类结果的精度,本文利用航空影像分类数据作为样本,对SPOT-5和TM分类结果进行KAPPA精度验证。由分类结果,得出以下结论:(1)分类结果验证数据对结果的影响很重要;(2)不同传感器的影像对地面生态系统的表达内容不一样,即使是处于相同的光谱波段,同一空间分辨率的情况下。分类结果不仅取决于生态系统类型的多样性和斑块形状,还取决于面积维数和斑块的聚合度。(3)洪河自然保护区核心区湿地保护最好,其次是缓冲区,最差的是实验区。实验区已经有大面积的湿地被人类开垦成农田,湿地生态系统已经退化的很严重。因此,对珍稀生态系统的保护应该与人类的活动区强制的隔离开,才能保护原始湿地生态系统多样性。     

河西走廊酒泉绿洲农田防护林格局与结构

绿洲农田防护林可以有效保护绿洲免遭风沙危害,但规格过高的防护林体系不仅消耗水资源,而且有胁地和减产等负面作用,因此在景观尺度上研究农田防护林空间格局、带斑比及其结构是建立节水型绿洲的基础。酒泉绿洲位于讨赖河流域中游、河西走廊西段,是典型的干旱区绿洲。本文选择酒泉绿洲为研究对象,围绕基于遥感数据提取绿洲防护体系的数据源选择与提取方法、绿洲农田防护林体系格局及其尺度依赖性、农田防护林结构等科学问题,探讨了利用遥感数据提取农田防护林属性的方法、分析讨赖河中游农田防护林的空间格局和结构。研究表明：（1）使用哨兵-2A遥感影像,利用防护林与农作物生长的物候差异,选择合适时间的遥感数据,可以有效提取农田防护林信息,能够真实全面地反映绿洲农田防护林网的带斑比及其分布状况,计算结果与实地调查相符;（2）讨赖河中游酒泉绿洲农田防护林以新疆杨为主,农田中超过80%的林网带斑比为2.50%～7.50%,具有明显的随尺度变化特征,表现为0.1～10 km内尺度效应明显,10～20 km内随幅度增加尺度效应减弱,当幅度大于20 km时尺度效应逐渐消失;（3）农田防护林平均树高17.5 m,平均胸径25.7 cm...     

基于ETM+与MODIS数据融合的伊洛河流域地表蒸散估算

MODIS数据时间分辨率较高,在对地能量和水分变化监测应用中具有不可比拟的优势。但其空间分辨率较低,混合象元效应显著,尤其在地表土地利用类型复杂和空间异质性较大时,会带来较大的误差。而ETM+数据具备较高的空间分辨率,但其单一的热红外波段导致反演的地表温度精度不高,且时间分辨率低,因而限制了在地表蒸散监测中的应用。本文探讨了将TM/ETM+与MODIS数据相融合估算区域地表蒸散的一种多尺度遥感方法,利用TM/ETM+计算得到的植被指数,基于空间增强方法将MODIS反演的地表温度尺度提高到30 m,并结合SEBS模型对伊洛河流域的地表蒸散进行了估算。验证与分析的结果表明,估算精度得到提高,研究区当日蒸散量在0～5.32 mm/d之间,空间分布具有明显的地域性差异,区域分布不均衡。     

基于森林详查与遥感数据降尺度技术估算中国林龄的空间分布

森林的林龄结构及空间分布是评估区域尺度森林生态系统碳汇潜力的重要参数.以第五次全国森林详查获取的省级优势树种的平均林龄及分布面积为基础,以同期生长季节的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI遥感数据为辅助,在空间降尺度统计技术的支持下,得出了全国8km分辨率下的森林林龄的定量分布.结果表明:中国林龄在空间分布具有很大异质性.东...     

珠江三角洲东部常平地区景观异质性研究

本文以１９８８年－１９９６年６个时段景观遥感类型图为主要信息源,利用信息熵法和空隙度指数法对珠江三角洲东部常平地区的景观异质性进行了研究。重点探讨了景观组分的空间分布差异和异质性动态变化情况。结果显示,开发区主要呈宏观异质性分布,果园,农田和林地呈微观异质性分布,城镇和水体的异质性分布特征均出现显著变化。     

广州市土地覆被格局异质性的尺度与等级特征

基于SPOT遥感数据源形成广州市土地覆被类型图,在中心城区选取互相垂直的南北和东西两条样带,用Fortran编程计算各样带在125m、250m、500m和1000m 4个幅度下的景观多样性指数,以及Moran I、Geary C系数和半变异函数。再将样带分别自北向南和自西向东等间距划分,形成一系列面积相等的区域,计算各区域以及样带整体上的多样性指数的尺度方差。结果表明,土地覆被景观多样性在不同的研究幅度下都存在正的空间自相关性,并具有方向性。尺度方差结果显示,尺度方差与尺度和幅度都有关,随着研究尺度增大,尺度方差都呈下降之势,而随幅度增大,尺度方差并非单调变化。如125m和250m两种幅度时,方差随着尺度增大而减少。尺度方差结果进一步揭示研究样带上土地覆被存在多尺度等级结构,并且具有方向性特点,同时也反映尺度方差不失为景观异质性研究的一种有效方法。     

基于最佳分析尺度的广州市景观格局分析

利用遥感、GIS技术和指数分析软件确定最佳分析尺度,对广州市景观格局进行量化研究。对14个不同粒度的栅格图分别进行35个相关指数运算,根据15个敏感指数确定最佳分析尺度为120 m;选取空间组成和空间构型两方面的系列指数,在此尺度下对研究区域进行指数运算和格局分析。研究结果表明:广州是以林地、水田和旱地为主要景观类型的复合景观结构,优势景观明显,3种主体景观类型集中连片、分布广泛;建设用地比例比全国平均水平偏高;建设用地和水库坑塘斑块密度大,平均斑块面积小,景观破碎度较高。景观格局的量化受尺度效应影响,表现出空间异质性的尺度依赖性,因此在格局分析时需选择最佳分析尺度,突出格局的尺度性。     

ETM+影像亚像元级城市土地覆盖组分丰度提取——以南京市为例

城市景观复杂,地物具有强烈的空间异质性,利用中等空间分辨率遥感影像(如ETM )进行城市土地覆盖研究会出现大量混合像元。针对该问题,以南京市为例,通过混合像元分解提取城市土地覆盖组分丰度,进行城市土地覆盖研究,并从各个波段的残差、平均残差、相对误差、均方根误差等方面分析模型误差。利用IKONOS影像对提取的组分丰度图像进行精度验证,发现不同城市土地覆盖组分丰度图像具有一定的可靠性,与城市实际情况吻合。城市土地覆盖组分丰度图像还能作为一种新的数据源用于城市功能分区、城市人口数据空间化和城市环境监测与评估等研究中。     

Changes in arable land in response to township urbanization in a Chinese low hilly region: Scale effects and spatial interactions

Rapid urbanization leads to losses in arable land; quantitatively analyzing the impact of urbanization on arable land is significant for arable land management. However, changes in arable land due to urbanization with scale and neighborhood effects remains poorly understood at the town scale. In this study, high-resolution historical land use data, landscape metric analysis and spatial regression were integrated to quantify the impacts of urbanization on arable land use change (abandonment and conversion) at spatial scales of 300 m–3300 m using a block size increment of 200 m and at the catchment scale in the town of Jinjing in subtropical central China. Arable land abandonment was the predominant type of arable land change and presented strong spatial autocorrelations at each spatial scale. Arable land was converted to tea fields because agricultural structure transformations were occurring around the urban cores, and the amount of arable land converted to residential land accounted for only a small proportion of the total arable land loss and had no spatial autocorrelation. The significance and robustness of the arable land changes impacted by urbanization had obvious scale effects and strong neighborhood effects in nearby regions. Compared with block scales, the catchment scale is an optimal scale for assessing the influence of urbanization and applying planning policy. Our results highlight the significance of incorporating spatial interactions in urbanization research, which can generate less biased estimations and consequently lead to proper policy implication and recommendations. In addition, multi-scale comparisons are helpful for better understanding the relationships between arable land changes and urbanization and provide further insights into the harmonious development of rural settlements and urban cores to preserve arable land.     

Using Mahalanobis Distance to Detect and Remove Outliers in Experimental Covariograms

Experimental variograms are crucial for most geostatistical studies. In kriging, for example, the variography has a direct influence on the interpolation weights. Despite the great importance of variogram estimators in predicting geostatistical features, they are commonly influenced by outliers in the dataset. The effect of some randomly spatially distributed outliers can mask the pattern of the experimental variogram and produce a destructuration effect, implying that the true data spatial continuity cannot be reproduced. In this paper, an algorithm to detect and remove the effect of outliers in experimental variograms using the Mahalanobis distance is proposed. An example of the algorithm’s application is presented, showing that the developed technique is able to satisfactorily detect and remove outliers from a variogram.

     

城市景观格局尺度效应的空间统计规律--以上海中心城区为例

以上海市外环以内的中心城区为区域背景,基于SPOT全色波段遥感影像数据和GIS技术,运用空间统计分析方法,研究城市景观格局的空间尺度效应。研究结果表明:(1)城市景观格局的空间自相关性具有显著的尺度依赖性。Moran指数I与Geary系数c对粒度变化的敏感点相同,均为50m。(2)城市景观形态具有分形特征,各类景观斑块的分维数对粒度变化的响应不同,它们随着粒度的变化呈非线性变化趋势;在粒度较小时,各类景观斑块之间的分维数差异较大,而随着粒度的增大,其分维数之间的差异逐渐缩小。(3)城市景观多样性格局,与空间区位及人类活动的空间格局息息相关。在城市中心,主导型景观是经济效益较高的商业文化景观,并且景观斑块聚集度、破碎度大;经济效益较低的农业景观分布在城市边缘区,而且景观类型单一,斑块面积较大,破碎度较小;在由城市中心向边缘过渡的中间地带,景观类型多样,空间格局复杂。(4)景观多样性具有尺度依赖性。随着幅度的增加,景观多样性指数逐渐增大,多样性的空间格局也显著变化。在0.5km幅度下,多样性指数的最大值出现在市中心,从市中心向外呈现高低起伏的环状模式扩展,随着幅度增加,多样性指数的高值区向景观类型变化最剧烈的城乡过渡地带转移。(5)景观多样性的空间变异也具有明显的尺度依赖性。在较     

Heterogeneity as a measure of spatial pattern for monitoring agricultural landscapes

The Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes is a sample-based programme that aims to document the current state and patterns of change in the agricultural landscape for the entire country. For this broad geographical coverage an indicator approach is the most cost-effective methodology. Landscape metrics are used as indicators in the monitoring programme based on the assumed importance of landscape composition and spatial pattern for a number of countryside interests. However, although indicators have been used successfully over a long period of time in various disciplines, their use in landscape monitoring is relatively new and there is little empirical data with which to assess their validity. This paper provides information on the performance of landscape diversity and landscape heterogeneity indices as estimated by specific biodiversity measures. Preliminary results show increasing numbers of breeding bird species and numbers of vascular plant species with increasing landscape diversity and heterogeneity, two indices that capture information on landscape content and structure. Overall, the heterogeneity index provided a better surrogate for species richness than the diversity index.     

基于农业多功能视觉的都市农业用地效益时空变化研究——以西安都市圈为例（英文）

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi'an metropolitan zone(XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, providemore economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi’an metropolitan zone (XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, provide more economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision- making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

基于GIS的徐州市区景观格局变化分析

以徐州市区2000年和2006年土地利用基础数据为数据源,建立景观类型与土地利用类型的对应关系。将徐州市区景观划分成农业景观、园林绿地景观、居住景观、工业景观、商服公共设施景观、水体景观、交通景观和其他景观8种类型,获得2000,2006年徐州市区景观分类图。计算出景观格局指数,利用GIS的空间分析功能,对徐州市区景观格局及其变化特征进行分析。结果表明:在城市化驱动下,徐州市区农业景观主要向居住景观、工业景观转移,商服公共设施景观、居住景观和工业景观的相互转移频繁;农业景观在空间上逐渐分散,其余的景观类型呈现聚集的趋势;徐州市区呈现出景观异质性程度、斑块破碎化程度和斑块复杂化程度均加强的景观格局变化趋势。     

景观格局的数量研究方法

依据景观局数量方法的研究进展,从单个斑块特征分析、单一景观要素的格局分析及景观镶嵌体特征分析等三个方面介绍了数量分析方法,并介绍最常用的和近年来发展的新方法。