基于小波分析的地磁甚低频脉动指数及其在高磁纬度地区甚低频脉动共轭对比研究中的应用

地磁甚低频脉动是甚低频磁流体波在磁层中传播的地面表现,开发近实时空间天气产品来监测这些地磁脉动至关重要。本文基于小波分析提出一种地磁甚低频脉动指数,并将其应用于研究在南极洲及西格陵兰岛的磁共轭位置观测到的地磁甚低频脉动。研究结果表明,(1)该指数可有效识别Pc4—Pc5频率范围内的脉动事件(包括瞬态事件),并获得甚低频脉动在时域和频域的重要特征。(2)基于共轭位置地磁脉动的小波分析比较揭示了冬至日、夏至日条件下南北半球甚低频脉动的相似性和差异。本研究也表明,南北半球磁共轭位置观测到地磁脉动存在的差异受到行星际磁场条件、磁场拓扑、观测磁纬度和日照等条件影响,需要进一步研究案例中实际磁层和电离层配置以及驱动条件。     

极隙区Pc3频段脉动的传播特性

南极中山站和戴维斯站 (不变磁纬 74.5°S)白天中午位于磁层极隙区 ,夜间位于极盖区或极光带的极向边沿。两站均安装了完全相同的感应式磁力计。选择两站 1 997年 3月和 1 996年 6、9、1 2月的数据 ,运用快速傅立叶变换和波形检查方法选择 Pc3频段脉动事件 ,然后用信号互谱技术进行统计分析 ,结果如下 :在中山站 -戴维斯站 ,Pc3频段脉动主要出现于白天中午 /磁中午和磁午夜附近 ;白天 ,Pc3频段脉动振幅、出现率和出现的时间范围均有一定的季节变化 ,冬季最小 ,但在夜间 ,Pc3频段脉动没有这种变化 ;夜间 ,Pc3频段脉动振幅比在白天大许多 ;Pc3频段脉动传播方向 ,白天主要向西 ,夜间不太规则。这些可能反映了电离层电导率和日侧电离层电流系统对 Pc3频段脉动的影响。     

南极中山站地磁脉动的观测分析

本文分析的是１９９２年２月９日至１９９３年２月９日在南极中山站记录的各种地磁脉动的观测资料，并对各种地磁脉动的激发机制进行了初步讨论。通过南极中山站地磁脉动观测资料分析，了解高纬地区地磁脉动的形态特征，对南极极隙区高空大气电磁环境、太阳风和磁层相互作用等现象有进一步的认识。     

南极中山站与北京地磁中心台1991年3月24日磁暴的变化特征

本文分析了１９９１年３月２４日急始型磁暴的变化特征。分析表明，南极极隙区与中低纬区磁暴形态差异很大。中山站地磁台的磁暴急始为ＳＣ＊型，无明显磁暴主相，它是由一组强烈的磁亚暴所组成。北京地磁中心台的磁暴急始为ＳＣ型，磁暴主相持续时间较短，变化较大。这次磁暴是由磁暴前太阳黑子相对数增多、３月２２日２２ｈ４６ｍＵＴ有３ｂ级耀斑爆发等一系列太阳活动所引起的     

Cluster卫星观测的中高度极隙区中场向电流引起的磁场的扰动变化

本文分析了2002年9月10日Cluster四颗卫星穿越南极和北极极隙区期间的观测资料。这两次穿越是在弱而稳定的南向行星际磁场(IMF)条件下发生的。数据显示极隙区中的场向电流(FACs)引起了大的磁场扰动。本文采用了一种基于卫星多点测量来计算扰动界面方向和运动速度的方法。结果显示界面与磁力线大致平行,而它们的速度在卫星穿越南极极隙区时几乎朝向晨侧,在穿越北极极隙区时几乎朝向昏侧,并且其运动速度与相应卫星的速度相比其值很小。     

南极长城站与北京地区地磁脉动观测资料的对比分析

本文将我国首次南极考察得到的长城站地磁脉动资料与北京地区的同时地磁脉动观测资料作比较。对比分析表明 ,在磁静日中两个地区以平静的脉动为主 ,南极长城站有时出现Pc1 /Pc4- 5脉动 ,北京地区会出现 Pc3脉动。Pi脉动出现很少。但在磁扰日中 Pi型脉动出现次数明显增加 ,还会出现在对应的小时段上。不过长城站的 Pi脉动往往比北京地区强些。     

南极中山站的f_0F2特征

本文利用电离层数字测高仪 (DPS - 4)所测的f0 F2和从美国NOAA和DMSP卫星观测估算的半球功率指数和午夜极光区赤道侧边界纬度等资料 ,考察中山站电离层的极区特征。结果表明 ,冬季中山站电离层内的电离生成主要取决于从磁层沉降的粒子。在太阳活动和地磁变化宁静环境下 ,磁正午极隙区内的软粒子是最主要的电离源 ,它能使f0 F2达全天的最大值 ;上、下午各有数小时处于极光带内时 ,高能粒子的电离作用也很重要 ;夜间进入极盖区后 ,电子密度则很低。夏季太阳辐射电离效应使f0 F2值比冬季增加 1- 1 .5MHz,而其日变化的最大值时间也提前了 1- 2hr。发生很大扰动时 ,极隙区和极光带的位置均向低纬方向移动。若中山站日间也处于极盖区内时 ,电子密度会大幅度下降 ,并常接收不到电离层回波的信号。在中等扰动环境下情况更加复杂。由于高纬电离层对流速度很高 ,离子 /中性分子间的碰撞复合系数就很大。热层中性大气全球经向环流对高纬电离层电子密度的增加无显著作用。磁暴期间中午从极隙区向南的等离子体对流对中山站f0 F2的增高也无明显影响。     

径向行星际磁场下的场向电流的统计学研究

基于CHAMP卫星高精度磁场观测数据,对2001—2009年径向行星际磁场(RIMF, radial interplanetary magnetic fields)条件下的场向电流的分布特征进行了统计学分析, 并与2001—2009年期间场向电流的平均强度进行了对比研究, 结果表明：正午时刻场向电流的平均强度对地偶极子倾角有明显线性依赖, 冬夏季电流强度比值约为3左右, RIMF条件下冬夏季比值降为2;相对年平均值来说, RIMF条件下行星际磁场总幅度、重联电场、太阳风动压均有所减小, AE指数减弱, Dst指数略有降低;在通常情形下重联电场是场向电流很好的控制参数, 但是在RIMF下, 重联电场不再与电流强度相关;北半球电流强度在向地IMF条件下大于向日IMF, 而南半球则相反, 虽然RIMF条件下场向电流的均值小于年平均值, 但是正午时段场向电流强度大于年平均值的概率大约为0.2, RIMF条件下仍然有地磁扰动事件(比如亚暴事件)发生。     

径向行星际磁场下的场向电流统计学研究

基于CHAMP卫星高精度磁场观测数据,对2001—2009年径向行星际磁场(RIMF,radial interplanetary magnetic fields)条件下的场向电流的分布特征进行了统计学分析,并与2001—2009年期间场向电流的平均强度进行了对比研究,结果表明:正午时刻场向电流的平均强度对地偶极子倾角有明显线性依赖,冬夏季电流强度比值约为3左右,RIMF条件下冬夏季比值降为2;相对年平均值来说,RIMF条件下行星际磁场总幅度、重联电场、太阳风动压均有所减小,AE指数减弱,Dst指数略有降低;在通常情形下重联电场是场向电流很好的控制参数,但是在RIMF下,重联电场不再与电流强度相关;北半球电流强度在向地IMF条件下大于向日IMF,而南半球则相反,虽然RIMF条件下场向电流的均值小于年平均值,但是正午时段场向电流强度大于年平均值的概率大约为0.2,RIMF条件下仍然有地磁扰动事件(比如亚暴事件)发生。     

午后多重极光弧观测研究

本文利用2001-2003年南极中山站175天全天空摄像机观测,对午后多重极光弧的出现率及其与Kp指数的关系进行了统计分析,结果表明午后多重极光弧出现率呈一单峰分布,最大发生率出现在1445UT(1645MLT),其位置在1500MLT极光热点(1300-1700MLT)近夜侧的部分。与地磁活动指数Kp的相关统计分析表明,Kp值为2-3之间时多重极光弧有较大的出现率,这说明中等地磁活动情形下午后多重极光弧有较高的出现率。事件分析表明多重极光弧的强度变化与地磁Pc5脉动具有较高的相关性,并且有类似的频谱特征,这说明午后多重极光弧可能与同时出现的Pc5地磁脉动有关。     

Study and observation of the great solar event in July 2000 at cusp latitude

A series of solar flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) event occurred in July 2000, particularly the largest flare (X5.7/3B) with CME on 14th of July since 1989, which stimulated a great geomagnetic storm with D st index reaching -300 nT. A number of data have been obtained from the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station (ZHS, INT Lat. 74.5°, L≈14), which is located at cusp latitude, and from the ACE satellite. After analyzing these data we have got the results as follows: a lot of solar high energy particles penetrated into the polar ionosphere and ionized it, which significantly increased the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and blanked the DPS-4 data for more than two days. The magnetic pulsation in Pc 3/5 frequency band on the ground has a high relation with the fluctuation of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B z, which shows the contribution of interplanetary magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) waves to the Pc 3/5 pulsation on the ground. The Pc 3/5 pulsation was intensified much during the great magnetic storm. The H component of the magnetic field at ZHS varied with the southern value of IMF B z but lagged behind for about 8 10 h. While D st index responded to the variation of the IMF B z very quickly, which suggested that the magnetic storm occurred at low latitude firstly and then effected the ionospheric current at high latitude.     

Ionospheric absorption at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica during magnetic storms in early May, 1998

In the paper the high latitude ionospheric absorption events, monitored by an imaging riometer at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, are examined during magnetic storms in early May, 1998. The storm absorption at ~0639 UT on May 2 was mainly an equatorward progressing absorption event, which were associated with a strong negative bay of the magnetic H component and with a large Pc3 range pulsation. There was a time lag of about 1. 5 hours between the onset of the ionospheric disturbance and the IMF southward turning in the solar wind. The event at 2222 UT on May 2 was a typical midnight absorption spike event. The absorption region took the form of an elongated strip with the length of 100 - 150 km and the width of 30 - 40 km. The absorption during 0830 - 1200 UT on May 6 was a polar cap absorption (PCA) event,caused by intense precipitation of high-energy protons erupted after a large solar flare explosion.     

IMF polarity and annual variations of the Dst index

Summary. The annual variations of the Dst index were studied separately for the towards and away polarities of the interplanetary magnetic field. It was found that: (a) the towards polarity is associated with a spring minimum and the away polarity with an autumn minimum of Dst; (b) that both polarities exhibit an asymmetry between the solstices, the Dst values for the December solstice being more negative than those for the June solstice; and (c) that a shift of the annual minima in Dst to earlier times with increasing level of activity seems to exist, irrespective of IMF polarity. The first effect is related to the similar effect found earlier in other measures of geomagnetic activity and is assumed to be caused by varying energy transfer from the solar wind into the magnetosphere depending on the sign of the north-south component of the IMF; the second effect is compatible with a proposed annual variation in the size of the magnetosphere, the reason of which is still unknown; and the third suggests to us that the solar magnetospheric coordinate system might not be adequate for describing the interaction between the IMF and the magnetosphere during disturbed times.     

The extremely intense CNA events observed at Zhongshan Station in July, 2000

Using the ground observation data at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica during July 13 to 17, 2000, the intense absorption events associated with the activities of the solar active region R9077 are analyzed. It was shown that an intense polar cap absorption event lasted more than 3 days, which was caused by the solar proton event associated with the X5/3B major flare at 1024 UT on July 13. The polar cap event started at about 1040 UT on July 14, and lasted to about 1940 UT on July 17, with a typical day night variation. At the same time, the intense solar activities extremely disturbed the magnetosphere, therefore aurora substorms occurred frequently. The energetic particle precipitation from the magnetosphere caused several absorption spikes superposing on the background of polar cap absorption. One distinct event is the absorption enhancement that started at about 0300 UT on July 15, reached its peak of 26 dB at about 0645 UT and recovered at about 1110 UT on the same day, which was the strongest absorption event observed at Zhongshan Station since the imaging riometer installed in February, 1997. Another outstanding absorption spike with pulsation occurred at about 1753 UT on 14th, its peak reached to 6 dB.     

Propagation and source of Pc5 frequency range pulsation at cusp latitude

Two induction magnetometers have been installed at Chinese Zhongshan Station and Australia Davis Station, Antarctica respectively. We adopt the cross spectral analysis technique to analyze the data of the two induction magnetometers, in June, September, December 1996 and March 1997, and to investigate Pc5 frequency range pulsation (150 600 s) occurrence and propagation in cusp latitude. The results are summarized as follows: At Zhongshan Davis Station, the magnetic pulsations in Pc5 frequency band can occurs over a wide time, but more frequently at pre local magnetic noon and pre local magnetic midnight. The Pc5 pulsations have no significant seasonal variation in the amplitude, occurrence and propagation. The amplitude has a small peak at pre local magnetic noon and large value sometimes at pre local magnetic midnight. In daytime, the Pc5 pulsations propagate westward in morning and eastward in afternoon, and reversal at local magnetic noon. In nighttime, the Pc5 pulsations propagate westward before 20:00 MLT and eastward after 20:00 MLT. Near dusk time, the Pc5 pulsations propagate irregularly. These characteristics indicate that the Pc5 pulsations have different source at different local magnetic time.     

The change in Sq(H) amplitude on Abnormal Quiet Days

Summary. Analysis of geomagnetic data has shown that the superposed northward magnetic field, which reduces the S _q( H ) amplitude at northern mid-latitude stations on Abnormal Quiet Days, and increases the amplitude at stations on the equatorward side of the S _q focus, builds up in amplitude over four to five days before the AQD occurs, and subsides over a similar period after the AQD. It is inferred indirectly that the azimuthal component B_y of the interplanetary magnetic field varies similarly. Data for the opposite meridian show that the imposed field reverses to a southward direction at lower latitudes. The inferred currents to account for these fields are believed to flow in the ionosphere, but to arise from magnetospheric electric fields induced by the solar wind-transported IMF.