Mucilaginous seed coat structure ofCarrichtera annuaandAnastatica hierochunticafrom the Negev Desert highlands of Israel, and its adhesion to the soil crust

Carrichtera annuaandAnastatica hierochunticaare two desert annuals, the seeds of which are dispersed by rain. The seed coat surface and cross-section structure of the dry seeds of these plants were examined by SEM. The seeds were wetted by placing them on natural saturated desert soil crust in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were placed in a freeze-dryer when the upper part of the seed surface was still dry. This enabled study by SEM of the developmental stages of the mucilage, from the first stage until the full formation of the mucilage. We argue that the ecological significance of the mucilage differs in winter and summer. In winter the main effect is in water retention and soil particle contact, while in summer dew may allow damage repair and priming for the germination process.     

Six years of dew observations in the Negev Desert, Israel

Dew measurements taken at the desert site of Sede Boker for nearly 6 years are analysed. The instrument used is a Hiltner-type dew balance. Several parameters describing various aspects of dew formation are discussed. The total monthly amount of dew and the distribution of the number of dew nights per month shows two maxima (in September and in December–January) and two minima (in April and November). The average dew deposit per dew night behaves differently: the most striking feature of this quantity is the appearance of distinct summer and winter regimes, with the winter having more dew per dew night. With respect to the total monthly dew hours, the year appears to be divided in half: first, the 6 months from August to January, with an average of 145 h per month, and second, the 6 months from February to June, with 80 h per month. The average duration of dew per dew night appears to follow very closely the length of the night: there is a clear maximum of dew duration in December (9·7 h) and a clear minimum in July (5·5 h). Finally, the rate of dew accumulation is found to have a distinct dry season regime and a winter, rainy season regime.     

Measurement and Analysis of Formation Conditions of Dew in Carex lasiocarpa Marsh

In order to investigate the dew amounts and analysis formation conditions of dew by examining the correlations between dew amounts and meteorological factors in Carex lasiocarpa marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, the dew amounts and several meteorological factors were monitored during the growing season from June to September in 2005 and 2008 at the Sanjiang Mire Wetland Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dew was collected by woodstick made by poplar tree in Carex lasiocarpa marsh and the amounts were estimated by subtraction method. The results indicated that average daily accumulated dew amounts reached the peak in August. The highest dew amounts in Carex lasiocarpa marsh were 0.201 mm/d, and the most frequent dew volume ranged from 0.08 mm/d to 0.14 mm/d. The amounts correlated positively with relative humidity, dew point temperature, and water vapor pressure. Whereas it correlated negatively with wind speed. The dew production in Carex lasiocarpa marsh more frequently occurred under the conditions of wind speed around 2.0 m/s, the water vapor pressure above 9 hPa; the relative humidity between 90% and 95% and dew point temperature above 6 ℃.     

表层雪中稳定同位素季节变化及其与水汽输送的关系——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区为例

根据2002年9月至2005年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区采集的表层雪样品,揭示了该区表层雪中δ<'18>O值的季节变化特征,讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ<'18>O值变化的影响.研究表明,天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪中δ<'18>O值季节变化显著,变幅可达12.59‰左右,其变化趋势和气温的变化趋势基本一致,...     

Adaptational responses ofZygophyllum qatarenseHadidi to stress conditions in a desert environment

The succulent shrubZygophyllum qatarensepossesses a high degree of tolerance to both drought and high temperature, and in its desert environment adapts to stress by seasonal changes in leaf morphology, anatomy and physiology. At the onset of the dry season, the plant responds to water stress by leaf polymorphism in which it develops unifoliate xeromorphic leaves. As the dry season progresses, the plant tends to reduce its transpiring surface area by means of substantial leaf loss. As the desert environment become drier and hotter, the plant responds further to the existing double stress of drought and high temperature by adopting a bimodal stomatal behaviour.     

塔里木河下游典型荒漠河岸植物水分来源

通过对塔里木河下游典型荒漠植物河岸胡杨（Populus euphratica,成年和幼龄）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparfolia）木质部水及不同潜在水源的稳定性氧同位素值的测定,并利用多源线性混合模型（IsoSource）和相似性比例指数（PS指数）分别分析了各潜在水源对不同植物的贡献率以及各月份不同植物间的水分利用关系。结果表明：（1）在塔里木河下游,成年胡杨、幼龄胡杨、柽柳几乎都不利用0~50 cm的表层土壤水,而主要利用200 cm以下的深层土壤水和地下水,而甘草、骆驼刺主要吸收50~200 cm的土壤水。（2）在生长季的不同月份里,除个别月份外,胡杨（成年和幼龄）、柽柳之间存在激烈水分竞争;甘草、骆驼刺在生长旺季和末期对各水源都存在较强的竞争关系,而成年或幼龄胡杨、柽柳和甘草、骆驼刺之间水分竞争关系较弱。（3）在塔里木河下游,为了适应极端干旱,无论是乔木胡杨、还是灌木柽柳,水分来源主要是较稳定的深层水源,且对各水源的利用比例在不同月份波动不大。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊对浅层沙含水量的影响

湖泊与高大沙山共存是巴丹吉林沙漠独特的自然景观,对其形成机制尚未形成共识。已有研究发现沙层含水量偏高的现象可能在高大沙山的形成中发挥了重要作用,但对其水分来源的研究尚不充分。本研究通过对沙漠腹地3个湖盆内气象要素和浅层沙含水量时空分布的对比,结合前人对水同位素和水分运移规律的研究,发现湖泊的存在大大增加了湖盆内空气相对湿度和浅层沙含水量的变化幅度,并影响了浅层沙含水量随高度的分布特征;相关分析表明,控制有湖湖盆浅层沙含水量变化的主导过程是气温升降引起的水分损失与补充,而干湖盆浅层沙水分补给主要来自风的平流输送。尽管沙丘分层含水量的长期定量观测仍有待开展,但现有证据表明巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山沙层含水量偏高的现象很可能是湖泊蒸发的水汽以土壤吸附水汽或凝结水等形式逐渐运移至沙层内而形成,是湖泊-沙山体系长期共存、形成局地水汽平衡的结果。这为沙层水分来源研究提供了新的视角,也对沙漠腹地水资源开发利用有一定的参考意义。     

艾比湖流域典型荒漠植被水分利用来源研究

在以风沙和干旱为基本特征的干旱、半干旱生态环境中,荒漠植被在防风固沙及维持荒漠和绿洲生态系统的稳定性方面有重要作用。选取艾比湖流域不同生境（河岸、沙丘、荒漠、盐沼）典型荒漠植被胡杨（Populus euphratica）、梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白刺（Nitraria sibirica）和盐穗木（Halostachys caspica）为研究对象,运用稳定同位素方法分析降水、土壤水、植株水和地下水同位素组成变化特征,量化4种植被在整个生长期内吸水来源及比例。结果表明：① 艾比湖流域降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O值变化范围为-142.5‰~-0.6‰和-20.16‰~1.20‰,表现为夏季最大,冬季最小,春秋季居中的态势。② 4类生境条件下的土壤水δ²H和δ¹⁸O值沿剖面总体表现为随着深度增加逐渐减小;不同植株茎水δ²H和δ¹⁸O值时间变化趋势基本一致,春季最大,夏季最小,秋季又逐渐增加;不同植株间比较,盐穗木茎水稳定同位素值最大,其余依次为白刺、梭梭和胡杨。③ 荒漠植被在不同生长期吸水来源及利用比例不同,梭梭在整个生长期主要利用地下水;白刺利用水源比例在整个生长季内变化较大,春季主要利用表层土壤水,贡献率为80%~94%,夏季利用深层土壤水的比例为31%~36%,秋季利用中层土壤水的比例达到33%~36%;盐穗木春季和秋季主要利用表层土壤水,夏季中间层土壤水比例略有提升,为20%~36%;胡杨春季主要利用中间层土壤水,利用比例为53%~54%,夏季主要利用地下水,比例达到72%~88%,河水利用比例仅为2%~5%,秋季河水利用比例升高为11%~21%。研究结果显示,干旱区荒漠植被生长季内水分利用来源差异明显。本文为了解干旱区荒漠植被的水分利用机理、水分适应策略,以及植被恢复和管理提供理论依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠表层土壤凝结水水汽来源特征分析

水分条件是决定干旱沙漠区生态环境的关键因素,凝结水是干旱区植物和低等生物的重要水分来源。利用自制蒸渗计在春、夏、秋3个季节对古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓、地衣、藻类及流沙4种地表类型表层原状土壤凝结水形成进行了观测研究。结果表明,在2 cm、5 cm、10 cm、20 cm 4种高度原状土中,用纱网封底土壤表层2 cm和5 cm土壤的凝结水测定结果能够真实的代表古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型地表土壤凝结水形成特征;凝结水主要集中产生在土壤表层2 cm范围内;凝结水的水汽来源于空气和土壤且以空气来源为主,春季由于表层土壤含水率较高,来自于土壤的水汽所占的比重较高,地衣0~2 cm表层凝结水来源于土壤水汽补充的比例春季为35.5%,夏季和秋季分别降到15.5%和11.3%;秋季55 d的观测结果表明,凝结水形成总量随流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加,分别为3.46 mm、4.07 mm、4.89 mm和5.15 mm,说明在干旱的沙漠地带,凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分最重要的水分来源。     

Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake

We investigated the effects of winter and summer drought on plants of the Colorado Plateau in western North America. This winter-cold, summer-hot desert region receives both winter and summer precipitation. Droughts were imposed for two consecutive years using rainout shelters. Here, we examine drought effects on the hydrologic interactions between plants and soil. We chose three perennial species for this study, representing different rooting patterns and responsiveness to precipitation pulses: Oryzopsis hymenoides, a perennial bunch grass with shallow roots; Gutierrezia sarothrae, a subshrub with dimorphic roots; and Ceratoides lanata, a predominantly deep-rooted woody shrub. Drought effects on plant water status were qualitatively similar among species, despite morphological differences. Summer drought affected the water status of all species more negatively than winter drought. Isotopic analysis of stem water revealed that all three species took up deeper soil water under drought conditions and shallow soil water after a large rainfall event in summer. Thus all three species appeared to use the same water sources most of the time. However, after a particularly dry summer, only the deepest-rooted species continued to take up soil water, while the more shallow-rooted species were either dead or dormant. Our study suggests therefore that increased occurrence of summer drought could favor the most deep-rooted species in ecosystem.     

黑河中游绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态脆弱带 土壤含水量空间分异研究

以黑河中游平川绿洲和六坝绿洲为例,对绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带土壤含水量空间分异进行了分析研究。结果表明:在无灌溉条件下绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带的土壤含水量水平分异明显,绿洲土壤含水量高于绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带和荒漠地区土壤含水量,并出现从绿洲到绿洲-荒漠过渡带和荒漠依次递减的趋势,主要受土壤性状、土壤水分水平运动和绿洲-荒漠局地大气环流影响;绿洲活动层土壤含水量垂直分异上表现为从表层向下逐渐增加,而过渡带和荒漠区活动层土壤含水量垂直分异则是表层和底层比20~30cm处低,可能与荒漠土壤凝结水的形成与运动有关。受绿洲地下水过度开采和绿洲边缘人类活动影响,在绿洲-荒漠过渡带形成了生态裂谷,对绿洲生态系统的安全构成威胁。     

可可西里土壤凝结水形成特征及其影响因素研究

青藏高原受气候变化影响,干湿过渡状况不断扩大,凝结水是旱区重要的水分补给来源,研究凝结水对青藏高原生态具有重要意义。为探究凝结水在青藏高原的形成特征以及影响凝结水形成因素,选取近年来受气候影响较大的可可西里盐湖地区作为研究区,使用微型蒸渗仪探究其0~10 cm土壤水分蒸发凝结特征,并利用相关回归分析、主成分分析探究影响凝结水形成因素。结果表明：（1） 在14:00—次日14:00期间,气温和土层温度均呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,0~10 cm土壤在00:00—10:00内有明显土壤凝结水形成,而在其余时间水量蒸发明显。大气水汽和土壤深层水汽组成土壤凝结水的比例约为1:3。当夜间近地空气相对湿度大于64%,近地气温小于3.8 ℃,5 cm土层温度低于4.1 ℃,有利于土壤凝结水的形成,平均水量可达0.2 mm·d^-1。（2） 相关分析表明土壤总凝结水量与5 cm土层温度和5~30 cm土层温度差呈显著负相关,而且凝结水量与相关因子的线性拟合效果较好;大气水汽凝结水量与气温呈现显著负相关,与相对湿度呈现显著正相关。主成分分析结果显示0~10 cm以上土层微气象因子对凝结水形成因素较大。     

Reproductive phenology of Isolatocereus dumortieri (Cactaceae) in semiarid scrub in central Mexico: Effect of rain during the dry season

The giant cactus Isolatocereus dumortieri is a dominant species of the semiarid scrub of central Mexico. Its reproductive period is during the dry season, and it produces essential resources (pollen, nectar and fruits) for a great variety of animal species. We related the production of reproductive structures with water variables in the soil–plant system. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the consequences of a change in rainfall pattern on the phenology of I. dumortieri. We watered some plants in the dry season to simulate heavy rain events, and to test the hypothesis that water availability during the reproductive season has a negative effect on fruiting and a positive effect on vegetative growth. The seasonality of rain events caused variations in soil water potential and plant osmotic potential, and we found that both variables influenced fruit production. The regression models relating the number of fruits with soil water potential, rainfall and osmotic potential were significant for all three study periods. The highest production of reproductive structures occurred in the driest year (2009), during which there was an ENSO event. Watering did not have a significant effect on osmotic potential or growth in the cacti. However, the watering × time interaction had a negative effect on the number of immature fruits. That is, at the end of the experiment, the plants that received the most water showed a decrease in the number of fruits. Plant growth during the rainy period was significantly greater than during the dry period. The results support the hypothesis that a change in rainfall pattern during the dry season has an effect on fruit production. Vegetative growth, however, occurred only during the wet season.     

Differential interception and evaporation of fog,dew and water vapour and elemental accumulation by lichens explain their relative abundance in a coastal desert

The interception and evaporation of fog, dew and water vapour by soils and lichens in a coastal desert were measured with automated lysimeters at hourly intervals spanning a 12 month period. Fog water and lichen thalli were chemically analysed at monthly intervals. The chemical composition of the lichens did not correspond with the elemental concentration sequence in collected fog water of oceanic origin. However, elemental concentrations were generally greater in Teloschistes capensis, whose canopy area to dry mass ratio was higher than that of Ramalina sp., indicative of a more efficient mineral absorbing thinner thallus. Non-rainfall atmospheric moisture intercepted by the bare gypsum soil was 10 times greater and that solely by the lichens up to 3 times greater than the measured rainfall amount. Water vapour contributed the highest percentage of the non-rainfall atmospheric moisture absorbed by the lichens and bare soil, followed by fog, with dew contributing the smallest percentage. T. capensis displayed two-fold greater interception and two-thirds less evaporation of non-rainfall atmospheric moisture than Ramalina sp. which may explain T. capensis 3 times greater canopy cover. Our results substantiate the crucial role of atmospheric water vapour and fog in driving lichen photosynthesis and distribution in a coastal desert.     

干旱荒漠区沙土凝结水与微气象因子关系

凝结水作为干旱区降雨以外的主要水分补给,具有重要的生态水文意义。目前,凝结水研究已成为干旱区生态水文学研究的一个重要组分\.通过定位观测,对凝结水的形成机理、形成量和影响因子已有了初步的认识\.但是受土壤水分、风速和下垫面性质的影响,凝结水量与微气象因子的关系复杂,导致凝结水模拟估算存在诸多困难。本文通过控制试验,在排除土壤水分、风速和下垫面对凝结水形成过程影响的条件下,开展观测,建立凝结水形成速率与近地层微气象因子之间的多元回归方程,旨在为凝结水模型构建提供参考。结果显示:凝结水形成速率与空气相对湿度呈波尔兹曼函数关系,与气温和地表温度均呈显著的线性负相关关系,而与气温和地表温度差、露点温度呈显著的线性正相关关系。多元回归分析显示,沙土凝结水主要受近地层空气相对湿度、气温和地表温度的控制,表明在凝结水模型构建中应重点考虑这3个微气象因子的影响。     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征

土壤表面蒸发是降水的无效损失,其大小直接决定着降水转化为有效土壤水的效率,从而间接决定了植物可利用水分的多寡。在降水稀少的沙漠区,定量认识土壤蒸发的大小和其所占降水的比例显得尤为重要。在2004年全生长期(5~9月)应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysime-ter)测定了风沙土(有结皮覆盖的丘间低地和裸露沙丘顶部)和对照的荒漠盐碱土的土壤蒸发。结果表明:在相似的气象条件下,风沙土区的丘间低地和荒漠盐碱土的日平均蒸发量分别约是裸露沙丘(风沙土区)的2倍和3倍。整个生长期裸露沙丘的累积蒸发量为18.7mm,丘间低地为38.8mm,荒漠盐碱土为52.1mm。根据整个观测期的累积蒸发量和累积降雨量计算得出的蒸发降雨比分别为:裸露沙丘0.20,丘间低地0.42,荒漠盐碱土0.62,表明裸露沙丘由降水转化为土壤水而储存的比率最高。同时,从数据分析中可以看出:在风沙土区0~5cm土层的含水量对土壤蒸发起决定作用,而盐碱土区的土壤蒸发则受到更深层次土壤水分的影响。裸露沙丘低的土壤蒸发、高的降水转化效率,为植被恢复奠定了良好的基础。因此,裸露沙丘的低蒸发量可以视为植被状况对生态水文过程的一种良性反馈。     

喀斯特关键带水—土—气CO2分压垂直转化特征及影响因素

喀斯特关键带是碳循环在岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈的主要综合作用区域,各层相互作用形成不同的反应体系,其中,CO₂扮演了十分重要的作用。通过对双河洞洞穴上覆土壤及洞穴水及空气CO₂浓度的监测,采用数理统计分析方法,根据碳酸平衡系统理论对CO₂的垂直向转化特征进行系统分析。结果表明：CO₂的垂直向转化过程受洞穴内外部气温变化、滴水pH及脱气沉积过程的影响,其供给来源、离子饱和状况在雨季和旱季存在明显差异;雨季时,大气降水在土壤中下渗速度较快,构成一个相对稳定的封闭环境,土壤、表层喀斯特带对渗透水CO₂补充作用较弱,渗透水中CO₂分压（即PCO₂）变化范围在0.035~0.126 vol%,洞内水—气CO₂分压（△lg PCO₂ > 0）,洞穴水具有溶蚀性,此时表层喀斯特带下部中的CO₂应为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源;旱季时,由于降水量较小,渗透水有充分时间接受土壤与表层喀斯特带CO₂补充,构成开放系统,渗透水变化范围为0.038 vol%~0.095 vol%,更有利于发生先期沉积过程（PCP）,此时洞内空气PCO₂小于洞穴水（△lg PCO₂ < 0）,促使滴水在洞内再次发生沉积、形成沉积物,此时土壤和表层喀斯特带均为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源。     

Water sources for typical desert vegetation in the Ebinur Lake basin

In arid and semi-arid environments, desert vegetation plays an important role in preventing soil erosion by wind and helps maintain the stability of desert and oasis ecosystems. Four types of typical desert vegetation, namely Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria sibirica, and Halostachs caspica, corresponding to different habitats (i.e., river bank, sand dune, desert, and salt marsh) were chosen as the model vegetation in this research. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O for rainwater, soil water, and plant water were applied to identify the water sources and quantify the proportions of different water sources used over the entire plant growth period (from March to October). The results showed that the precipitation δ²H and δ¹⁸O in the Ebinur Lake basin varied from -142.5‰ to -0.6‰ and from -20.16‰ to 1.20‰, respectively. The largest δ²H and δ¹⁸O values occurred in summer and the smallest in winter. The soil water δ²H and δ¹⁸O of the four habitats decreased gradually with increasing depth. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of water extracted from the stems of the four plants had similar variation trends, that is, the maximum was observed in spring and the minimum in summer. Among the four plants, H. caspica had the highest stable isotopic values in the stem water, followed by N. sibirica, H. ammodendron, and P. euphratica. The water sources and utilization ratios of desert vegetation varied across different growth stages. Throughout the growing period, H. ammodendron mainly used groundwater, whereas the water source proportions used by N. sibirica varied greatly throughout the growing season. In spring, plants mainly relied on surface soil water, with a contribution rate of 80%-94%. However, in summer, the proportion of deep soil water used was 31%-36%; and in autumn, the proportion of middle soil water used was 33%-36%. H. caspica mainly relied on topsoil water in spring and autumn, and the proportion of soil water in the middle layer slightly increased to 20%-36% in summer. P. euphratica mainly used intermediate soil water in spring with a utilization rate of 53%-54%. In summer, groundwater was the main source, with a utilization rate of 72%-88%, and only 2%-5% came from river water, whereas in autumn, the river water utilization rate rose to 11%-21%. The results indicated that there were significant differences in water use sources during the growing period for desert vegetation in arid areas. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding water use mechanisms, water adaptation strategies, and vegetation restoration and management in arid areas.     

土地利用对河西走廊荒漠绿洲区土壤入渗的影响

绿洲是由农田、林地、沙荒地、湖泊和湿地等多种景观组成的镶嵌体,农田、林地、沙荒地是该镶嵌体的主要组成部分。探究不同土地利用土壤入渗特征对深入了解绿洲内部水循环和水转化具有重要意义。本文研究了农田、防护林地和沙荒地3种土地利用方式0—40 cm土层土壤物理性质及入渗特征,探讨不同土地利用对土壤入渗特征的影响及其驱动机制。结果表明：（1）不同土地利用土壤质地差异显著,较沙荒地,防护林地和农田0—40 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量分别增加了100.25%和285.23%,土地利用对干密度和总孔隙度影响较小,仅防护林地表层（0—10 cm）干密度减小（1.37±0.12 g·cm^-3）、总孔隙度增大（48.22%±4.56%）;（2）不同土地利用方式土壤入渗性能存在显著差异,与沙荒地相比,农田和防护林地土壤初始入渗率分别减小了75.49%和37.05%,饱和导水率分别减小了80.04%和42.02%;（3）不同土地利用方式显著影响土壤水流模式,防护林地和农田土壤水流入渗非均匀性显著高于沙荒地,其优先流比分别是沙荒地土壤的3.84倍和5.46倍;（4）土壤初始入渗率和饱和导水率与黏粉粒含量显著负相关,优先流比和长度指数与黏粉粒含量和总孔隙度显著正相关,土壤入渗性能和水流模式均受土壤质地的影响,表明土壤质地是土地利用对土壤入渗影响的关键因子。     

荒漠人工植被区典型生物土壤结皮的固碳模型研究

生物土壤结皮（BSC）是荒漠生态系统组成和地表景观的重要特征,在荒漠系统碳的源-汇功能中发挥着重要的作用。本文以沙坡头人工植被区两种典型的BSC（苔藓结皮和藻类结皮）为研究对象,通过对土壤水分的连续测定,确定BSC光合和呼吸作用的有效湿润时间及其与土壤水分、温度和太阳辐射的关系,建立了土壤水分驱动下的固碳模型。以2012年5月19—25日为例,计算了苔藓结皮和藻类结皮在试验期间的日固碳量,并估算了两类结皮的年际固碳量。结果表明:苔藓结皮和藻类结皮由于自身水文物理性质的差别显著影响到其下层土壤水分和温度的变化;降雨是BSC固碳活性的重要来源,并且苔藓结皮更容易受到非降雨水（如雾水、凝结水等）的影响而使其固碳潜力大于藻类结皮。初步估算苔藓结皮和藻类结皮的年固碳量分别可以达到33.33 g·m-2·a-1和14.01 g·m-2·a-1,其中由非降雨水所引起的固碳量达到了6.58 g·m-2·a-1和2.65 g·m-2·a-1,分别占到了全年固碳量的19.7%和18.9%。充分肯定了BSC在荒漠人工植被区碳汇的功能。