新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

研究和确定流域生态基流及天然植被需水量是为了遏制因河道断流或流量减少而造成的生态环境退化,以确保流域生态系统健康发展。根据孔雀河流域植被类型分布及多年径流状况,将河道分为A、B两部分,A段为孔雀河上游塔什店至第三分水枢纽常年未断流河道;B段为第三分水枢纽以下天然植被主要分布区。基于塔什店水文站近50 a水文数据,结合Tennant法等4种方法对A段河道生态基流进行估算;选择潜水蒸发法、定额法对B段距河道1 km辐射范围内的天然植被需水量进行计算。结果表明:Tennant法估算的年均生态基流为9.13 m³·s^-1,对应基本生态水量为2.88×10⁸ m³·a^-1,满足A段河道2000—2018年多年平均河损,且近10 a(2009—2018年)塔什店实测年均流量均可满足此生态基流标准;B段河道辐射范围内天然植被总面积为4.66×10⁴ hm²,生态需水量为0.95×10⁸ m³·a^-1,以孔雀河生态输水工程为例科学调控水资源,在满足A段基本生态基流的同时兼顾B段天然植被需水量。研究结果对实现孔雀河河道修复和不同水平年下生态供水具有一定的意义。     

塔里木河干流区天然植被的空间分布及生态需水

塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林具有重要的生态、经济和社会效益。本文以塔里木河干流的荒漠河岸林系统为对象,借助于卫星遥感、GIS等技术,研究塔里木河干流区各河段天然植被分布特征,应用缓冲区梯度分析方法对林地分布结构和生态需水进行分析。结果表明： （1）塔里木河干流区天然植被面积为146.1×10⁴ hm²,占研究区总面积的35.18%;北岸天然植被面积较南岸多46.34×10⁴ hm²。（2）塔里木河干流区荒漠河岸林分布随距离河道的增加呈波动下降趋势。在影响保护带、基本保护带和重点保护带下,天然植被保护范围分别为4.7～30.1 km、2.2～24.2 km和0.8～12.3 km。（3） 塔里木河干流区天然植被总的生态需水量为21.932×10⁸ m³,在重点保护带、基本保护带和影响保护带下,生态需水量分别为9.56×10⁸ m³、14.97×10⁸ m³和19.08×10⁸ m³。根据荒漠河岸林的分布特征和保护目标,对塔里木河干流用水作统一规划和协调是符合实际的生态治理措施。     

基于GIS的区域植被-土壤生态系统需水定量测评——以陕北延安地区为例

根据延安地区各气象站点连续30年的气象资料和各土肥站点连续10年的土壤含水实测资料,通过经验模型、实地观测和GIS空间分析相结合的方法,提出了干旱半干旱地区植被-土壤复合系统的最小生态需水量、适宜生态需水量和饱和生态需水量三种阈值模式的较为准确的计算方法,并从时空角度定量分析评价区域生态需水量和生态缺水量。结果表明,延安地区植被-土壤复合系统的年最小生态需水量为216.185亿m³,对应的年生态缺水量为23.556亿m³;重度生态缺水的景观类型有针阔混交林-壤土、针叶林-壤土和落阔叶林-粘壤土等,水量供需基本平衡的景观类型有灌草丛-粘壤土、灌丛林-粘壤土和草原-砂壤土等,轻度生态富水的景观类型有农作物-粘壤土、农作物-砂壤土和农作物-砂砾质壤土等;生态缺水较为明显的区域主要位于延安西南部和中部的黄土梁状丘陵沟谷区,时段集中在每年的夏秋两季。     

渭河下游河流输沙需水量计算

基于对河流输沙运动特性的分析,认为最小河流输沙需水量是当河流输沙基本上处于冲淤平衡状态时输送单位重量的泥沙所需要的水的体积,通过河段进口即上游断面水流挟沙力 (S_u^*) 与含沙量 (S_u) 比较,分S_u ≤ S_u^*和S_u > S_u^*两种情况,分别建立了最小河段输沙需水量的计算方法。并应用该方法对渭河下游输沙需水量做了计算。计算的空间尺度为渭河下游的咸阳、临潼、华县三个断面,时间尺度为四个代表年的年内月均需水量,分p = 25% (1963年)、p = 50% (1990年)、p = 75% (1982年)、p = 90% (1979年)。计算结果分析表明：渭河各断面汛期月均输沙需水量大于非汛期月均输沙需水量。相较而言,在不同代表年的汛期和非汛期,从咸阳断面至华县断面输沙需水量在增加。在丰水年 (p = 25%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为63.67亿m³、97.95亿m³和103.25亿m³;在平水年 (p = 50%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为49.71亿m³、83.27亿m³和85.08亿m³;在枯水年 (p = 75%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为30.17亿m³、55.14亿m³和65.32亿m³;在特枯水年 (p = 90%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为23.96亿m³、37.91亿m³和38.92亿m³。由丰水年到枯水年,渭河下游各断面年输沙需水量变小。     

辽河流域生态需水估算

从辽河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定主要生态需水类型的基础上,基于水资源分区,分别估算各水资源分区的不同类型的生态需水,包括枯季河道生态需水、汛期输沙需水、入海需水、地下水恢复需补充的水量、河口湿地生态需水等。针对辽河流域季节性河流的特点,提出了枯水季节最小流量法的枯季河道生态需水计算方法。计算结果表明,辽河流域生态需水总量为130.44×10⁸m³,占地表径流的48.3%,其中浑太河、东辽河2个水资源分区的生态需水量占地表径流的比例在60%以上,辽河干流生态需水量占地表径流的53.5%,其余水资源分区生态需水量占地表径流的比例均在50%以下。研究结果为流域水资源配置及水环境保护与恢复提供科学依据。     

疏勒河下游生态保护研究

通过对河西地区疏勒河下游的生态环境的恶化,终端湖泊的后退,湿地萎缩,生物多样性减少,土壤盐渍化及土地沙漠化扩展的主要原因的调查分析研究,提出了生态环境保护的关键问题,并对最低水资源需求量及未来水资源保证状况进行了预测。研究结果表明,为保护和维系现存林地、草地、湿地、湖泊等生态环境不继续恶化,约需水2.92亿m³,其中安西1.5217亿m³,敦煌1.4306亿m³。但昌马水库只能提供2.4058亿m³的生态用水,还缺0.52亿m³,需通过流域实施农业节水和全面建立节水型社会解决。     

黑河流域水资源生态环境安全问题研究

对黑河流域水文资料进行分析计算发现, 由于有冰川补给流域水资源比较稳定, 最枯年和最丰年水资源量之比仅为1:2, 这在北方河流中是非常罕见的。多年平均水资源量为32.31亿m³·a^-1, 人均水资源量为1689m³·a^-1, 略低于国际上公认的人均水资源安全警戒线1000~1700m³·a^-1的上限。根据黑河流域水资源反复转化多次重复利用的特点, 扣除7.5亿m³·a^-1的生态用水量, 结合流域正在执行的综合整治和节水措施的推广, 目前水资源状况是安全的, 下游生态环境的危机可以通过水资源统一调配来解决。依据天然出山水资源变化和水土资源开发利用规模及额济纳旗生态环境状况, 在不增加土地灌溉规模并适当采取节水措施的前提下, 可以确定32.31亿m³·a^-1的天然来水量为流域水资源安全临界线, 28亿m³·a^-1的天然来水量为流域水资源安全警戒线。     

基于生态水文过程的塔里木河下游 植被生态需水量研究

根据2005年塔里木河下游8个断面25眼地下水位观测井和25个植物样地野外采集的数据,运用DPS统计软件计算植被物种多样性指数,进而对地下水、土壤水与植被的关系进行了分析,结果表明地下水位、土壤含水量与植被多样性之间都有极强的相关性,在此基础上确定出塔里木河下游潜水蒸发的极限埋深是5 m。并采用阿维里扬诺夫公式和群克水均衡场公式对塔里木河下游天然植被的月潜水蒸发量进行计算,将两者计算结果加以算术平均得到塔里木河下游不同埋深对应的潜水蒸发量;采用两种方法对植被面积进行分类,在此分类基础上计算生态需水量,将两个结果再次平均,得到天然植被全年最低需水量约为3.2×10⁸ m³。通过对月生态需水量的分析发现4月到9月的生态需水量占全年的81%,尤其是5、6、7三个月占全年总需水量的47%,是生态需水的主要时期。     

塔里木河下游生态需水估算

量化生态需水是流域水权分配的重要依据。以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至尾闾台特玛湖段为研究区,借助湿周法计算了该段河道内最小生态需水量,并基于2009年和2010年河段地下水分布特征,计算沿线河道两岸各1 km范围地下水恢复至目标埋深(5～4 m)的地下水恢复量,采用潜水蒸发法和面积定额法估算了沿线天然植被生态需水量。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖河道内年最小生态需水量为1.455×108 m3;（2）以5年为恢复期限,确定该河段地下水埋深恢复至5～4 m的年恢复需水量为0.608×108～1.466×108 m3;（3）取潜水蒸发法和面积定额法计算结果均值,确定研究区天然植被生态需水量为1.042×108 m3;（4）综合考虑,塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖年生态需水总量为3.105×108～3.963×108 m3。     

黑河干流正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量计算及模拟

综合考虑来水条件和渗漏容量,利用平均水面宽度与渗漏率的乘积求得单位长度渗漏量,采用水面宽度的变化表征渗漏面随水流起伏变化,建立了黑河正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏模型,模拟了2005-2013年河段渗漏量变化;并以此建立了河道前期过水和未过水条件下正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段渗漏量之间的关系。结果表明：（1）强烈渗漏条件下天然河道水流演进模型对正义峡-狼心山段渗漏模拟效果较好,总体误差小于5%;（2）模型模拟的2005-2013年年均渗漏量为2.69×10⁸ m³,与以水量平衡计算的年均2.84×10⁸ m³大致相当,绝对误差为0.15×10⁸ m³,表明模型模拟的结果较好;（3）正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量呈显著的指数关系,实际调度工作中,可利用该模型计算渗漏量并预测下游的来水过程。     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

通过考虑水的自然循环与水在人类活动影响下的循环 (二元水循环),后者包括水资源开发利用率、耗水率、污水排放浓度影响,探讨了二元水循环下河流生态需水“质”与“量”的综合评价,以区别以往仅从自然水循环 (一元) 出发评价河流生态需水的缺陷。建立了二元水循环下的河流生态需水的水量与水质计算方法,并确定了河流生态需水的“质”与“量”的评价标准,实现了河流生态需水水量与水质的综合评价。以辽河流域为例进行实证分析,计算了一元水循环下西辽河、东辽河、辽河干流、浑太河、东北沿黄渤海诸河等水资源分区的河流生态需水,分别占径流的39.3%、63.0%、43.9%、43.3%、43.5%,采用Tennant推荐流量及等级进行评价,结果是：除西辽河属于“中”等级外,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均在“好”等级以上,东辽河达到“极好”等级。与之对应的二元水循环下的河流生态需水比例分别是57.5%、74.1%、60.8%、60.3%、60.4%,综合评价结果显示：从水量角度评价,西辽河不能达到生态需水“量”的标准,其余能够达标,从水质角度评价,西辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均不能够达到“质”的标准,东辽河可以达标。从“量”与“质”相结合的角度评价,仅有东辽河可以达标。因此,水质状况是决定辽河流域河流生态需水是否满足生态系统需求的主要问题。     

黄淮海平原水资源开发的环境效应及其调控对策

本文简要介绍了黄淮海平原水资源开发与农业持续发展的关系，本区人均、公顷平均水资源量均仅及全国平均值的２９％；耕地灌溉率每增加１％，粮食单产增加９４．２８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，总产增加２０．５０×１０８ｋｇ。文中阐述了四大类型区水资源利用现状和水资源开发中的环境问题，诸如山前平原区的水污染与浅层地下水超采，海河低平原区饮水型氟中毒、地下水降落漏斗和地面沉降，黄淮平原区的渍害和滨海平原区的黄河断流和海水入侵等。针对上述水环境问题，本文提出了相应的调控对策，可供有关省（市）、地（市）决策部门参考。     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

黄河下游生态需水量及其估算

通过分析黄河下游1958－2000年实测生态可用水，探讨生态需水量内涵，根据黄河特殊性及黄河生态需水量的研究现状，将维持和保护河流功能的黄河下游生态水量分为污期输运水量和非汛期生态基流量，在平滩流量输运能力最强的前提下，估算黄河下游汛期输运水量为80－120亿m^3，根据实测资料估算作为黄河下游水量控制断面花园口水文站和作为河口地区水量控制断面利津水文站的非汛期生态基分别为80－100亿m^3和50－60亿m^3，同时指出对黄河下游水沙调控和黄河流域水资源“准市场”的形成，是黄河下游生态需水量实现的保证。     

Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China

The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities (e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m³ above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities (e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors (e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m³ and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River.     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.     

Spatial-temporal differences in in-stream flow requirement based on GIS： A case study of Yan＇an region,northern Shaanxi

Although water has the central function of the bloodstream in the biosphere especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as Yah＇an region in northwestern China, yet the very limited attention is paid to the role of the water-related processes in ecosystem. In this research, based on continuous nearly 50-year data including runoff volume, sediment discharge as well as sediment accretion from hydrographic stations, and 10-year information of water quality from pollution monitoring stations, the method for measuring in-stream flow requirement has been put forward supported by experiential models and GIS spatial analysis. Additionally, the changes of in-stream flow requirement for environment and economic development have been addressed from spatial-temporal dimensions. The results show that： （1） According to the central streams in Yan＇an region, mean annual in-stream flow requirement reaches 1.0619 billion m^3, and the surface water for economic exploitation is 0.2445 billion m3 （2） Mean annual in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers in flood period occupies over 80% of the integrated volume in a year. （3） From the 1950s to 1970s, in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers is comparatively higher, while from the 1980s to 1990s, this requirement presents a decreasing tendency.