呼伦贝尔沙地末次冰盛期晚期至全新世风成沙表面矿物特征及环境意义

运用扫描电镜与能谱分析,研究呼伦贝尔沙地末次冰盛期晚期以来全样风成沙的微区形态和粘土矿物成分。呼伦贝尔沙地的沙粒磨圆度较好,在扫描电镜观察下保存了水成沙粒的特征,意味着沙地物源曾经流水作用到达该区域。颗粒表面同时留有风力搬运的碟型坑等撞击痕迹,为干枯河床沙丘活化、风力搬运流动扩张的过程提供证据。末次冰盛期晚期风成沙颗粒大且表面光滑洁净,未见次生粘土矿物,反映出冰期地表无植被发育,区域沙漠活化、流动性加强。而全新世适宜期的褐色沙质土壤砂粒表面同时发育鳞片状自生粘土矿物和同沉积粘土颗粒及团块。能谱分析表明：全新世适宜期,风化自生粘土矿物有蒙脱石和伊利石,在相对温湿气候条件下,发育干旱碱性土壤,反映出冰后期植被发育、土壤化作用增强。     

Weathering, mineralogical evolution and soil organic matter along a Holocene soil toposequence developed on carbonate-rich materials

A toposequence of Holocene soils located between 1100–2400 m asl in the Italian Alps served as the basis for the following analyses: the weathering of limestone and dolomite, the calculation of mass balances, understanding the formation of pedogenic Fe and Al, the determination of soil mineral and clay mineral reactions and transformation and the measurement of accumulation and stabilisation mechanisms of soil organic matter. Leaching of carbonates is most intense at the lower elevations, although calcite and dolomite have a higher solubility at low temperatures. The pCO₂ in the soil is higher at lower elevations and weathering is driven mainly by carbonic acids. At higher elevations, organic acids appear to determine the mineral transformations and weathering reactions to a greater extent. This suggests that two very different weathering regimes (carbonic and organic acid weathering) exist along the toposequence. The transformation of mica into vermiculite is the main process in both the clay and fine-earth fraction. Weathering of silicate minerals started even before the carbonates had been completely removed from the soils. The transformation mechanisms of silicate minerals in the A and O horizon at higher elevations was at least as intensive as that at the climatically warmer sites. The neoformation of pedogenetic clays at climatically cooler sites was slightly greater than that at the warmer sites. However, the formation rate of secondary Fe and Al phases was more pronounced at lower elevation, which means that this process seemed to be driven dominantly by carbonic acid (weathering of primary minerals). Soil organic matter (SOM) abundance in the mineral soil is nearly 15 kg/m² at all sites and, surprisingly, no climate-driven effect could be detected. In general, the preservation and stabilisation of SOM was due to poorly crystalline Al and Fe phases and vermiculite, regardless of some variations in the composition of the parent material (varying calcite/dolomite ratio).     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤矿物化学风化特征分析

本文在考察菲尔德斯半岛成土环境、土壤理化性状的基础上，分析了本区代表性土壤的粘土矿物组成，粘粒、粉粒和全土中土壤大量元素的含量。认为亚南极海洋性气候区（无冰区）土壤次生粘土矿物主要是蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石；土壤矿物风化过程包括脱盐基、周期性滞水氧化－还原脱铁锰和微弱的脱硅过程     

3种水稻土时间序列黏粒矿物的组合特征与物源指示意义

对南方丘陵区3种不同母质水稻土时间序列黏粒矿物的X-射线衍射（XRD）进行分析发现：① 紫色砂页岩（PS）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以高岭石类似矿物为主;第四纪红黏土（RC）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以高岭石类似矿物、伊利石类似矿物与三羟铝石为主;红砂岩（RS）母质起源土壤的黏粒矿物以1.4 nm过渡矿物、高岭石类似矿物与三羟铝石为主。② 这3种母质土壤种稻后黏粒矿物的变化大体可分为2种情况。RC与RS母质的起源土壤种稻后,土壤黏粒矿物的变化相对较小,伊利石类似矿物相对含量有所增加,这可能主要与钾肥的持续施用有关。PS母质的起源土壤种稻后,土壤黏粒矿物变化相对较大,表现为高岭石类似矿物相对含量降低,低结晶度的伊利石或次生绿泥石与三羟铝石相对含量上升。PS母质发育的土壤种稻后脱钾明显且主要集中在原生矿物部分。这种原生矿物的脱钾作用对土壤黏粒含量和黏粒矿物的类型都有较大影响。③ 起源土壤的黏粒矿物通常会被水稻土所继承,并在水稻土发育过程中相对稳定,可以用其来指示起源土壤（或母质）的物源组分。     

Effects of High-Intensity Forest Fires on Soil Clay Mineralogy

High-intensity forest fires can degrade, collapse, or completely destroy clay minerals in soils, with signatures of these changes remaining for years after the burns. To ascertain immediate impacts of high-intensity fire on soil clay minerals and mineral recovery over time, soil from the 2002 Hayman, Colorado, fire was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Sample locations included burned soil from within the perimeter of the fire, unburned soil near the origin, and soil from adjacent historic burns. The unburned soils contain mixtures of illite, mixed-layer illite/smectite and illite/vermiculite, kaolin, and mixed-layer chlorite. Surface soils (surface-7.7 cm) contain illite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, and kaolin. Sub-surface soils (7.7-13.0 cm) contain mixed-layer illite/vermiculite, in addition to the same minerals found at the surface. Deep soils (13.0-27.0 cm) show disappearance of mixed-layer illite/smectite and illite/vermiculite and show evidence of the presence of mixed-layer chlorite. Comparisons between recently and historically burned soils and unburned soils showed slight trends in alterations of clay mineral structures in the surface soil, including alteration of the 001 illite peak, the 001 kaolin peak, and a decrease in the swelling component of mixed-layer illite/smectite. These trends indicate fire impacts the structure of soil clay minerals.     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛湖泊堆积物的物相组成特征及其环境意义

本文根据南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛燕鸥湖、西湖和基太克湖三个堆积剖面物相组成与丰度的资料，讨论其物相组成特征、物质来源及其环境意义。研究结果表明，湖泊堆积物主要来自该岛广泛分布的火山岩。在南极地区干冷环境条件下，源区母岩所经受的风化作用以物理风化为主，化学风化微弱。高岭石、方解石丰度与年龄关系曲线在湖积层与冰碛层之间的陡削变化表明，相应的环境变化是突变式的，可能与这两种堆积物搬运方式的不同和冰碛物的保护作用有关。     

Soil development at Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

Soils at well-drained sites near Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, are described in terms of morphology as well as solid and solution phase chemistry. Decarbonation is the dominant soil process and results in high Mg and Ca concentrations in soil solutions, in negative enrichment of Fe, Al, and non-carbonate clasts in near-surface horizons, and in the accumulation of dolomitic silt horizons at depth. Coatings of reprecipitated carbonates extend into the C horizon. Several developmental pathways are suggested for well-drained carbonate soils at Kongsfjorden. In vegetation-rich areas, with calcite-rich parent material, relatively rapid (∼ 10, 000 years) carbonate dissolution precedes silicate mineral weathering. In areas of Polar Desert climate and dolomitic parent material, decarbonation is slower and the continued accumulation of dolomite silt may eventually transform the soil system to a periglacial one.     

Grain size characteristics and environmental indication of the sediments around Great Wall Station,Antarctica

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海南岛尖峰岭地区山地土壤发生特性

对地处热带的海南岛尖峰岭地区的山地土壤的发生和发育特性进行了研究。因母岩因素以及较弱的成土作用和较强的侵蚀作用 ,土壤质地普遍较粗 ,石砾含量高。由于山地气候的垂直分异 ,不同海拔高度土壤间的发生特性存在较大差异。高海拔地区土壤易风化矿物含量高 ,低海拔地区土壤中抗风化能力强的锆石含量高 ;高海拔区土壤中粘土矿物以三水铝石和埃洛石为主 ,含有一定量的铝蛭石 ,低海拔土壤以高岭石为主 ,有一定量的水云母。伴随海拔高度的增加 ,阳离子交换量 (CEC7)、盐基总量、盐基饱和度、pH下降 ,而代换性酸H 、Al3 却逐渐增多。高海拔区湿润的水分状况和酸性成土环境导致粘粒的硅铝率、硅铁铝率较低海拔土壤小。尖峰岭地区土壤类型以雏形土为主 ,山麓分布有淋溶土。     

粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古气候意义——以柴达木盆地怀头他拉剖面为例

沉积物中粘土矿物类型主要有自生粘土矿物和碎屑粘土矿物。其中,自生粘土矿物含量较少,是在沉积环境中形成,可能是沉积再循环或成岩作用的产物,可作为沉积环境某方面的指示标志;而碎屑粘土矿物是母岩风化的产物,受沉积环境影响较小,能够有效示踪物源区化学风化过程,进而反映古气候变化。近年来利用碎屑粘土矿物特征来重建物源区古气候的方法得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于粘土矿物主要存在于<2 μm硅酸盐粘粒中,粘土矿物的提取、鉴定比较困难,且自生粘土矿物易受沉积环境等的影响。因此,在利用粘土矿物重建古气候变化时,需慎重选择粘土矿物的提取方法,并考虑物源和沉积环境变化以及成岩作用等对粘土矿物解释的影响。本文以柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面硅酸盐粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古环境指示意义为例,介绍粘土矿物的提取及应用,为后期粘土矿物研究提供参考。     

新疆塔城黄土古土壤磁化率特征及其影响因素

 对新疆塔城奴拉厚13 m的黄土-古土壤剖面磁化率、粒度、TOC、CaCO3进行了实验分析。结果表明,奴拉剖面粒度组成以粉砂(63~4 μm)为主,由于该区黄土磁化率受控于原生磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿等较粗颗粒磁性矿物,而黏粒物质吸附的铁磁性矿物及成土过程中生成的超顺磁颗粒和磁性矿物较少,磁化率与细颗粒物质成负相关,与粗颗粒物质成正相关关系; 受生物成磁、化学作用以及TOC自身磁性的影响,磁化率与TOC表现出很强的正相关性; 对磁化率与CaCO3含量的相关性分析发现,两者关系密切,CaCO3含量对该区磁化率的独特变化有重要影响。     

新疆伊犁地区黄土与古土壤的微结构及矿物成分分析

利用偏光显微镜对伊犁地区新源县则克台剖面黄土与古土壤进行分析,观察到黄土的微结构为粉砂细粒支架－镶嵌孔隙－斑状胶结类型,古土壤则属于砂粉土分散－镶嵌斑状－基底胶结类型。二者的矿物种类差异不大,只是相对含量有所变化。古土壤中原生矿物略有减少,次生、蚀变矿物含量相应增加,铁染较普遍,加外,溶解－再沉淀作用常使矿物细粒化,或形成粘土矿物和次生碳酸钙的微粒集合体和微晶充填在次生大孔隙中。这些特征在黄土中料     

INTERNAL WEATHERING IN QUARTZ GRAINS

While most research on quartz weathering has focused primarily on surface textures and morphologies, very little is known about the internal weathering of quartz. This study demonstrates that internal weathering is ubiquitous in quartz. Internal weathering is measured in terms of porosity, which represents mass loss from the quartz grain, hence silica lost through dissolution. Mass loss calculated from porosity suggests higher-than-expected rates of quartz dissolution in the terrestrial environment. Internal weathering occurs through various grain defects, and is classified into several forms (in decreasing order of frequency): fractures, enlarged grain boundaries, holes, and networks. These features may be distinguished from occasional artifact voids left by laboratory procedures. The most intensely weathered grains exhibit large fractures and extensive networks, and occasionally contain secondary weathering products within the void areas. The presence of internal weathering in quartz supports field and laboratory observations of particle comminution in sediment transport systems, and can account for at least part of the production of silt- and clay-sized quartz. Given the potentially large surface area afforded by these internal defects, internal weathering plays an important role in the generation of quartz particles and dissolved silica, and presents a new avenue of study for the generation of secondary porosity in detrital sediments. [Key words: geomorphology, quartz, silica, weathering.]     

毛乌素沙地现代流动沙丘沙的矿物成分

对毛乌素沙地16个现代流动沙丘沙样品矿物分析结果进行归纳与研究.结果显示:(1)毛乌素沙地现代流动沙丘沙轻矿物占绝对优势,平均含量为94.8%,以石英、长石为主;重矿物所占比例很小,平均含量为1.6%,但种类较多,共含22种重矿物.(2)重矿物中2/3以上属硅酸盐类矿物,其含量前三的为角闪石、绿帘石、石榴子石;(3)重矿物以不稳定矿物和较稳定矿物占较高比例,绝大多数为硅酸盐类矿物,分别为100%和98.75%;(4)重矿物中硬矿物和极硬矿物含量高达80.17%,分别为61.57%和18.60%.结果还显示,轻矿物石英/长石含量比值(平均值为6.10)和重矿物矿物风化系数(平均值3.89)都较高,重矿物中造岩矿物(平均值26.7%)含量占近1/3.由此,并考虑到高含量的硬-极硬的重矿物的存在,表明其沉积时属于气候干冷、生物化学风化作用较弱的强风沙流环境.本文除证明了高含量的不稳定矿物和较稳定矿物与气候干旱具有本质上的联系外,还说明了干旱环境下沙丘沙中多种类、高含量的硬-极硬矿物的存在,极大地抑制了物理风化和生物化学两个方面的风化的难度,从而使其向土壤化根本逆转也很难.即使沙丘得以固定,由于其丘体的这种矿物组分,仍然难以消除潜在沙漠化的客观存在,故土地沙漠化引起生态环境的退化实际上也与沙丘沙碎屑矿物的物理性质具有本质上的联系.因此,干冷多风的气候条件及其导致的沙丘沙所具有的物质组成的特殊性应该是土地沙漠化的两个不可或缺的原因.     

克里雅河流域黄土的矿物组合特征及环境意义

克里雅河流域黄土分布于昆仑山北坡的干燥剥蚀低山带至半燥剥蚀作用的高山带，该流域不同海拔高度７个典型黄土地层冲面样品的矿物组合特征，地球化学成份，强粉等古气候相关指标，反映本区黄土形成时期晚，是干旱寒冷气候环境的产物。     

丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究

以丹霞盆地丹霞组2段顺层洞穴为研究对象,探讨不同岩性红层抗风化能力的差异,重点关注软岩夹层的风化特征及其对顺层洞穴发育的影响。在野外考察的基础上,选择3个典型顺层洞穴为案例,采集了洞穴剖面不同岩性红层的岩样及夹层水样品,进行一系列的岩矿理化测试和水样分析实验。结果表明：洞穴剖面岩性的不均一性及软岩夹层的风化凹进是形成丹霞山顺层洞穴的主要原因。顺层洞穴发育的软岩夹层一般是粉砂质泥岩,粘土矿物含量高,以泥质胶结为主,吸水性较强,开型空隙率较大,抗压强度小,易于风化破碎;上下岩层主要是砂岩和砂砾岩,以钙质和铁质胶结为主,吸水性较弱,开型孔隙率较小,抗压强度较大,风化速度较慢。在洞穴岩层风化过程中,粘土矿物的胀缩、钙质胶结物的溶解, 及铁质胶结物的水化作用等是导致岩体结构破坏的重要因素,但促使不同岩性红层风化的主导因素有所差别。粉砂质泥岩的风化以粘土矿物的胀缩作用为主,砂岩和砂砾岩的风化则以钙质胶结物的溶解作用为主。此外,酸性雨水渗入岩体后与各种矿物进行的一系列离子交换作用也促进了顺层洞穴岩层的风化。     

Basis for Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of Magnetic Properties of Sediment from Upper Klamath Lake (Oregon): Effects of Weathering and Mineralogical Sorting

Studies of magnetic properties enable reconstruction of environmental conditions that affected magnetic minerals incorporated in sediments from Upper Klamath Lake. Analyses of stream sediment samples from throughout the catchment of Upper Klamath Lake show that alteration of Fe-oxide minerals during subaerial chemical weathering of basic volcanic rocks has significantly changed magnetic properties of surficial deposits. Titanomagnetite, which is abundant both as phenocrysts and as microcrystals in fresh volcanic rocks, is progressively destroyed during weathering. Because fine-grained magnetite is readily altered due to large surface-to-volume ratios, weathering causes an increase in average magnetic grain size as well as reduction in the quantity of titanomagnetite both absolutely and relative to hematite. Hydrodynamic mineralogical sorting also produces differences in magnetic properties among rock and mineral grains of differing sizes. Importantly, removal of coarse silicate and Fe-oxide grains by sorting concentrated extremely fine-grained magnetite in the resulting sediment. The effects of weathering and sorting of minerals cannot be completely separated. These processes combine to produce the magnetic properties of a non-glacial lithic component of Upper Klamath Lake sediments, which is characterized by relatively low magnetite content and coarse magnetic grain size. Hydrodynamic sorting alone causes significant differences between the magnetic properties of glacial flour in lake sediments and of fresh volcanic rocks in the catchment. In comparison to source volcanic rocks, glacial flour in the lake sediment is highly enriched in extremely fine-grained magnetite.     

Newly Discovered Submicron-Scale Weathering in Quartz: Geographical Implications*

Quartz is regarded as one of the minerals most resistant to chemical weathering. Nevertheless, quartz does weather under certain conditions. Several geographic phenomena, including downstream sorting of fluvial sediments, the distribution of loess, and the absence of silica in tropical soils, may be directly or indirectly related to quartz weathering. Weathering may impact the use of quartz in geographic applications of geochronology and paleoenvironmental analysis. This paper defines the molecular-scale mechanisms of chemical weathering in quartz, and presents the first examination of quartz weathering in the terrestrial environment using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). HRTEM images illustrate crystalline disintegration, or amorphization, of exterior surfaces and internal fractures of quartz sand grains collected from tills of the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Of several alternative mechanisms, in situ hydration of the crystalline matrix is the most plausible for quartz amorphization. Scale and mineral structure appear to be prominent factors in quartz amorphization; microenvironment and weathering rates may also be significant, but data are insufficient to make more precise generalizations.     

Weathering characteristics of arctic islands in northern Norway

The arctic islands of the Lofoten-Vesterålen archipelago in northern Norway have a wide distribution of weathered land surfaces commonly located above 250 m with several apparent similarities. In order to investigate the characteristics of (deep) weathering in this region, northern Langøya and Hadseløya were chosen for in-depth analyses. Eight weathering profiles were excavated from various surfaces, and the stratigraphies were logged in detail. Material was collected throughout the weathering horizons, and all samples were subsequently analysed for clay mineralogy (< 63 μm fraction) and grain size distribution. The sampling strategy was complemented by samples from additional saprolites and other landforms such as moraines and rock glaciers. The XRD results indicate that the presence of secondary minerals, such as gibbsite (Al(OH)₃) and kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄), are very common throughout the profiles. Gibbsite is an extreme end product of silicate weathering and usually associated with a warmer and more humid climate, as found in Scandinavia during the Tertiary. The grain size analyses (< 63 μm) show that the finer silt fractions (< 8 μm) tend to be high in the profiles (20–40%), with significant amounts of clay (5–15%) demonstrating that the regolith itself is susceptible to frost sorting mechanisms.¹⁰Be exposure dates from in situ quartz knobs on tors and boulders of local origin suggest > 40,000 years of subaerial conditions. Considering the steady surface erosion, this figure should be viewed as an absolute minimum age estimate. Mapping of the superficial sediments and geomorphological features of the study areas has revealed several common morphological features, which indicate dominance of glacial and periglacial processes in the areas lying below the lower boundary of blockfields (c. 250 m). The weathering mantles are not a periglacial end product, but rather a relict tertiary landform that were modulated by permafrost processes as well as biological processes at later stages. The regolith cover constrain the vertical extension of warm-based Quaternary ice sheets challenging the notion of a parabolic ice mass consuming every mountain top of Lofoten and Vesterålen.     

Weathering and morphogenesis in a mediterranean climate, Calabria, Italy

Deeply weathered plutonic rocks occur widely in the Sila Massif, Calabria, southern Italy. Three representative weathering profiles developed on the hilltops indicate that sand represents more than 50% by weight throughout most of the weathering profile, and silt- and clay-size fractions are also well represented, filling the interstices among corestones. Both sand, and finer fractions of grus, and soil horizons, are thought to be derived from a combination of granular disintegration and chemical decomposition, developed on relatively flat terrains of the Sila massif. These slopes are now experiencing transport-limited morphodynamics, under a montane-modified Mediterranean climate. The depth of the weathered layers, that have suffered little erosional truncation, typically exceed 15 m, and may reach 50–60 m or more. Major isolated or grouped exfoliation boulders are the most common minor landform feature developed on the Sila massif granite. Boulders have developed as a result of spheroidal weathering and by removal of the sandy-textured granite. The Schmidt hammer (SH) test on boulders and corestones, suggests three distinctive degree of weathering (from moderately to completely weathered rock), and that biotite content is the major controlling factor of the granite mechanical behaviour. Understanding of the dynamics of this weathering system is crucial to the interpretation of the complex suite of variables that control landscape evolution of granitoid terrains.